Fixed E128 flake8 warnings in django/.

django/apps/registry.py

@@ -297,8 +297,10 @@ class Apps(object):
         available = set(available)
         installed = set(app_config.name for app_config in self.get_app_configs())
         if not available.issubset(installed):
-            raise ValueError("Available apps isn't a subset of installed "
-                "apps, extra apps: %s" % ", ".join(available - installed))
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Available apps isn't a subset of installed apps, extra apps: %s"
+                % ", ".join(available - installed)
+            )
 
         self.stored_app_configs.append(self.app_configs)
         self.app_configs = OrderedDict(

django/conf/__init__.py

@@ -108,8 +108,7 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
 
                 if (setting in tuple_settings and
                         not isinstance(setting_value, (list, tuple))):
-                    raise ImproperlyConfigured("The %s setting must be a list or a tuple. "
-                            "Please fix your settings." % setting)
+                    raise ImproperlyConfigured("The %s setting must be a list or a tuple. " % setting)
                 setattr(self, setting, setting_value)
                 self._explicit_settings.add(setting)
 

django/contrib/admin/bin/compress.py

@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ compress all jQuery-based files of the admin app. Requires the Google Closure
 Compiler library and Java version 6 or later."""
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=description)
     parser.add_argument('file', nargs='*')
-    parser.add_argument("-c", dest="compiler", default="~/bin/compiler.jar",
-                      help="path to Closure Compiler jar file")
-    parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose",
-                      action="store_true", dest="verbose")
-    parser.add_argument("-q", "--quiet",
-                      action="store_false", dest="verbose")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-c", dest="compiler", default="~/bin/compiler.jar",
+        help="path to Closure Compiler jar file",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", dest="verbose")
+    parser.add_argument("-q", "--quiet", action="store_false", dest="verbose")
     options = parser.parse_args()
 
     compiler = closure_compiler if closure_compiler else os.path.expanduser(options.compiler)
@@ -38,8 +38,10 @@ Compiler library and Java version 6 or later."""
     if not options.file:
         if options.verbose:
             sys.stdout.write("No filenames given; defaulting to admin scripts\n")
-        files = [os.path.join(js_path, f) for f in [
-            "actions.js", "collapse.js", "inlines.js", "prepopulate.js"]]
+        files = [
+            os.path.join(js_path, f) for f in
+            ["actions.js", "collapse.js", "inlines.js", "prepopulate.js"]
+        ]
     else:
         files = options.file
 

django/contrib/admin/filters.py

@@ -155,8 +155,7 @@ class FieldListFilter(ListFilter):
         for test, list_filter_class in cls._field_list_filters:
             if not test(field):
                 continue
-            return list_filter_class(field, request, params,
-                model, model_admin, field_path=field_path)
+            return list_filter_class(field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path=field_path)
 
 
 class RelatedFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
@@ -200,8 +199,10 @@ class RelatedFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
     def choices(self, changelist):
         yield {
             'selected': self.lookup_val is None and not self.lookup_val_isnull,
-            'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({},
-                [self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]),
+            'query_string': changelist.get_query_string(
+                {},
+                [self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]
+            ),
             'display': _('All'),
         }
         for pk_val, val in self.lookup_choices:
@@ -230,8 +231,7 @@ class BooleanFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
         self.lookup_kwarg2 = '%s__isnull' % field_path
         self.lookup_val = request.GET.get(self.lookup_kwarg)
         self.lookup_val2 = request.GET.get(self.lookup_kwarg2)
-        super(BooleanFieldListFilter, self).__init__(field,
-            request, params, model, model_admin, field_path)
+        super(BooleanFieldListFilter, self).__init__(field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path)
 
     def expected_parameters(self):
         return [self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg2]
@@ -257,8 +257,10 @@ class BooleanFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
                 'display': _('Unknown'),
             }
 
-FieldListFilter.register(lambda f: isinstance(f,
-    (models.BooleanField, models.NullBooleanField)), BooleanFieldListFilter)
+FieldListFilter.register(
+    lambda f: isinstance(f, (models.BooleanField, models.NullBooleanField)),
+    BooleanFieldListFilter
+)
 
 
 class ChoicesFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
@@ -290,8 +292,7 @@ FieldListFilter.register(lambda f: bool(f.choices), ChoicesFieldListFilter)
 class DateFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
     def __init__(self, field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path):
         self.field_generic = '%s__' % field_path
-        self.date_params = {k: v for k, v in params.items()
-                            if k.startswith(self.field_generic)}
+        self.date_params = {k: v for k, v in params.items() if k.startswith(self.field_generic)}
 
         now = timezone.now()
         # When time zone support is enabled, convert "now" to the user's time
@@ -387,8 +388,7 @@ class AllValuesFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
     def choices(self, changelist):
         yield {
             'selected': self.lookup_val is None and self.lookup_val_isnull is None,
-            'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({},
-                [self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]),
+            'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({}, [self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]),
             'display': _('All'),
         }
         include_none = False

django/contrib/admin/forms.py

@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ class AdminAuthenticationForm(AuthenticationForm):
     A custom authentication form used in the admin app.
     """
     error_messages = {
-        'invalid_login': _("Please enter the correct %(username)s and password "
-                           "for a staff account. Note that both fields may be "
-                           "case-sensitive."),
+        'invalid_login': _(
+            "Please enter the correct %(username)s and password for a staff "
+            "account. Note that both fields may be case-sensitive."
+        ),
     }
     required_css_class = 'required'
 

django/contrib/admin/helpers.py

@@ -25,8 +25,12 @@ ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME = '_selected_action'
 
 class ActionForm(forms.Form):
     action = forms.ChoiceField(label=_('Action:'))
-    select_across = forms.BooleanField(label='', required=False, initial=0,
-        widget=forms.HiddenInput({'class': 'select-across'}))
+    select_across = forms.BooleanField(
+        label='',
+        required=False,
+        initial=0,
+        widget=forms.HiddenInput({'class': 'select-across'}),
+    )
 
 checkbox = forms.CheckboxInput({'class': 'action-select'}, lambda value: False)
 
@@ -62,7 +66,7 @@ class AdminForm(object):
 
 class Fieldset(object):
     def __init__(self, form, name=None, readonly_fields=(), fields=(), classes=(),
-      description=None, model_admin=None):
+                 description=None, model_admin=None):
         self.form = form
         self.name, self.fields = name, fields
         self.classes = ' '.join(classes)
@@ -73,9 +77,11 @@ class Fieldset(object):
     def _media(self):
         if 'collapse' in self.classes:
             extra = '' if settings.DEBUG else '.min'
-            js = ['vendor/jquery/jquery%s.js' % extra,
-                  'jquery.init.js',
-                  'collapse%s.js' % extra]
+            js = [
+                'vendor/jquery/jquery%s.js' % extra,
+                'jquery.init.js',
+                'collapse%s.js' % extra,
+            ]
             return forms.Media(js=['admin/js/%s' % url for url in js])
         return forms.Media()
     media = property(_media)
@@ -92,9 +98,10 @@ class Fieldline(object):
             self.fields = [field]
         else:
             self.fields = field
-        self.has_visible_field = not all(field in self.form.fields and
-                                         self.form.fields[field].widget.is_hidden
-                                         for field in self.fields)
+        self.has_visible_field = not all(
+            field in self.form.fields and self.form.fields[field].widget.is_hidden
+            for field in self.fields
+        )
         self.model_admin = model_admin
         if readonly_fields is None:
             readonly_fields = ()
@@ -103,15 +110,15 @@ class Fieldline(object):
     def __iter__(self):
         for i, field in enumerate(self.fields):
             if field in self.readonly_fields:
-                yield AdminReadonlyField(self.form, field, is_first=(i == 0),
-                    model_admin=self.model_admin)
+                yield AdminReadonlyField(self.form, field, is_first=(i == 0), model_admin=self.model_admin)
             else:
                 yield AdminField(self.form, field, is_first=(i == 0))
 
     def errors(self):
         return mark_safe(
-            '\n'.join(self.form[f].errors.as_ul()
-            for f in self.fields if f not in self.readonly_fields).strip('\n')
+            '\n'.join(
+                self.form[f].errors.as_ul() for f in self.fields if f not in self.readonly_fields
+            ).strip('\n')
         )
 
 
@@ -135,8 +142,10 @@ class AdminField(object):
         attrs = {'class': ' '.join(classes)} if classes else {}
         # checkboxes should not have a label suffix as the checkbox appears
         # to the left of the label.
-        return self.field.label_tag(contents=mark_safe(contents), attrs=attrs,
-                                    label_suffix='' if self.is_checkbox else None)
+        return self.field.label_tag(
+            contents=mark_safe(contents), attrs=attrs,
+            label_suffix='' if self.is_checkbox else None,
+        )
 
     def errors(self):
         return mark_safe(self.field.errors.as_ul())
@@ -225,7 +234,7 @@ class InlineAdminFormSet(object):
     A wrapper around an inline formset for use in the admin system.
     """
     def __init__(self, inline, formset, fieldsets, prepopulated_fields=None,
-            readonly_fields=None, model_admin=None):
+                 readonly_fields=None, model_admin=None):
         self.opts = inline
         self.formset = formset
         self.fieldsets = fieldsets
@@ -241,16 +250,21 @@ class InlineAdminFormSet(object):
     def __iter__(self):
         for form, original in zip(self.formset.initial_forms, self.formset.get_queryset()):
             view_on_site_url = self.opts.get_view_on_site_url(original)
-            yield InlineAdminForm(self.formset, form, self.fieldsets,
-                self.prepopulated_fields, original, self.readonly_fields,
-                model_admin=self.opts, view_on_site_url=view_on_site_url)
+            yield InlineAdminForm(
+                self.formset, form, self.fieldsets, self.prepopulated_fields,
+                original, self.readonly_fields, model_admin=self.opts,
+                view_on_site_url=view_on_site_url,
+            )
         for form in self.formset.extra_forms:
-            yield InlineAdminForm(self.formset, form, self.fieldsets,
-                self.prepopulated_fields, None, self.readonly_fields,
-                model_admin=self.opts)
-        yield InlineAdminForm(self.formset, self.formset.empty_form,
+            yield InlineAdminForm(
+                self.formset, form, self.fieldsets, self.prepopulated_fields,
+                None, self.readonly_fields, model_admin=self.opts,
+            )
+        yield InlineAdminForm(
+            self.formset, self.formset.empty_form,
             self.fieldsets, self.prepopulated_fields, None,
-            self.readonly_fields, model_admin=self.opts)
+            self.readonly_fields, model_admin=self.opts,
+        )
 
     def fields(self):
         fk = getattr(self.formset, "fk", None)
@@ -260,9 +274,7 @@ class InlineAdminFormSet(object):
             if field_name in self.readonly_fields:
                 yield {
                     'label': label_for_field(field_name, self.opts.model, self.opts),
-                    'widget': {
-                        'is_hidden': False
-                    },
+                    'widget': {'is_hidden': False},
                     'required': False,
                     'help_text': help_text_for_field(field_name, self.opts.model),
                 }
@@ -304,19 +316,20 @@ class InlineAdminForm(AdminForm):
     A wrapper around an inline form for use in the admin system.
     """
     def __init__(self, formset, form, fieldsets, prepopulated_fields, original,
-      readonly_fields=None, model_admin=None, view_on_site_url=None):
+                 readonly_fields=None, model_admin=None, view_on_site_url=None):
         self.formset = formset
         self.model_admin = model_admin
         self.original = original
         self.show_url = original and view_on_site_url is not None
         self.absolute_url = view_on_site_url
-        super(InlineAdminForm, self).__init__(form, fieldsets, prepopulated_fields,
-            readonly_fields, model_admin)
+        super(InlineAdminForm, self).__init__(form, fieldsets, prepopulated_fields, readonly_fields, model_admin)
 
     def __iter__(self):
         for name, options in self.fieldsets:
-            yield InlineFieldset(self.formset, self.form, name,
-                self.readonly_fields, model_admin=self.model_admin, **options)
+            yield InlineFieldset(
+                self.formset, self.form, name, self.readonly_fields,
+                model_admin=self.model_admin, **options
+            )
 
     def needs_explicit_pk_field(self):
         # Auto fields are editable (oddly), so need to check for auto or non-editable pk
@@ -358,8 +371,7 @@ class InlineFieldset(Fieldset):
         for field in self.fields:
             if fk and fk.name == field:
                 continue
-            yield Fieldline(self.form, field, self.readonly_fields,
-                model_admin=self.model_admin)
+            yield Fieldline(self.form, field, self.readonly_fields, model_admin=self.model_admin)
 
 
 class AdminErrorList(forms.utils.ErrorList):

django/contrib/admin/options.py

@@ -214,8 +214,7 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(six.with_metaclass(forms.MediaDefiningClass)):
         """
         db = kwargs.get('using')
         if db_field.name in self.raw_id_fields:
-            kwargs['widget'] = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(db_field.remote_field,
-                                    self.admin_site, using=db)
+            kwargs['widget'] = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(db_field.remote_field, self.admin_site, using=db)
         elif db_field.name in self.radio_fields:
             kwargs['widget'] = widgets.AdminRadioSelect(attrs={
                 'class': get_ul_class(self.radio_fields[db_field.name]),
@@ -240,8 +239,7 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(six.with_metaclass(forms.MediaDefiningClass)):
         db = kwargs.get('using')
 
         if db_field.name in self.raw_id_fields:
-            kwargs['widget'] = widgets.ManyToManyRawIdWidget(db_field.remote_field,
-                                    self.admin_site, using=db)
+            kwargs['widget'] = widgets.ManyToManyRawIdWidget(db_field.remote_field, self.admin_site, using=db)
         elif db_field.name in (list(self.filter_vertical) + list(self.filter_horizontal)):
             kwargs['widget'] = widgets.FilteredSelectMultiple(
                 db_field.verbose_name,
@@ -639,8 +637,10 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         try:
             return modelform_factory(self.model, **defaults)
         except FieldError as e:
-            raise FieldError('%s. Check fields/fieldsets/exclude attributes of class %s.'
-                             % (e, self.__class__.__name__))
+            raise FieldError(
+                '%s. Check fields/fieldsets/exclude attributes of class %s.'
+                % (e, self.__class__.__name__)
+            )
 
     def get_changelist(self, request, **kwargs):
         """
@@ -686,9 +686,10 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
         }
         defaults.update(kwargs)
-        return modelformset_factory(self.model,
-            self.get_changelist_form(request), extra=0,
-            fields=self.list_editable, **defaults)
+        return modelformset_factory(
+            self.model, self.get_changelist_form(request), extra=0,
+            fields=self.list_editable, **defaults
+        )
 
     def get_formsets_with_inlines(self, request, obj=None):
         """
@@ -974,7 +975,6 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         compatibility. For convenience, it accepts the `level` argument as
         a string rather than the usual level number.
         """
-
         if not isinstance(level, int):
             # attempt to get the level if passed a string
             try:
@@ -982,11 +982,12 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             except AttributeError:
                 levels = messages.constants.DEFAULT_TAGS.values()
                 levels_repr = ', '.join('`%s`' % l for l in levels)
-                raise ValueError('Bad message level string: `%s`. '
-                        'Possible values are: %s' % (level, levels_repr))
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Bad message level string: `%s`. Possible values are: %s'
+                    % (level, levels_repr)
+                )
 
-        messages.add_message(request, level, message, extra_tags=extra_tags,
-                fail_silently=fail_silently)
+        messages.add_message(request, level, message, extra_tags=extra_tags, fail_silently=fail_silently)
 
     def save_form(self, request, form, change):
         """
@@ -1323,23 +1324,26 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
                 'popup_response_data': popup_response_data,
             })
 
-        self.message_user(request,
+        self.message_user(
+            request,
             _('The %(name)s "%(obj)s" was deleted successfully.') % {
                 'name': force_text(opts.verbose_name),
                 'obj': force_text(obj_display),
-            }, messages.SUCCESS)
+            },
+            messages.SUCCESS,
+        )
 
         if self.has_change_permission(request, None):
-            post_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_changelist' %
-                               (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
-                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
+            post_url = reverse(
+                'admin:%s_%s_changelist' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
+                current_app=self.admin_site.name,
+            )
             preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
             post_url = add_preserved_filters(
                 {'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url
             )
         else:
-            post_url = reverse('admin:index',
-                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
+            post_url = reverse('admin:index', current_app=self.admin_site.name)
         return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url)
 
     def render_delete_form(self, request, context):
@@ -1353,22 +1357,26 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             media=self.media,
         )
 
-        return TemplateResponse(request,
+        return TemplateResponse(
+            request,
             self.delete_confirmation_template or [
                 "admin/{}/{}/delete_confirmation.html".format(app_label, opts.model_name),
                 "admin/{}/delete_confirmation.html".format(app_label),
-                "admin/delete_confirmation.html"
-            ], context)
+                "admin/delete_confirmation.html",
+            ],
+            context,
+        )
 
-    def get_inline_formsets(self, request, formsets, inline_instances,
-                            obj=None):
+    def get_inline_formsets(self, request, formsets, inline_instances, obj=None):
         inline_admin_formsets = []
         for inline, formset in zip(inline_instances, formsets):
             fieldsets = list(inline.get_fieldsets(request, obj))
             readonly = list(inline.get_readonly_fields(request, obj))
             prepopulated = dict(inline.get_prepopulated_fields(request, obj))
-            inline_admin_formset = helpers.InlineAdminFormSet(inline, formset,
-                fieldsets, prepopulated, readonly, model_admin=self)
+            inline_admin_formset = helpers.InlineAdminFormSet(
+                inline, formset, fieldsets, prepopulated, readonly,
+                model_admin=self,
+            )
             inline_admin_formsets.append(inline_admin_formset)
         return inline_admin_formsets
 
@@ -1462,7 +1470,8 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         for inline_formset in inline_formsets:
             media = media + inline_formset.media
 
-        context = dict(self.admin_site.each_context(request),
+        context = dict(
+            self.admin_site.each_context(request),
             title=(_('Add %s') if add else _('Change %s')) % force_text(opts.verbose_name),
             adminform=adminForm,
             object_id=object_id,
@@ -1519,11 +1528,12 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
         ChangeList = self.get_changelist(request)
         try:
-            cl = ChangeList(request, self.model, list_display,
+            cl = ChangeList(
+                request, self.model, list_display,
                 list_display_links, list_filter, self.date_hierarchy,
                 search_fields, list_select_related, self.list_per_page,
-                self.list_max_show_all, self.list_editable, self)
-
+                self.list_max_show_all, self.list_editable, self,
+            )
         except IncorrectLookupParameters:
             # Wacky lookup parameters were given, so redirect to the main
             # changelist page, without parameters, and pass an 'invalid=1'
@@ -1596,11 +1606,15 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
                         name = force_text(opts.verbose_name)
                     else:
                         name = force_text(opts.verbose_name_plural)
-                    msg = ungettext("%(count)s %(name)s was changed successfully.",
-                                    "%(count)s %(name)s were changed successfully.",
-                                    changecount) % {'count': changecount,
-                                                    'name': name,
-                                                    'obj': force_text(obj)}
+                    msg = ungettext(
+                        "%(count)s %(name)s was changed successfully.",
+                        "%(count)s %(name)s were changed successfully.",
+                        changecount
+                    ) % {
+                        'count': changecount,
+                        'name': name,
+                        'obj': force_text(obj),
+                    }
                     self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
 
                 return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())
@@ -1623,8 +1637,11 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         else:
             action_form = None
 
-        selection_note_all = ungettext('%(total_count)s selected',
-            'All %(total_count)s selected', cl.result_count)
+        selection_note_all = ungettext(
+            '%(total_count)s selected',
+            'All %(total_count)s selected',
+            cl.result_count
+        )
 
         context = dict(
             self.admin_site.each_context(request),
@@ -1744,7 +1761,8 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             content_type=get_content_type_for_model(model)
         ).select_related().order_by('action_time')
 
-        context = dict(self.admin_site.each_context(request),
+        context = dict(
+            self.admin_site.each_context(request),
             title=_('Change history: %s') % force_text(obj),
             action_list=action_list,
             module_name=capfirst(force_text(opts.verbose_name_plural)),

django/contrib/admin/sites.py

@@ -84,8 +84,9 @@ class AdminSite(object):
             model_or_iterable = [model_or_iterable]
         for model in model_or_iterable:
             if model._meta.abstract:
-                raise ImproperlyConfigured('The model %s is abstract, so it '
-                      'cannot be registered with admin.' % model.__name__)
+                raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                    'The model %s is abstract, so it cannot be registered with admin.' % model.__name__
+                )
 
             if model in self._registry:
                 raise AlreadyRegistered('The model %s is already registered' % model.__name__)
@@ -362,7 +363,8 @@ class AdminSite(object):
         # it cannot import models from other applications at the module level,
         # and django.contrib.admin.forms eventually imports User.
         from django.contrib.admin.forms import AdminAuthenticationForm
-        context = dict(self.each_context(request),
+        context = dict(
+            self.each_context(request),
             title=_('Log in'),
             app_path=request.get_full_path(),
         )
@@ -479,8 +481,7 @@ class AdminSite(object):
 
         request.current_app = self.name
 
-        return TemplateResponse(request, self.index_template or
-                                'admin/index.html', context)
+        return TemplateResponse(request, self.index_template or 'admin/index.html', context)
 
     def app_index(self, request, app_label, extra_context=None):
         app_dict = self._build_app_dict(request, app_label)
@@ -489,7 +490,8 @@ class AdminSite(object):
         # Sort the models alphabetically within each app.
         app_dict['models'].sort(key=lambda x: x['name'])
         app_name = apps.get_app_config(app_label).verbose_name
-        context = dict(self.each_context(request),
+        context = dict(
+            self.each_context(request),
             title=_('%(app)s administration') % {'app': app_name},
             app_list=[app_dict],
             app_label=app_label,

django/contrib/admin/views/main.py

@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ IGNORED_PARAMS = (
 
 class ChangeList(object):
     def __init__(self, request, model, list_display, list_display_links,
-            list_filter, date_hierarchy, search_fields, list_select_related,
-            list_per_page, list_max_show_all, list_editable, model_admin):
+                 list_filter, date_hierarchy, search_fields, list_select_related,
+                 list_per_page, list_max_show_all, list_editable, model_admin):
         self.model = model
         self.opts = model._meta
         self.lookup_opts = self.opts
@@ -111,8 +111,7 @@ class ChangeList(object):
             for list_filter in self.list_filter:
                 if callable(list_filter):
                     # This is simply a custom list filter class.
-                    spec = list_filter(request, lookup_params,
-                        self.model, self.model_admin)
+                    spec = list_filter(request, lookup_params, self.model, self.model_admin)
                 else:
                     field_path = None
                     if isinstance(list_filter, (tuple, list)):
@@ -126,12 +125,12 @@ class ChangeList(object):
                     if not isinstance(field, models.Field):
                         field_path = field
                         field = get_fields_from_path(self.model, field_path)[-1]
-                    spec = field_list_filter_class(field, request, lookup_params,
-                        self.model, self.model_admin, field_path=field_path)
+                    spec = field_list_filter_class(
+                        field, request, lookup_params,
+                        self.model, self.model_admin, field_path=field_path
+                    )
                     # Check if we need to use distinct()
-                    use_distinct = (use_distinct or
-                                    lookup_needs_distinct(self.lookup_opts,
-                                                          field_path))
+                    use_distinct = use_distinct or lookup_needs_distinct(self.lookup_opts, field_path)
                 if spec and spec.has_output():
                     filter_specs.append(spec)
 
@@ -144,8 +143,7 @@ class ChangeList(object):
         try:
             for key, value in lookup_params.items():
                 lookup_params[key] = prepare_lookup_value(key, value)
-                use_distinct = (use_distinct or
-                                lookup_needs_distinct(self.lookup_opts, key))
+                use_distinct = use_distinct or lookup_needs_distinct(self.lookup_opts, key)
             return filter_specs, bool(filter_specs), lookup_params, use_distinct
         except FieldDoesNotExist as e:
             six.reraise(IncorrectLookupParameters, IncorrectLookupParameters(e), sys.exc_info()[2])
@@ -345,8 +343,7 @@ class ChangeList(object):
         qs = qs.order_by(*ordering)
 
         # Apply search results
-        qs, search_use_distinct = self.model_admin.get_search_results(
-            request, qs, self.query)
+        qs, search_use_distinct = self.model_admin.get_search_results(request, qs, self.query)
 
         # Remove duplicates from results, if necessary
         if filters_use_distinct | search_use_distinct:

django/contrib/admin/widgets.py

@@ -106,10 +106,12 @@ class AdminRadioSelect(forms.RadioSelect):
 
 
 class AdminFileWidget(forms.ClearableFileInput):
-    template_with_initial = ('<p class="file-upload">%s</p>'
-                            % forms.ClearableFileInput.template_with_initial)
-    template_with_clear = ('<span class="clearable-file-input">%s</span>'
-                           % forms.ClearableFileInput.template_with_clear)
+    template_with_initial = (
+        '<p class="file-upload">%s</p>' % forms.ClearableFileInput.template_with_initial
+    )
+    template_with_clear = (
+        '<span class="clearable-file-input">%s</span>' % forms.ClearableFileInput.template_with_clear
+    )
 
 
 def url_params_from_lookup_dict(lookups):
@@ -170,8 +172,10 @@ class ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(forms.TextInput):
                 attrs['class'] = 'vForeignKeyRawIdAdminField'  # The JavaScript code looks for this hook.
             # TODO: "lookup_id_" is hard-coded here. This should instead use
             # the correct API to determine the ID dynamically.
-            extra.append('<a href="%s%s" class="related-lookup" id="lookup_id_%s" title="%s"></a>' %
-                (related_url, url, name, _('Lookup')))
+            extra.append(
+                '<a href="%s%s" class="related-lookup" id="lookup_id_%s" title="%s"></a>'
+                % (related_url, url, name, _('Lookup'))
+            )
         output = [super(ForeignKeyRawIdWidget, self).render(name, value, attrs)] + extra
         if value:
             output.append(self.label_for_value(value))

django/contrib/admindocs/utils.py

@@ -82,9 +82,11 @@ def parse_rst(text, default_reference_context, thing_being_parsed=None):
 
 .. default-role::
 """
-    parts = docutils.core.publish_parts(source % text,
-                source_path=thing_being_parsed, destination_path=None,
-                writer_name='html', settings_overrides=overrides)
+    parts = docutils.core.publish_parts(
+        source % text,
+        source_path=thing_being_parsed, destination_path=None,
+        writer_name='html', settings_overrides=overrides,
+    )
     return mark_safe(parts['fragment'])
 
 #

django/contrib/auth/__init__.py

@@ -82,8 +82,7 @@ def authenticate(**credentials):
         return user
 
     # The credentials supplied are invalid to all backends, fire signal
-    user_login_failed.send(sender=__name__,
-            credentials=_clean_credentials(credentials))
+    user_login_failed.send(sender=__name__, credentials=_clean_credentials(credentials))
 
 
 def login(request, user, backend=None):

django/contrib/auth/admin.py

@@ -183,10 +183,12 @@ class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
         request.current_app = self.admin_site.name
 
-        return TemplateResponse(request,
+        return TemplateResponse(
+            request,
             self.change_user_password_template or
             'admin/auth/user/change_password.html',
-            context)
+            context,
+        )
 
     def response_add(self, request, obj, post_url_continue=None):
         """

django/contrib/auth/apps.py

@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ class AuthConfig(AppConfig):
     verbose_name = _("Authentication and Authorization")
 
     def ready(self):
-        post_migrate.connect(create_permissions,
-            dispatch_uid="django.contrib.auth.management.create_permissions")
+        post_migrate.connect(
+            create_permissions,
+            dispatch_uid="django.contrib.auth.management.create_permissions"
+        )
         checks.register(check_user_model, checks.Tags.models)
         checks.register(check_models_permissions, checks.Tags.models)

django/contrib/auth/forms.py

@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ class ReadOnlyPasswordHashWidget(forms.Widget):
                 hasher = identify_hasher(encoded)
             except ValueError:
                 summary = mark_safe("<strong>%s</strong>" % ugettext(
-                    "Invalid password format or unknown hashing algorithm."))
+                    "Invalid password format or unknown hashing algorithm."
+                ))
             else:
-                summary = format_html_join('',
-                                           "<strong>{}</strong>: {} ",
-                                           ((ugettext(key), value)
-                                            for key, value in hasher.safe_summary(encoded).items())
-                                           )
+                summary = format_html_join(
+                    '', '<strong>{}</strong>: {} ',
+                    ((ugettext(key), value) for key, value in hasher.safe_summary(encoded).items())
+                )
 
         return format_html("<div{}>{}</div>", flatatt(final_attrs), summary)
 
@@ -68,13 +68,17 @@ class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm):
     error_messages = {
         'password_mismatch': _("The two password fields didn't match."),
     }
-    password1 = forms.CharField(label=_("Password"),
+    password1 = forms.CharField(
+        label=_("Password"),
         strip=False,
-        widget=forms.PasswordInput)
-    password2 = forms.CharField(label=_("Password confirmation"),
+        widget=forms.PasswordInput,
+    )
+    password2 = forms.CharField(
+        label=_("Password confirmation"),
         widget=forms.PasswordInput,
         strip=False,
-        help_text=_("Enter the same password as before, for verification."))
+        help_text=_("Enter the same password as before, for verification."),
+    )
 
     class Meta:
         model = User
@@ -105,10 +109,14 @@ class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
 
 class UserChangeForm(forms.ModelForm):
-    password = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField(label=_("Password"),
-        help_text=_("Raw passwords are not stored, so there is no way to see "
-                    "this user's password, but you can change the password "
-                    "using <a href=\"../password/\">this form</a>."))
+    password = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField(
+        label=_("Password"),
+        help_text=_(
+            "Raw passwords are not stored, so there is no way to see this "
+            "user's password, but you can change the password using "
+            "<a href=\"../password/\">this form</a>."
+        ),
+    )
 
     class Meta:
         model = User
@@ -136,11 +144,17 @@ class AuthenticationForm(forms.Form):
         max_length=254,
         widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'autofocus': ''}),
     )
-    password = forms.CharField(label=_("Password"), strip=False, widget=forms.PasswordInput)
+    password = forms.CharField(
+        label=_("Password"),
+        strip=False,
+        widget=forms.PasswordInput,
+    )
 
     error_messages = {
-        'invalid_login': _("Please enter a correct %(username)s and password. "
-                           "Note that both fields may be case-sensitive."),
+        'invalid_login': _(
+            "Please enter a correct %(username)s and password. Note that both "
+            "fields may be case-sensitive."
+        ),
         'inactive': _("This account is inactive."),
     }
 
@@ -164,8 +178,7 @@ class AuthenticationForm(forms.Form):
         password = self.cleaned_data.get('password')
 
         if username and password:
-            self.user_cache = authenticate(username=username,
-                                           password=password)
+            self.user_cache = authenticate(username=username, password=password)
             if self.user_cache is None:
                 raise forms.ValidationError(
                     self.error_messages['invalid_login'],
@@ -263,9 +276,10 @@ class PasswordResetForm(forms.Form):
             }
             if extra_email_context is not None:
                 context.update(extra_email_context)
-            self.send_mail(subject_template_name, email_template_name,
-                           context, from_email, user.email,
-                           html_email_template_name=html_email_template_name)
+            self.send_mail(
+                subject_template_name, email_template_name, context, from_email,
+                user.email, html_email_template_name=html_email_template_name,
+            )
 
 
 class SetPasswordForm(forms.Form):
@@ -276,13 +290,17 @@ class SetPasswordForm(forms.Form):
     error_messages = {
         'password_mismatch': _("The two password fields didn't match."),
     }
-    new_password1 = forms.CharField(label=_("New password"),
-                                    widget=forms.PasswordInput,
-                                    strip=False,
-                                    help_text=password_validation.password_validators_help_text_html())
-    new_password2 = forms.CharField(label=_("New password confirmation"),
-                                    strip=False,
-                                    widget=forms.PasswordInput)
+    new_password1 = forms.CharField(
+        label=_("New password"),
+        widget=forms.PasswordInput,
+        strip=False,
+        help_text=password_validation.password_validators_help_text_html(),
+    )
+    new_password2 = forms.CharField(
+        label=_("New password confirmation"),
+        strip=False,
+        widget=forms.PasswordInput,
+    )
 
     def __init__(self, user, *args, **kwargs):
         self.user = user
@@ -314,8 +332,7 @@ class PasswordChangeForm(SetPasswordForm):
     password.
     """
     error_messages = dict(SetPasswordForm.error_messages, **{
-        'password_incorrect': _("Your old password was entered incorrectly. "
-                                "Please enter it again."),
+        'password_incorrect': _("Your old password was entered incorrectly. Please enter it again."),
     })
     old_password = forms.CharField(
         label=_("Old password"),

django/contrib/auth/management/__init__.py

@@ -30,8 +30,10 @@ def _get_builtin_permissions(opts):
     """
     perms = []
     for action in opts.default_permissions:
-        perms.append((get_permission_codename(action, opts),
-            'Can %s %s' % (action, opts.verbose_name_raw)))
+        perms.append((
+            get_permission_codename(action, opts),
+            'Can %s %s' % (action, opts.verbose_name_raw)
+        ))
     return perms
 
 
@@ -125,9 +127,11 @@ def get_default_username(check_db=True):
 
     default_username = get_system_username()
     try:
-        default_username = (unicodedata.normalize('NFKD', default_username)
-                .encode('ascii', 'ignore').decode('ascii')
-                .replace(' ', '').lower())
+        default_username = (
+            unicodedata.normalize('NFKD', default_username)
+            .encode('ascii', 'ignore').decode('ascii')
+            .replace(' ', '').lower()
+        )
     except UnicodeDecodeError:
         return ''
 

django/contrib/auth/management/commands/changepassword.py

@@ -22,11 +22,15 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         return p
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('username', nargs='?',
-            help='Username to change password for; by default, it\'s the current username.')
-        parser.add_argument('--database', action='store', dest='database',
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'username', nargs='?',
+            help='Username to change password for; by default, it\'s the current username.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', action='store', dest='database',
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Specifies the database to use. Default is "default".')
+            help='Specifies the database to use. Default is "default".',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         if options['username']:

django/contrib/auth/management/commands/createsuperuser.py

@@ -31,22 +31,32 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         self.username_field = self.UserModel._meta.get_field(self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD)
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('--%s' % self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD,
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--%s' % self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD,
             dest=self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD, default=None,
-            help='Specifies the login for the superuser.')
-        parser.add_argument('--noinput', '--no-input',
+            help='Specifies the login for the superuser.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--noinput', '--no-input',
             action='store_false', dest='interactive', default=True,
-            help=('Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind. '
-                  'You must use --%s with --noinput, along with an option for '
-                  'any other required field. Superusers created with --noinput will '
-                  ' not be able to log in until they\'re given a valid password.' %
-                  self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD))
-        parser.add_argument('--database', action='store', dest='database',
-                default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-                help='Specifies the database to use. Default is "default".')
+            help=(
+                'Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind. '
+                'You must use --%s with --noinput, along with an option for '
+                'any other required field. Superusers created with --noinput will '
+                'not be able to log in until they\'re given a valid password.' %
+                self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD
+            ),
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', action='store', dest='database',
+            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            help='Specifies the database to use. Default is "default".',
+        )
         for field in self.UserModel.REQUIRED_FIELDS:
-            parser.add_argument('--%s' % field, dest=field, default=None,
-                help='Specifies the %s for the superuser.' % field)
+            parser.add_argument(
+                '--%s' % field, dest=field, default=None,
+                help='Specifies the %s for the superuser.' % field,
+            )
 
     def execute(self, *args, **options):
         self.stdin = options.get('stdin', sys.stdin)  # Used for testing
@@ -67,8 +77,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         if not options['interactive']:
             try:
                 if not username:
-                    raise CommandError("You must use --%s with --noinput." %
-                            self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD)
+                    raise CommandError("You must use --%s with --noinput." % self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD)
                 username = self.username_field.clean(username, None)
 
                 for field_name in self.UserModel.REQUIRED_FIELDS:

django/contrib/contenttypes/checks.py

@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ def check_generic_foreign_keys(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
     else:
         models = chain.from_iterable(app_config.get_models() for app_config in app_configs)
     errors = []
-    fields = (obj
-        for model in models
-        for obj in six.itervalues(vars(model))
-        if isinstance(obj, GenericForeignKey))
+    fields = (
+        obj for model in models for obj in six.itervalues(vars(model))
+        if isinstance(obj, GenericForeignKey)
+    )
     for field in fields:
         errors.extend(field.check())
     return errors

django/contrib/contenttypes/fields.py

@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ class GenericRelation(ForeignObject):
     rel_class = GenericRel
 
     def __init__(self, to, object_id_field='object_id', content_type_field='content_type',
-            for_concrete_model=True, related_query_name=None, limit_choices_to=None, **kwargs):
+                 for_concrete_model=True, related_query_name=None, limit_choices_to=None, **kwargs):
         kwargs['rel'] = self.rel_class(
             self, to,
             related_query_name=related_query_name,

django/contrib/contenttypes/forms.py

@@ -38,16 +38,11 @@ class BaseGenericInlineFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
     @classmethod
     def get_default_prefix(cls):
         opts = cls.model._meta
-        return '-'.join(
-            (opts.app_label, opts.model_name,
-            cls.ct_field.name, cls.ct_fk_field.name)
-        )
+        return '-'.join((opts.app_label, opts.model_name, cls.ct_field.name, cls.ct_fk_field.name))
 
     def save_new(self, form, commit=True):
-        setattr(form.instance, self.ct_field.get_attname(),
-            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(self.instance).pk)
-        setattr(form.instance, self.ct_fk_field.get_attname(),
-            self.instance.pk)
+        setattr(form.instance, self.ct_field.get_attname(), ContentType.objects.get_for_model(self.instance).pk)
+        setattr(form.instance, self.ct_fk_field.get_attname(), self.instance.pk)
         return form.save(commit=commit)
 
 
@@ -76,13 +71,12 @@ def generic_inlineformset_factory(model, form=ModelForm,
         exclude.extend([ct_field.name, fk_field.name])
     else:
         exclude = [ct_field.name, fk_field.name]
-    FormSet = modelformset_factory(model, form=form,
-                                   formfield_callback=formfield_callback,
-                                   formset=formset,
-                                   extra=extra, can_delete=can_delete, can_order=can_order,
-                                   fields=fields, exclude=exclude, max_num=max_num,
-                                   validate_max=validate_max, min_num=min_num,
-                                   validate_min=validate_min)
+    FormSet = modelformset_factory(
+        model, form=form, formfield_callback=formfield_callback,
+        formset=formset, extra=extra, can_delete=can_delete,
+        can_order=can_order, fields=fields, exclude=exclude, max_num=max_num,
+        validate_max=validate_max, min_num=min_num, validate_min=validate_min,
+    )
     FormSet.ct_field = ct_field
     FormSet.ct_fk_field = fk_field
     FormSet.for_concrete_model = for_concrete_model

django/contrib/flatpages/models.py

@@ -22,9 +22,11 @@ class FlatPage(models.Model):
             "the system will use 'flatpages/default.html'."
         ),
     )
-    registration_required = models.BooleanField(_('registration required'),
+    registration_required = models.BooleanField(
+        _('registration required'),
         help_text=_("If this is checked, only logged-in users will be able to view the page."),
-        default=False)
+        default=False,
+    )
     sites = models.ManyToManyField(Site, verbose_name=_('sites'))
 
     class Meta:

django/contrib/flatpages/views.py

@@ -34,13 +34,11 @@ def flatpage(request, url):
         url = '/' + url
     site_id = get_current_site(request).id
     try:
-        f = get_object_or_404(FlatPage,
-            url=url, sites=site_id)
+        f = get_object_or_404(FlatPage, url=url, sites=site_id)
     except Http404:
         if not url.endswith('/') and settings.APPEND_SLASH:
             url += '/'
-            f = get_object_or_404(FlatPage,
-                url=url, sites=site_id)
+            f = get_object_or_404(FlatPage, url=url, sites=site_id)
             return HttpResponsePermanentRedirect('%s/' % request.path)
         else:
             raise

django/contrib/gis/gdal/libgdal.py

@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ elif os.name == 'nt':
     lib_names = ['gdal111', 'gdal110', 'gdal19', 'gdal18', 'gdal17']
 elif os.name == 'posix':
     # *NIX library names.
-    lib_names = ['gdal', 'GDAL', 'gdal1.11.0', 'gdal1.10.0', 'gdal1.9.0',
-        'gdal1.8.0', 'gdal1.7.0']
+    lib_names = ['gdal', 'GDAL', 'gdal1.11.0', 'gdal1.10.0', 'gdal1.9.0', 'gdal1.8.0', 'gdal1.7.0']
 else:
     raise GDALException('Unsupported OS "%s"' % os.name)
 
@@ -40,9 +39,10 @@ if lib_names:
             break
 
 if lib_path is None:
-    raise GDALException('Could not find the GDAL library (tried "%s"). '
-                       'Try setting GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH in your settings.' %
-                       '", "'.join(lib_names))
+    raise GDALException(
+        'Could not find the GDAL library (tried "%s"). Try setting '
+        'GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH in your settings.' % '", "'.join(lib_names)
+    )
 
 # This loads the GDAL/OGR C library
 lgdal = CDLL(lib_path)

django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/ds.py

@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ reset_reading = void_output(lgdal.OGR_L_ResetReading, [c_void_p], errcheck=False
 test_capability = int_output(lgdal.OGR_L_TestCapability, [c_void_p, c_char_p])
 get_spatial_filter = geom_output(lgdal.OGR_L_GetSpatialFilter, [c_void_p])
 set_spatial_filter = void_output(lgdal.OGR_L_SetSpatialFilter, [c_void_p, c_void_p], errcheck=False)
-set_spatial_filter_rect = void_output(lgdal.OGR_L_SetSpatialFilterRect,
+set_spatial_filter_rect = void_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_L_SetSpatialFilterRect,
     [c_void_p, c_double, c_double, c_double, c_double], errcheck=False
 )
 
@@ -61,7 +62,8 @@ get_feat_geom_ref = geom_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetGeometryRef, [c_void_p])
 get_feat_field_count = int_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldCount, [c_void_p])
 get_feat_field_defn = voidptr_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldDefnRef, [c_void_p, c_int])
 get_fid = int_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetFID, [c_void_p])
-get_field_as_datetime = int_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldAsDateTime,
+get_field_as_datetime = int_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldAsDateTime,
     [c_void_p, c_int, c_int_p, c_int_p, c_int_p, c_int_p, c_int_p, c_int_p]
 )
 get_field_as_double = double_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldAsDouble, [c_void_p, c_int])

django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/generation.py

@@ -112,8 +112,7 @@ def string_output(func, argtypes, offset=-1, str_result=False, decoding=None):
     # Dynamically defining our error-checking function with the
     # given offset.
     def _check_str(result, func, cargs):
-        res = check_string(result, func, cargs,
-            offset=offset, str_result=str_result)
+        res = check_string(result, func, cargs, offset=offset, str_result=str_result)
         if res and decoding:
             res = res.decode(decoding)
         return res

django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/geom.py

@@ -82,7 +82,8 @@ get_geom_count = int_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetGeometryCount, [c_void_p])
 get_geom_name = const_string_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetGeometryName, [c_void_p], decoding='ascii')
 get_geom_type = int_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetGeometryType, [c_void_p])
 get_point_count = int_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetPointCount, [c_void_p])
-get_point = void_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetPoint,
+get_point = void_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_G_GetPoint,
     [c_void_p, c_int, POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double)], errcheck=False
 )
 geom_close_rings = void_output(lgdal.OGR_G_CloseRings, [c_void_p], errcheck=False)

django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/raster.py

@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ if GDAL_VERSION >= (2, 0):
 else:
     close_ds = void_output(std_call('GDALClose'), [c_void_p])
 flush_ds = int_output(std_call('GDALFlushCache'), [c_void_p])
-copy_ds = voidptr_output(std_call('GDALCreateCopy'),
+copy_ds = voidptr_output(
+    std_call('GDALCreateCopy'),
     [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_void_p, c_int, POINTER(c_char_p), c_void_p, c_void_p]
 )
 add_band_ds = void_output(std_call('GDALAddBand'), [c_void_p, c_int])
@@ -51,7 +52,8 @@ get_ds_geotransform = void_output(std_call('GDALGetGeoTransform'), [c_void_p, PO
 set_ds_geotransform = void_output(std_call('GDALSetGeoTransform'), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_double * 6)])
 
 # Raster Band Routines
-band_io = void_output(std_call('GDALRasterIO'),
+band_io = void_output(
+    std_call('GDALRasterIO'),
     [c_void_p, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_void_p, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int]
 )
 get_band_xsize = int_output(std_call('GDALGetRasterBandXSize'), [c_void_p])
@@ -74,15 +76,18 @@ get_band_statistics = void_output(
     ],
     errcheck=False
 )
-compute_band_statistics = void_output(std_call('GDALComputeRasterStatistics'),
+compute_band_statistics = void_output(
+    std_call('GDALComputeRasterStatistics'),
     [c_void_p, c_int, POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double), c_void_p, c_void_p],
     errcheck=False
 )
 
 # Reprojection routine
-reproject_image = void_output(std_call('GDALReprojectImage'),
+reproject_image = void_output(
+    std_call('GDALReprojectImage'),
     [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_void_p, c_char_p, c_int, c_double, c_double, c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p]
 )
-auto_create_warped_vrt = voidptr_output(std_call('GDALAutoCreateWarpedVRT'),
+auto_create_warped_vrt = voidptr_output(
+    std_call('GDALAutoCreateWarpedVRT'),
     [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_char_p, c_int, c_double, c_void_p]
 )

django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/srs.py

@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ angular_units = units_func(lgdal.OSRGetAngularUnits)
 # For exporting to WKT, PROJ.4, "Pretty" WKT, and XML.
 to_wkt = string_output(std_call('OSRExportToWkt'), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p)], decoding='ascii')
 to_proj = string_output(std_call('OSRExportToProj4'), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p)], decoding='ascii')
-to_pretty_wkt = string_output(std_call('OSRExportToPrettyWkt'),
+to_pretty_wkt = string_output(
+    std_call('OSRExportToPrettyWkt'),
     [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p), c_int], offset=-2, decoding='ascii'
 )
 

django/contrib/gis/geos/polygon.py

@@ -176,6 +176,8 @@ class Polygon(GEOSGeometry):
     @property
     def kml(self):
         "Returns the KML representation of this Polygon."
-        inner_kml = ''.join("<innerBoundaryIs>%s</innerBoundaryIs>" % self[i + 1].kml
-            for i in range(self.num_interior_rings))
+        inner_kml = ''.join(
+            "<innerBoundaryIs>%s</innerBoundaryIs>" % self[i + 1].kml
+            for i in range(self.num_interior_rings)
+        )
         return "<Polygon><outerBoundaryIs>%s</outerBoundaryIs>%s</Polygon>" % (self[0].kml, inner_kml)

django/contrib/gis/management/commands/ogrinspect.py

@@ -31,49 +31,70 @@ class ListOptionAction(argparse.Action):
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = ('Inspects the given OGR-compatible data source (e.g., a shapefile) and outputs\n'
-            'a GeoDjango model with the given model name. For example:\n'
-            ' ./manage.py ogrinspect zipcode.shp Zipcode')
+    help = (
+        'Inspects the given OGR-compatible data source (e.g., a shapefile) and outputs\n'
+        'a GeoDjango model with the given model name. For example:\n'
+        ' ./manage.py ogrinspect zipcode.shp Zipcode'
+    )
 
     requires_system_checks = False
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument('data_source', help='Path to the data source.')
         parser.add_argument('model_name', help='Name of the model to create.')
-        parser.add_argument('--blank', dest='blank',
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--blank', dest='blank',
             action=ListOptionAction, default=False,
             help='Use a comma separated list of OGR field names to add '
-            'the `blank=True` option to the field definition. Set to `true` '
-            'to apply to all applicable fields.')
-        parser.add_argument('--decimal', dest='decimal',
+                 'the `blank=True` option to the field definition. Set to `true` '
+                 'to apply to all applicable fields.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--decimal', dest='decimal',
             action=ListOptionAction, default=False,
             help='Use a comma separated list of OGR float fields to '
-            'generate `DecimalField` instead of the default '
-            '`FloatField`. Set to `true` to apply to all OGR float fields.')
-        parser.add_argument('--geom-name', dest='geom_name', default='geom',
-            help='Specifies the model name for the Geometry Field '
-            '(defaults to `geom`)')
-        parser.add_argument('--layer', dest='layer_key',
+                 'generate `DecimalField` instead of the default '
+                 '`FloatField`. Set to `true` to apply to all OGR float fields.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--geom-name', dest='geom_name', default='geom',
+            help='Specifies the model name for the Geometry Field (defaults to `geom`)'
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--layer', dest='layer_key',
             action=LayerOptionAction, default=0,
             help='The key for specifying which layer in the OGR data '
-            'source to use. Defaults to 0 (the first layer). May be '
-            'an integer or a string identifier for the layer.')
-        parser.add_argument('--multi-geom', action='store_true',
+                 'source to use. Defaults to 0 (the first layer). May be '
+                 'an integer or a string identifier for the layer.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--multi-geom', action='store_true',
             dest='multi_geom', default=False,
-            help='Treat the geometry in the data source as a geometry collection.')
-        parser.add_argument('--name-field', dest='name_field',
-            help='Specifies a field name to return for the `__unicode__`/`__str__` function.')
-        parser.add_argument('--no-imports', action='store_false', dest='imports', default=True,
-            help='Do not include `from django.contrib.gis.db import models` statement.')
-        parser.add_argument('--null', dest='null', action=ListOptionAction, default=False,
+            help='Treat the geometry in the data source as a geometry collection.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--name-field', dest='name_field',
+            help='Specifies a field name to return for the `__unicode__`/`__str__` function.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--no-imports', action='store_false', dest='imports', default=True,
+            help='Do not include `from django.contrib.gis.db import models` statement.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--null', dest='null', action=ListOptionAction, default=False,
             help='Use a comma separated list of OGR field names to add '
-            'the `null=True` option to the field definition. Set to `true` '
-            'to apply to all applicable fields.')
-        parser.add_argument('--srid', dest='srid',
+                 'the `null=True` option to the field definition. Set to `true` '
+                 'to apply to all applicable fields.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--srid', dest='srid',
             help='The SRID to use for the Geometry Field. If it can be '
-            'determined, the SRID of the data source is used.')
-        parser.add_argument('--mapping', action='store_true', dest='mapping',
-            help='Generate mapping dictionary for use with `LayerMapping`.')
+                 'determined, the SRID of the data source is used.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--mapping', action='store_true', dest='mapping',
+            help='Generate mapping dictionary for use with `LayerMapping`.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         data_source, model_name = options.pop('data_source'), options.pop('model_name')
@@ -97,10 +118,11 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         if options['mapping']:
             # Constructing the keyword arguments for `mapping`, and
             # calling it on the data source.
-            kwargs = {'geom_name': options['geom_name'],
-                      'layer_key': options['layer_key'],
-                      'multi_geom': options['multi_geom'],
-                      }
+            kwargs = {
+                'geom_name': options['geom_name'],
+                'layer_key': options['layer_key'],
+                'multi_geom': options['multi_geom'],
+            }
             mapping_dict = mapping(ds, **kwargs)
             # This extra legwork is so that the dictionary definition comes
             # out in the same order as the fields in the model definition.

django/contrib/gis/measure.py

@@ -78,8 +78,7 @@ class MeasureBase(object):
             raise AttributeError('Unknown unit type: %s' % name)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '%s(%s=%s)' % (pretty_name(self), self._default_unit,
-            getattr(self, self._default_unit))
+        return '%s(%s=%s)' % (pretty_name(self), self._default_unit, getattr(self, self._default_unit))
 
     def __str__(self):
         return '%s %s' % (getattr(self, self._default_unit), self._default_unit)
@@ -102,8 +101,10 @@ class MeasureBase(object):
 
     def __add__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
-            return self.__class__(default_unit=self._default_unit,
-                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard + other.standard)})
+            return self.__class__(
+                default_unit=self._default_unit,
+                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard + other.standard)}
+            )
         else:
             raise TypeError('%(class)s must be added with %(class)s' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
 
@@ -116,8 +117,10 @@ class MeasureBase(object):
 
     def __sub__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
-            return self.__class__(default_unit=self._default_unit,
-                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard - other.standard)})
+            return self.__class__(
+                default_unit=self._default_unit,
+                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard - other.standard)}
+            )
         else:
             raise TypeError('%(class)s must be subtracted from %(class)s' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
 
@@ -130,8 +133,10 @@ class MeasureBase(object):
 
     def __mul__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
-            return self.__class__(default_unit=self._default_unit,
-                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard * other)})
+            return self.__class__(
+                default_unit=self._default_unit,
+                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard * other)}
+            )
         else:
             raise TypeError('%(class)s must be multiplied with number' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
 
@@ -149,8 +154,10 @@ class MeasureBase(object):
         if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
             return self.standard / other.standard
         if isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
-            return self.__class__(default_unit=self._default_unit,
-                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard / other)})
+            return self.__class__(
+                default_unit=self._default_unit,
+                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard / other)}
+            )
         else:
             raise TypeError('%(class)s must be divided with number or %(class)s' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
 
@@ -300,11 +307,15 @@ class Distance(MeasureBase):
 
     def __mul__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
-            return Area(default_unit=AREA_PREFIX + self._default_unit,
-                **{AREA_PREFIX + self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard * other.standard)})
+            return Area(
+                default_unit=AREA_PREFIX + self._default_unit,
+                **{AREA_PREFIX + self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard * other.standard)}
+            )
         elif isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
-            return self.__class__(default_unit=self._default_unit,
-                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard * other)})
+            return self.__class__(
+                default_unit=self._default_unit,
+                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard * other)}
+            )
         else:
             raise TypeError('%(distance)s must be multiplied with number or %(distance)s' % {
                 "distance": pretty_name(self.__class__),
@@ -320,8 +331,10 @@ class Area(MeasureBase):
 
     def __truediv__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
-            return self.__class__(default_unit=self._default_unit,
-                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard / other)})
+            return self.__class__(
+                default_unit=self._default_unit,
+                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard / other)}
+            )
         else:
             raise TypeError('%(class)s must be divided by a number' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
 

django/contrib/gis/shortcuts.py

@@ -24,8 +24,10 @@ def compress_kml(kml):
 
 def render_to_kml(*args, **kwargs):
     "Renders the response as KML (using the correct MIME type)."
-    return HttpResponse(loader.render_to_string(*args, **kwargs),
-        content_type='application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml')
+    return HttpResponse(
+        loader.render_to_string(*args, **kwargs),
+        content_type='application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml',
+    )
 
 
 def render_to_kmz(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -33,11 +35,12 @@ def render_to_kmz(*args, **kwargs):
     Compresses the KML content and returns as KMZ (using the correct
     MIME type).
     """
-    return HttpResponse(compress_kml(loader.render_to_string(*args, **kwargs)),
-        content_type='application/vnd.google-earth.kmz')
+    return HttpResponse(
+        compress_kml(loader.render_to_string(*args, **kwargs)),
+        content_type='application/vnd.google-earth.kmz',
+    )
 
 
 def render_to_text(*args, **kwargs):
     "Renders the response using the MIME type for plain text."
-    return HttpResponse(loader.render_to_string(*args, **kwargs),
-        content_type='text/plain')
+    return HttpResponse(loader.render_to_string(*args, **kwargs), content_type='text/plain')

django/contrib/messages/api.py

@@ -24,8 +24,10 @@ def add_message(request, level, message, extra_tags='', fail_silently=False):
     if hasattr(request, '_messages'):
         return request._messages.add(level, message, extra_tags)
     if not fail_silently:
-        raise MessageFailure('You cannot add messages without installing '
-                    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware')
+        raise MessageFailure(
+            'You cannot add messages without installing '
+            'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware'
+        )
 
 
 def get_messages(request):

django/contrib/messages/storage/cookie.py

@@ -82,13 +82,14 @@ class CookieStorage(BaseStorage):
         store, or deletes the cookie.
         """
         if encoded_data:
-            response.set_cookie(self.cookie_name, encoded_data,
+            response.set_cookie(
+                self.cookie_name, encoded_data,
                 domain=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN,
                 secure=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE or None,
-                httponly=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY or None)
+                httponly=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY or None,
+            )
         else:
-            response.delete_cookie(self.cookie_name,
-                domain=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN)
+            response.delete_cookie(self.cookie_name, domain=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN)
 
     def _store(self, messages, response, remove_oldest=True, *args, **kwargs):
         """

django/contrib/postgres/validators.py

@@ -44,14 +44,16 @@ class KeysValidator(object):
         keys = set(value.keys())
         missing_keys = self.keys - keys
         if missing_keys:
-            raise ValidationError(self.messages['missing_keys'],
+            raise ValidationError(
+                self.messages['missing_keys'],
                 code='missing_keys',
                 params={'keys': ', '.join(missing_keys)},
             )
         if self.strict:
             extra_keys = keys - self.keys
             if extra_keys:
-                raise ValidationError(self.messages['extra_keys'],
+                raise ValidationError(
+                    self.messages['extra_keys'],
                     code='extra_keys',
                     params={'keys': ', '.join(extra_keys)},
                 )

django/contrib/redirects/models.py

@@ -7,10 +7,18 @@ from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 @python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Redirect(models.Model):
     site = models.ForeignKey(Site, models.CASCADE, verbose_name=_('site'))
-    old_path = models.CharField(_('redirect from'), max_length=200, db_index=True,
-        help_text=_("This should be an absolute path, excluding the domain name. Example: '/events/search/'."))
-    new_path = models.CharField(_('redirect to'), max_length=200, blank=True,
-        help_text=_("This can be either an absolute path (as above) or a full URL starting with 'http://'."))
+    old_path = models.CharField(
+        _('redirect from'),
+        max_length=200,
+        db_index=True,
+        help_text=_("This should be an absolute path, excluding the domain name. Example: '/events/search/'."),
+    )
+    new_path = models.CharField(
+        _('redirect to'),
+        max_length=200,
+        blank=True,
+        help_text=_("This can be either an absolute path (as above) or a full URL starting with 'http://'."),
+    )
 
     class Meta:
         verbose_name = _('redirect')

django/contrib/sessions/backends/base.py

@@ -110,8 +110,7 @@ class SessionBase(object):
             # ValueError, SuspiciousOperation, unpickling exceptions. If any of
             # these happen, just return an empty dictionary (an empty session).
             if isinstance(e, SuspiciousOperation):
-                logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' %
-                        e.__class__.__name__)
+                logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' % e.__class__.__name__)
                 logger.warning(force_text(e))
             return {}
 

django/contrib/sessions/backends/cached_db.py

@@ -45,12 +45,10 @@ class SessionStore(DBStore):
                     expire_date__gt=timezone.now()
                 )
                 data = self.decode(s.session_data)
-                self._cache.set(self.cache_key, data,
-                    self.get_expiry_age(expiry=s.expire_date))
+                self._cache.set(self.cache_key, data, self.get_expiry_age(expiry=s.expire_date))
             except (self.model.DoesNotExist, SuspiciousOperation) as e:
                 if isinstance(e, SuspiciousOperation):
-                    logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' %
-                            e.__class__.__name__)
+                    logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' % e.__class__.__name__)
                     logger.warning(force_text(e))
                 self._session_key = None
                 data = {}

django/contrib/sessions/backends/db.py

@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
             return self.decode(s.session_data)
         except (self.model.DoesNotExist, SuspiciousOperation) as e:
             if isinstance(e, SuspiciousOperation):
-                logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' %
-                        e.__class__.__name__)
+                logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' % e.__class__.__name__)
                 logger.warning(force_text(e))
             self._session_key = None
             return {}

django/contrib/sessions/backends/file.py

@@ -92,8 +92,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
                     session_data = self.decode(file_data)
                 except (EOFError, SuspiciousOperation) as e:
                     if isinstance(e, SuspiciousOperation):
-                        logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' %
-                                e.__class__.__name__)
+                        logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' % e.__class__.__name__)
                         logger.warning(force_text(e))
                     self.create()
 
@@ -160,8 +159,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         dir, prefix = os.path.split(session_file_name)
 
         try:
-            output_file_fd, output_file_name = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=dir,
-                prefix=prefix + '_out_')
+            output_file_fd, output_file_name = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=dir, prefix=prefix + '_out_')
             renamed = False
             try:
                 try:

django/contrib/sessions/backends/signed_cookies.py

@@ -12,11 +12,13 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         raises BadSignature if signature fails.
         """
         try:
-            return signing.loads(self.session_key,
+            return signing.loads(
+                self.session_key,
                 serializer=self.serializer,
                 # This doesn't handle non-default expiry dates, see #19201
                 max_age=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_AGE,
-                salt='django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies')
+                salt='django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies',
+            )
         except Exception:
             # BadSignature, ValueError, or unpickling exceptions. If any of
             # these happen, reset the session.
@@ -73,9 +75,11 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         session key.
         """
         session_cache = getattr(self, '_session_cache', {})
-        return signing.dumps(session_cache, compress=True,
+        return signing.dumps(
+            session_cache, compress=True,
             salt='django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies',
-            serializer=self.serializer)
+            serializer=self.serializer,
+        )
 
     @classmethod
     def clear_expired(cls):

django/contrib/sessions/middleware.py

@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@ class SessionMiddleware(object):
             # First check if we need to delete this cookie.
             # The session should be deleted only if the session is entirely empty
             if settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME in request.COOKIES and empty:
-                response.delete_cookie(settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME,
-                    domain=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN)
+                response.delete_cookie(settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME, domain=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN)
             else:
                 if accessed:
                     patch_vary_headers(response, ('Cookie',))
@@ -56,10 +55,12 @@ class SessionMiddleware(object):
                             # page will result in a redirect to the login page
                             # if required.
                             return redirect(request.path)
-                        response.set_cookie(settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME,
-                                request.session.session_key, max_age=max_age,
-                                expires=expires, domain=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN,
-                                path=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_PATH,
-                                secure=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE or None,
-                                httponly=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY or None)
+                        response.set_cookie(
+                            settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME,
+                            request.session.session_key, max_age=max_age,
+                            expires=expires, domain=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN,
+                            path=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_PATH,
+                            secure=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE or None,
+                            httponly=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY or None,
+                        )
         return response

django/contrib/sites/models.py

@@ -85,8 +85,12 @@ class SiteManager(models.Manager):
 @python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Site(models.Model):
 
-    domain = models.CharField(_('domain name'), max_length=100,
-        validators=[_simple_domain_name_validator], unique=True)
+    domain = models.CharField(
+        _('domain name'),
+        max_length=100,
+        validators=[_simple_domain_name_validator],
+        unique=True,
+    )
     name = models.CharField(_('display name'), max_length=50)
     objects = SiteManager()
 

django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/collectstatic.py

@@ -39,30 +39,43 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         return True
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('--noinput', '--no-input',
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--noinput', '--no-input',
             action='store_false', dest='interactive', default=True,
-            help="Do NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.")
-        parser.add_argument('--no-post-process',
+            help="Do NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--no-post-process',
             action='store_false', dest='post_process', default=True,
-            help="Do NOT post process collected files.")
-        parser.add_argument('-i', '--ignore', action='append', default=[],
+            help="Do NOT post process collected files.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '-i', '--ignore', action='append', default=[],
             dest='ignore_patterns', metavar='PATTERN',
             help="Ignore files or directories matching this glob-style "
-                "pattern. Use multiple times to ignore more.")
-        parser.add_argument('-n', '--dry-run',
+                 "pattern. Use multiple times to ignore more.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '-n', '--dry-run',
             action='store_true', dest='dry_run', default=False,
-            help="Do everything except modify the filesystem.")
-        parser.add_argument('-c', '--clear',
+            help="Do everything except modify the filesystem.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '-c', '--clear',
             action='store_true', dest='clear', default=False,
             help="Clear the existing files using the storage "
-                 "before trying to copy or link the original file.")
-        parser.add_argument('-l', '--link',
+                 "before trying to copy or link the original file.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '-l', '--link',
             action='store_true', dest='link', default=False,
-            help="Create a symbolic link to each file instead of copying.")
-        parser.add_argument('--no-default-ignore', action='store_false',
+            help="Create a symbolic link to each file instead of copying.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--no-default-ignore', action='store_false',
             dest='use_default_ignore_patterns', default=True,
-            help="Don't ignore the common private glob-style patterns 'CVS', "
-                "'.*' and '*~'.")
+            help="Don't ignore the common private glob-style patterns 'CVS', '.*' and '*~'.",
+        )
 
     def set_options(self, **options):
         """

django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/findstatic.py

@@ -13,18 +13,21 @@ class Command(LabelCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         super(Command, self).add_arguments(parser)
-        parser.add_argument('--first', action='store_false', dest='all',
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--first', action='store_false', dest='all',
             default=True,
-            help="Only return the first match for each static file.")
+            help="Only return the first match for each static file.",
+        )
 
     def handle_label(self, path, **options):
         verbosity = options['verbosity']
         result = finders.find(path, all=options['all'])
         path = force_text(path)
         if verbosity >= 2:
-            searched_locations = ("\nLooking in the following locations:\n  %s" %
-                                  "\n  ".join(force_text(location)
-                                  for location in finders.searched_locations))
+            searched_locations = (
+                "\nLooking in the following locations:\n  %s" %
+                "\n  ".join(force_text(location) for location in finders.searched_locations)
+            )
         else:
             searched_locations = ''
         if result:

django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/runserver.py

@@ -9,10 +9,14 @@ class Command(RunserverCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         super(Command, self).add_arguments(parser)
-        parser.add_argument('--nostatic', action="store_false", dest='use_static_handler', default=True,
-            help='Tells Django to NOT automatically serve static files at STATIC_URL.')
-        parser.add_argument('--insecure', action="store_true", dest='insecure_serving', default=False,
-            help='Allows serving static files even if DEBUG is False.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--nostatic', action="store_false", dest='use_static_handler', default=True,
+            help='Tells Django to NOT automatically serve static files at STATIC_URL.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--insecure', action="store_true", dest='insecure_serving', default=False,
+            help='Allows serving static files even if DEBUG is False.',
+        )
 
     def get_handler(self, *args, **options):
         """

django/core/cache/backends/base.py

@@ -234,14 +234,16 @@ class BaseCache(object):
         cache code.
         """
         if len(key) > MEMCACHE_MAX_KEY_LENGTH:
-            warnings.warn('Cache key will cause errors if used with memcached: '
-                    '%r (longer than %s)' % (key, MEMCACHE_MAX_KEY_LENGTH),
-                    CacheKeyWarning)
+            warnings.warn(
+                'Cache key will cause errors if used with memcached: %r '
+                '(longer than %s)' % (key, MEMCACHE_MAX_KEY_LENGTH), CacheKeyWarning
+            )
         for char in key:
             if ord(char) < 33 or ord(char) == 127:
-                warnings.warn('Cache key contains characters that will cause '
-                        'errors if used with memcached: %r' % key,
-                              CacheKeyWarning)
+                warnings.warn(
+                    'Cache key contains characters that will cause errors if '
+                    'used with memcached: %r' % key, CacheKeyWarning
+                )
                 break
 
     def incr_version(self, key, delta=1, version=None):

django/core/files/temp.py

@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@ if os.name == 'nt':
         Python 2.6+, or the 'delete', 'buffering', 'encoding', or 'newline'
         keyword arguments in Python 3.0+.
         """
-        def __init__(self, mode='w+b', bufsize=-1, suffix='', prefix='',
-                dir=None):
+        def __init__(self, mode='w+b', bufsize=-1, suffix='', prefix='', dir=None):
             fd, name = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=suffix, prefix=prefix, dir=dir)
             self.name = name
             self.file = os.fdopen(fd, mode, bufsize)

django/core/files/uploadedfile.py

@@ -62,8 +62,7 @@ class TemporaryUploadedFile(UploadedFile):
     """
     def __init__(self, name, content_type, size, charset, content_type_extra=None):
         if settings.FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR:
-            file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.upload',
-                dir=settings.FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR)
+            file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.upload', dir=settings.FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR)
         else:
             file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.upload')
         super(TemporaryUploadedFile, self).__init__(file, name, content_type, size, charset, content_type_extra)

django/core/handlers/base.py

@@ -154,8 +154,10 @@ class BaseHandler(object):
                     view_name = callback.__name__
                 else:                                           # CBV
                     view_name = callback.__class__.__name__ + '.__call__'
-                raise ValueError("The view %s.%s didn't return an HttpResponse object. It returned None instead."
-                                 % (callback.__module__, view_name))
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "The view %s.%s didn't return an HttpResponse object. It "
+                    "returned None instead." % (callback.__module__, view_name)
+                )
 
             # If the response supports deferred rendering, apply template
             # response middleware and then render the response
@@ -167,7 +169,8 @@ class BaseHandler(object):
                         raise ValueError(
                             "%s.process_template_response didn't return an "
                             "HttpResponse object. It returned None instead."
-                            % (middleware_method.__self__.__class__.__name__))
+                            % (middleware_method.__self__.__class__.__name__)
+                        )
                 try:
                     response = response.render()
                 except Exception as e:
@@ -176,11 +179,10 @@ class BaseHandler(object):
                 response_is_rendered = True
 
         except http.Http404 as exc:
-            logger.warning('Not Found: %s', request.path,
-                        extra={
-                            'status_code': 404,
-                            'request': request
-                        })
+            logger.warning(
+                'Not Found: %s', request.path,
+                extra={'status_code': 404, 'request': request},
+            )
             if settings.DEBUG:
                 response = debug.technical_404_response(request, exc)
             else:
@@ -189,32 +191,25 @@ class BaseHandler(object):
         except PermissionDenied as exc:
             logger.warning(
                 'Forbidden (Permission denied): %s', request.path,
-                extra={
-                    'status_code': 403,
-                    'request': request
-                })
+                extra={'status_code': 403, 'request': request},
+            )
             response = self.get_exception_response(request, resolver, 403, exc)
 
         except MultiPartParserError as exc:
             logger.warning(
                 'Bad request (Unable to parse request body): %s', request.path,
-                extra={
-                    'status_code': 400,
-                    'request': request
-                })
+                extra={'status_code': 400, 'request': request},
+            )
             response = self.get_exception_response(request, resolver, 400, exc)
 
         except SuspiciousOperation as exc:
             # The request logger receives events for any problematic request
             # The security logger receives events for all SuspiciousOperations
-            security_logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' %
-                            exc.__class__.__name__)
+            security_logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' % exc.__class__.__name__)
             security_logger.error(
                 force_text(exc),
-                extra={
-                    'status_code': 400,
-                    'request': request
-                })
+                extra={'status_code': 400, 'request': request},
+            )
             if settings.DEBUG:
                 return debug.technical_500_response(request, *sys.exc_info(), status_code=400)
 
@@ -277,12 +272,10 @@ class BaseHandler(object):
         if settings.DEBUG_PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS:
             raise
 
-        logger.error('Internal Server Error: %s', request.path,
+        logger.error(
+            'Internal Server Error: %s', request.path,
             exc_info=exc_info,
-            extra={
-                'status_code': 500,
-                'request': request
-            }
+            extra={'status_code': 500, 'request': request},
         )
 
         if settings.DEBUG:

django/core/handlers/wsgi.py

@@ -158,7 +158,8 @@ class WSGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
         try:
             request = self.request_class(environ)
         except UnicodeDecodeError:
-            logger.warning('Bad Request (UnicodeDecodeError)',
+            logger.warning(
+                'Bad Request (UnicodeDecodeError)',
                 exc_info=sys.exc_info(),
                 extra={
                     'status_code': 400,

django/core/mail/__init__.py

@@ -50,11 +50,12 @@ def send_mail(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list,
     Note: The API for this method is frozen. New code wanting to extend the
     functionality should use the EmailMessage class directly.
     """
-    connection = connection or get_connection(username=auth_user,
-                                    password=auth_password,
-                                    fail_silently=fail_silently)
-    mail = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list,
-                                  connection=connection)
+    connection = connection or get_connection(
+        username=auth_user,
+        password=auth_password,
+        fail_silently=fail_silently,
+    )
+    mail = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list, connection=connection)
     if html_message:
         mail.attach_alternative(html_message, 'text/html')
 
@@ -75,12 +76,15 @@ def send_mass_mail(datatuple, fail_silently=False, auth_user=None,
     Note: The API for this method is frozen. New code wanting to extend the
     functionality should use the EmailMessage class directly.
     """
-    connection = connection or get_connection(username=auth_user,
-                                    password=auth_password,
-                                    fail_silently=fail_silently)
-    messages = [EmailMessage(subject, message, sender, recipient,
-                             connection=connection)
-                for subject, message, sender, recipient in datatuple]
+    connection = connection or get_connection(
+        username=auth_user,
+        password=auth_password,
+        fail_silently=fail_silently,
+    )
+    messages = [
+        EmailMessage(subject, message, sender, recipient, connection=connection)
+        for subject, message, sender, recipient in datatuple
+    ]
     return connection.send_messages(messages)
 
 
@@ -89,9 +93,11 @@ def mail_admins(subject, message, fail_silently=False, connection=None,
     """Sends a message to the admins, as defined by the ADMINS setting."""
     if not settings.ADMINS:
         return
-    mail = EmailMultiAlternatives('%s%s' % (settings.EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX, subject),
-                message, settings.SERVER_EMAIL, [a[1] for a in settings.ADMINS],
-                connection=connection)
+    mail = EmailMultiAlternatives(
+        '%s%s' % (settings.EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX, subject), message,
+        settings.SERVER_EMAIL, [a[1] for a in settings.ADMINS],
+        connection=connection,
+    )
     if html_message:
         mail.attach_alternative(html_message, 'text/html')
     mail.send(fail_silently=fail_silently)
@@ -102,9 +108,11 @@ def mail_managers(subject, message, fail_silently=False, connection=None,
     """Sends a message to the managers, as defined by the MANAGERS setting."""
     if not settings.MANAGERS:
         return
-    mail = EmailMultiAlternatives('%s%s' % (settings.EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX, subject),
-                message, settings.SERVER_EMAIL, [a[1] for a in settings.MANAGERS],
-                connection=connection)
+    mail = EmailMultiAlternatives(
+        '%s%s' % (settings.EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX, subject), message,
+        settings.SERVER_EMAIL, [a[1] for a in settings.MANAGERS],
+        connection=connection,
+    )
     if html_message:
         mail.attach_alternative(html_message, 'text/html')
     mail.send(fail_silently=fail_silently)

django/core/mail/message.py

@@ -90,8 +90,7 @@ def forbid_multi_line_headers(name, val, encoding):
         val.encode('ascii')
     except UnicodeEncodeError:
         if name.lower() in ADDRESS_HEADERS:
-            val = ', '.join(sanitize_address(addr, encoding)
-                for addr in getaddresses((val,)))
+            val = ', '.join(sanitize_address(addr, encoding) for addr in getaddresses((val,)))
         else:
             val = Header(val, encoding).encode()
     else:
@@ -418,8 +417,8 @@ class EmailMultiAlternatives(EmailMessage):
     alternative_subtype = 'alternative'
 
     def __init__(self, subject='', body='', from_email=None, to=None, bcc=None,
-            connection=None, attachments=None, headers=None, alternatives=None,
-            cc=None, reply_to=None):
+                 connection=None, attachments=None, headers=None, alternatives=None,
+                 cc=None, reply_to=None):
         """
         Initialize a single email message (which can be sent to multiple
         recipients).

django/core/management/__init__.py

@@ -196,8 +196,10 @@ class ManagementUtility(object):
                 settings.INSTALLED_APPS
             else:
                 sys.stderr.write("No Django settings specified.\n")
-            sys.stderr.write("Unknown command: %r\nType '%s help' for usage.\n" %
-                (subcommand, self.prog_name))
+            sys.stderr.write(
+                "Unknown command: %r\nType '%s help' for usage.\n"
+                % (subcommand, self.prog_name)
+            )
             sys.exit(1)
         if isinstance(app_name, BaseCommand):
             # If the command is already loaded, use it directly.

django/core/management/base.py

@@ -241,25 +241,33 @@ class BaseCommand(object):
         Create and return the ``ArgumentParser`` which will be used to
         parse the arguments to this command.
         """
-        parser = CommandParser(self, prog="%s %s" % (os.path.basename(prog_name), subcommand),
-            description=self.help or None)
+        parser = CommandParser(
+            self, prog="%s %s" % (os.path.basename(prog_name), subcommand),
+            description=self.help or None,
+        )
         parser.add_argument('--version', action='version', version=self.get_version())
-        parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbosity', action='store', dest='verbosity', default=1,
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '-v', '--verbosity', action='store', dest='verbosity', default=1,
             type=int, choices=[0, 1, 2, 3],
-            help='Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output, 2=verbose output, 3=very verbose output')
-        parser.add_argument('--settings',
+            help='Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output, 2=verbose output, 3=very verbose output',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--settings',
             help=(
                 'The Python path to a settings module, e.g. '
                 '"myproject.settings.main". If this isn\'t provided, the '
                 'DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable will be used.'
             ),
         )
-        parser.add_argument('--pythonpath',
-            help='A directory to add to the Python path, e.g. "/home/djangoprojects/myproject".')
-        parser.add_argument('--traceback', action='store_true',
-            help='Raise on CommandError exceptions')
-        parser.add_argument('--no-color', action='store_true', dest='no_color', default=False,
-            help="Don't colorize the command output.")
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--pythonpath',
+            help='A directory to add to the Python path, e.g. "/home/djangoprojects/myproject".',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument('--traceback', action='store_true', help='Raise on CommandError exceptions')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--no-color', action='store_true', dest='no_color', default=False,
+            help="Don't colorize the command output.",
+        )
         self.add_arguments(parser)
         return parser
 
@@ -478,8 +486,7 @@ class AppCommand(BaseCommand):
     missing_args_message = "Enter at least one application label."
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='app_label', nargs='+',
-            help='One or more application label.')
+        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='app_label', nargs='+', help='One or more application label.')
 
     def handle(self, *app_labels, **options):
         from django.apps import apps

django/core/management/commands/check.py

@@ -14,12 +14,18 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument('args', metavar='app_label', nargs='*')
-        parser.add_argument('--tag', '-t', action='append', dest='tags',
-            help='Run only checks labeled with given tag.')
-        parser.add_argument('--list-tags', action='store_true', dest='list_tags',
-            help='List available tags.')
-        parser.add_argument('--deploy', action='store_true', dest='deploy',
-            help='Check deployment settings.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--tag', '-t', action='append', dest='tags',
+            help='Run only checks labeled with given tag.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--list-tags', action='store_true', dest='list_tags',
+            help='List available tags.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--deploy', action='store_true', dest='deploy',
+            help='Check deployment settings.',
+        )
         parser.add_argument(
             '--fail-level',
             default='ERROR',

django/core/management/commands/compilemessages.py

@@ -36,13 +36,19 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     program_options = ['--check-format']
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('--locale', '-l', dest='locale', action='append', default=[],
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--locale', '-l', dest='locale', action='append', default=[],
             help='Locale(s) to process (e.g. de_AT). Default is to process all. '
-            'Can be used multiple times.')
-        parser.add_argument('--exclude', '-x', dest='exclude', action='append', default=[],
-            help='Locales to exclude. Default is none. Can be used multiple times.')
-        parser.add_argument('--use-fuzzy', '-f', dest='fuzzy', action='store_true', default=False,
-            help='Use fuzzy translations.')
+                 'Can be used multiple times.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--exclude', '-x', dest='exclude', action='append', default=[],
+            help='Locales to exclude. Default is none. Can be used multiple times.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--use-fuzzy', '-f', dest='fuzzy', action='store_true', default=False,
+            help='Use fuzzy translations.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
         locale = options['locale']
@@ -116,8 +122,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                                   "mo files will not be updated/created." % dirpath)
                 return
 
-            args = [self.program] + self.program_options + ['-o',
-                    npath(base_path + '.mo'), npath(base_path + '.po')]
+            args = [self.program] + self.program_options + [
+                '-o', npath(base_path + '.mo'), npath(base_path + '.po')
+            ]
             output, errors, status = popen_wrapper(args)
             if status:
                 if errors:

django/core/management/commands/createcachetable.py

@@ -15,16 +15,20 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     requires_system_checks = False
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='table_name', nargs='*',
-            help='Optional table names. Otherwise, settings.CACHES is used to '
-            'find cache tables.')
-        parser.add_argument('--database', action='store', dest='database',
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'args', metavar='table_name', nargs='*',
+            help='Optional table names. Otherwise, settings.CACHES is used to find cache tables.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', action='store', dest='database',
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Nominates a database onto which the cache tables will be '
-            'installed. Defaults to the "default" database.')
-        parser.add_argument('--dry-run', action='store_true', dest='dry_run',
-            help='Does not create the table, just prints the SQL that would '
-            'be run.')
+                 'installed. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--dry-run', action='store_true', dest='dry_run',
+            help='Does not create the table, just prints the SQL that would be run.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, *tablenames, **options):
         db = options['database']
@@ -72,9 +76,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 field_output.append("UNIQUE")
             if f.db_index:
                 unique = "UNIQUE " if f.unique else ""
-                index_output.append("CREATE %sINDEX %s ON %s (%s);" %
-                    (unique, qn('%s_%s' % (tablename, f.name)), qn(tablename),
-                    qn(f.name)))
+                index_output.append(
+                    "CREATE %sINDEX %s ON %s (%s);" %
+                    (unique, qn('%s_%s' % (tablename, f.name)), qn(tablename), qn(f.name))
+                )
             table_output.append(" ".join(field_output))
         full_statement = ["CREATE TABLE %s (" % qn(tablename)]
         for i, line in enumerate(table_output):
@@ -89,8 +94,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 self.stdout.write(statement)
             return
 
-        with transaction.atomic(using=database,
-                                savepoint=connection.features.can_rollback_ddl):
+        with transaction.atomic(using=database, savepoint=connection.features.can_rollback_ddl):
             with connection.cursor() as curs:
                 try:
                     curs.execute(full_statement)

django/core/management/commands/dbshell.py

@@ -3,15 +3,18 @@ from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, connections
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = ("Runs the command-line client for specified database, or the "
-        "default database if none is provided.")
+    help = (
+        "Runs the command-line client for specified database, or the "
+        "default database if none is provided."
+    )
 
     requires_system_checks = False
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('--database', action='store', dest='database',
-            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, help='Nominates a database onto which to '
-            'open a shell. Defaults to the "default" database.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', action='store', dest='database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            help='Nominates a database onto which to open a shell. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
         connection = connections[options['database']]
@@ -22,5 +25,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             # isn't installed. There's a possibility OSError would be raised
             # for some other reason, in which case this error message would be
             # inaccurate. Still, this message catches the common case.
-            raise CommandError('You appear not to have the %r program installed or on your path.' %
-                connection.client.executable_name)
+            raise CommandError(
+                'You appear not to have the %r program installed or on your path.' %
+                connection.client.executable_name
+            )

django/core/management/commands/diffsettings.py

@@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     requires_system_checks = False
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('--all', action='store_true', dest='all', default=False,
-            help='Display all settings, regardless of their value. '
-            'Default values are prefixed by "###".')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--all', action='store_true', dest='all', default=False,
+            help='Display all settings, regardless of their value. Default values are prefixed by "###".',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
         # Inspired by Postfix's "postconf -n".

django/core/management/commands/dumpdata.py

@@ -12,37 +12,57 @@ class ProxyModelWarning(Warning):
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = ("Output the contents of the database as a fixture of the given "
-            "format (using each model's default manager unless --all is "
-            "specified).")
+    help = (
+        "Output the contents of the database as a fixture of the given format "
+        "(using each model's default manager unless --all is specified)."
+    )
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='app_label[.ModelName]', nargs='*',
-            help='Restricts dumped data to the specified app_label or app_label.ModelName.')
-        parser.add_argument('--format', default='json', dest='format',
-            help='Specifies the output serialization format for fixtures.')
-        parser.add_argument('--indent', default=None, dest='indent', type=int,
-            help='Specifies the indent level to use when pretty-printing output.')
-        parser.add_argument('--database', action='store', dest='database',
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'args', metavar='app_label[.ModelName]', nargs='*',
+            help='Restricts dumped data to the specified app_label or app_label.ModelName.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--format', default='json', dest='format',
+            help='Specifies the output serialization format for fixtures.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--indent', default=None, dest='indent', type=int,
+            help='Specifies the indent level to use when pretty-printing output.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', action='store', dest='database',
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Nominates a specific database to dump fixtures from. '
-                 'Defaults to the "default" database.')
-        parser.add_argument('-e', '--exclude', dest='exclude', action='append', default=[],
+                 'Defaults to the "default" database.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '-e', '--exclude', dest='exclude', action='append', default=[],
             help='An app_label or app_label.ModelName to exclude '
-                 '(use multiple --exclude to exclude multiple apps/models).')
-        parser.add_argument('--natural-foreign', action='store_true', dest='use_natural_foreign_keys', default=False,
-            help='Use natural foreign keys if they are available.')
-        parser.add_argument('--natural-primary', action='store_true', dest='use_natural_primary_keys', default=False,
-            help='Use natural primary keys if they are available.')
-        parser.add_argument('-a', '--all', action='store_true', dest='use_base_manager', default=False,
+                 '(use multiple --exclude to exclude multiple apps/models).',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--natural-foreign', action='store_true', dest='use_natural_foreign_keys', default=False,
+            help='Use natural foreign keys if they are available.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--natural-primary', action='store_true', dest='use_natural_primary_keys', default=False,
+            help='Use natural primary keys if they are available.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '-a', '--all', action='store_true', dest='use_base_manager', default=False,
             help="Use Django's base manager to dump all models stored in the database, "
-                 "including those that would otherwise be filtered or modified by a custom manager.")
-        parser.add_argument('--pks', dest='primary_keys',
-            help="Only dump objects with given primary keys. "
-                 "Accepts a comma separated list of keys. "
-                 "This option will only work when you specify one model.")
-        parser.add_argument('-o', '--output', default=None, dest='output',
-            help='Specifies file to which the output is written.')
+                 "including those that would otherwise be filtered or modified by a custom manager.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--pks', dest='primary_keys',
+            help="Only dump objects with given primary keys. Accepts a comma-separated "
+                 "list of keys. This option only works when you specify one model.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '-o', '--output', default=None, dest='output',
+            help='Specifies file to which the output is written.'
+        )
 
     def handle(self, *app_labels, **options):
         format = options['format']
@@ -80,9 +100,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         if len(app_labels) == 0:
             if primary_keys:
                 raise CommandError("You can only use --pks option with one model")
-            app_list = OrderedDict((app_config, None)
-                for app_config in apps.get_app_configs()
-                if app_config.models_module is not None and app_config not in excluded_apps)
+            app_list = OrderedDict(
+                (app_config, None) for app_config in apps.get_app_configs()
+                if app_config.models_module is not None and app_config not in excluded_apps
+            )
         else:
             if len(app_labels) > 1 and primary_keys:
                 raise CommandError("You can only use --pks option with one model")
@@ -171,11 +192,13 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 object_count = sum(get_objects(count_only=True))
             stream = open(output, 'w') if output else None
             try:
-                serializers.serialize(format, get_objects(), indent=indent,
-                        use_natural_foreign_keys=use_natural_foreign_keys,
-                        use_natural_primary_keys=use_natural_primary_keys,
-                        stream=stream or self.stdout, progress_output=progress_output,
-                        object_count=object_count)
+                serializers.serialize(
+                    format, get_objects(), indent=indent,
+                    use_natural_foreign_keys=use_natural_foreign_keys,
+                    use_natural_primary_keys=use_natural_primary_keys,
+                    stream=stream or self.stdout, progress_output=progress_output,
+                    object_count=object_count,
+                )
             finally:
                 if stream:
                     stream.close()

django/core/management/commands/flush.py

@@ -13,16 +13,21 @@ from django.utils.six.moves import input
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = ('Removes ALL DATA from the database, including data added during '
-           'migrations. Does not achieve a "fresh install" state.')
+    help = (
+        'Removes ALL DATA from the database, including data added during '
+        'migrations. Does not achieve a "fresh install" state.'
+    )
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('--noinput', '--no-input',
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--noinput', '--no-input',
             action='store_false', dest='interactive', default=True,
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.')
-        parser.add_argument('--database', action='store', dest='database',
-            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a database to flush. Defaults to the "default" database.')
+            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', action='store', dest='database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            help='Nominates a database to flush. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
         database = options['database']

django/core/management/commands/inspectdb.py

@@ -17,11 +17,14 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     db_module = 'django.db'
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('table', action='store', nargs='*', type=str,
-            help='Selects what tables or views should be introspected.')
-        parser.add_argument('--database', action='store', dest='database',
-            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, help='Nominates a database to '
-            'introspect. Defaults to using the "default" database.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'table', action='store', nargs='*', type=str,
+            help='Selects what tables or views should be introspected.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', action='store', dest='database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            help='Nominates a database to introspect. Defaults to using the "default" database.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
         try:

django/core/management/commands/loaddata.py

@@ -32,21 +32,26 @@ except ImportError:
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = 'Installs the named fixture(s) in the database.'
-    missing_args_message = ("No database fixture specified. Please provide the "
-                            "path of at least one fixture in the command line.")
+    missing_args_message = (
+        "No database fixture specified. Please provide the path of at least "
+        "one fixture in the command line."
+    )
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='fixture', nargs='+',
-            help='Fixture labels.')
-        parser.add_argument('--database', action='store', dest='database',
-            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, help='Nominates a specific database to load '
-            'fixtures into. Defaults to the "default" database.')
-        parser.add_argument('--app', action='store', dest='app_label',
-            default=None, help='Only look for fixtures in the specified app.')
-        parser.add_argument('--ignorenonexistent', '-i', action='store_true',
-            dest='ignore', default=False,
+        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='fixture', nargs='+', help='Fixture labels.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', action='store', dest='database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            help='Nominates a specific database to load fixtures into. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--app', action='store', dest='app_label', default=None,
+            help='Only look for fixtures in the specified app.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--ignorenonexistent', '-i', action='store_true', dest='ignore', default=False,
             help='Ignores entries in the serialized data for fields that do not '
-            'currently exist on the model.')
+                 'currently exist on the model.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, *fixture_labels, **options):
 
@@ -120,11 +125,15 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
         if self.verbosity >= 1:
             if self.fixture_object_count == self.loaded_object_count:
-                self.stdout.write("Installed %d object(s) from %d fixture(s)" %
-                    (self.loaded_object_count, self.fixture_count))
+                self.stdout.write(
+                    "Installed %d object(s) from %d fixture(s)"
+                    % (self.loaded_object_count, self.fixture_count)
+                )
             else:
-                self.stdout.write("Installed %d object(s) (of %d) from %d fixture(s)" %
-                    (self.loaded_object_count, self.fixture_object_count, self.fixture_count))
+                self.stdout.write(
+                    "Installed %d object(s) (of %d) from %d fixture(s)"
+                    % (self.loaded_object_count, self.fixture_object_count, self.fixture_count)
+                )
 
     def load_label(self, fixture_label):
         """
@@ -140,11 +149,14 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 objects_in_fixture = 0
                 loaded_objects_in_fixture = 0
                 if self.verbosity >= 2:
-                    self.stdout.write("Installing %s fixture '%s' from %s." %
-                        (ser_fmt, fixture_name, humanize(fixture_dir)))
+                    self.stdout.write(
+                        "Installing %s fixture '%s' from %s."
+                        % (ser_fmt, fixture_name, humanize(fixture_dir))
+                    )
 
-                objects = serializers.deserialize(ser_fmt, fixture,
-                    using=self.using, ignorenonexistent=self.ignore)
+                objects = serializers.deserialize(
+                    ser_fmt, fixture, using=self.using, ignorenonexistent=self.ignore,
+                )
 
                 for obj in objects:
                     objects_in_fixture += 1
@@ -208,8 +220,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                                 for dir_ in fixture_dirs]
                 fixture_name = os.path.basename(fixture_name)
 
-        suffixes = ('.'.join(ext for ext in combo if ext)
-                for combo in product(databases, ser_fmts, cmp_fmts))
+        suffixes = (
+            '.'.join(ext for ext in combo if ext)
+            for combo in product(databases, ser_fmts, cmp_fmts)
+        )
         targets = set('.'.join((fixture_name, suffix)) for suffix in suffixes)
 
         fixture_files = []

django/core/management/commands/makemessages.py

@@ -30,8 +30,10 @@ NO_LOCALE_DIR = object()
 def check_programs(*programs):
     for program in programs:
         if find_command(program) is None:
-            raise CommandError("Can't find %s. Make sure you have GNU "
-                    "gettext tools 0.15 or newer installed." % program)
+            raise CommandError(
+                "Can't find %s. Make sure you have GNU gettext tools 0.15 or "
+                "newer installed." % program
+            )
 
 
 @total_ordering
@@ -161,11 +163,13 @@ def write_pot_file(potfile, msgs):
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = ("Runs over the entire source tree of the current directory and "
-"pulls out all strings marked for translation. It creates (or updates) a message "
-"file in the conf/locale (in the django tree) or locale (for projects and "
-"applications) directory.\n\nYou must run this command with one of either the "
-"--locale, --exclude or --all options.")
+    help = (
+        "Runs over the entire source tree of the current directory and "
+        "pulls out all strings marked for translation. It creates (or updates) a message "
+        "file in the conf/locale (in the django tree) or locale (for projects and "
+        "applications) directory.\n\nYou must run this command with one of either the "
+        "--locale, --exclude, or --all options."
+    )
 
     translatable_file_class = TranslatableFile
     build_file_class = BuildFile
@@ -179,37 +183,60 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     xgettext_options = ['--from-code=UTF-8', '--add-comments=Translators']
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('--locale', '-l', default=[], dest='locale', action='append',
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--locale', '-l', default=[], dest='locale', action='append',
             help='Creates or updates the message files for the given locale(s) (e.g. pt_BR). '
-                 'Can be used multiple times.')
-        parser.add_argument('--exclude', '-x', default=[], dest='exclude', action='append',
-                    help='Locales to exclude. Default is none. Can be used multiple times.')
-        parser.add_argument('--domain', '-d', default='django', dest='domain',
-            help='The domain of the message files (default: "django").')
-        parser.add_argument('--all', '-a', action='store_true', dest='all',
-            default=False, help='Updates the message files for all existing locales.')
-        parser.add_argument('--extension', '-e', dest='extensions',
+                 'Can be used multiple times.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--exclude', '-x', default=[], dest='exclude', action='append',
+            help='Locales to exclude. Default is none. Can be used multiple times.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--domain', '-d', default='django', dest='domain',
+            help='The domain of the message files (default: "django").',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--all', '-a', action='store_true', dest='all', default=False,
+            help='Updates the message files for all existing locales.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--extension', '-e', dest='extensions', action='append',
             help='The file extension(s) to examine (default: "html,txt,py", or "js" '
                  'if the domain is "djangojs"). Separate multiple extensions with '
                  'commas, or use -e multiple times.',
-            action='append')
-        parser.add_argument('--symlinks', '-s', action='store_true', dest='symlinks',
-            default=False, help='Follows symlinks to directories when examining '
-                                'source code and templates for translation strings.')
-        parser.add_argument('--ignore', '-i', action='append', dest='ignore_patterns',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--symlinks', '-s', action='store_true', dest='symlinks', default=False,
+            help='Follows symlinks to directories when examining source code '
+                 'and templates for translation strings.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--ignore', '-i', action='append', dest='ignore_patterns',
             default=[], metavar='PATTERN',
             help='Ignore files or directories matching this glob-style pattern. '
-                 'Use multiple times to ignore more.')
-        parser.add_argument('--no-default-ignore', action='store_false', dest='use_default_ignore_patterns',
-            default=True, help="Don't ignore the common glob-style patterns 'CVS', '.*', '*~' and '*.pyc'.")
-        parser.add_argument('--no-wrap', action='store_true', dest='no_wrap',
-            default=False, help="Don't break long message lines into several lines.")
-        parser.add_argument('--no-location', action='store_true', dest='no_location',
-            default=False, help="Don't write '#: filename:line' lines.")
-        parser.add_argument('--no-obsolete', action='store_true', dest='no_obsolete',
-            default=False, help="Remove obsolete message strings.")
-        parser.add_argument('--keep-pot', action='store_true', dest='keep_pot',
-            default=False, help="Keep .pot file after making messages. Useful when debugging.")
+                 'Use multiple times to ignore more.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--no-default-ignore', action='store_false', dest='use_default_ignore_patterns',
+            default=True, help="Don't ignore the common glob-style patterns 'CVS', '.*', '*~' and '*.pyc'.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--no-wrap', action='store_true', dest='no_wrap',
+            default=False, help="Don't break long message lines into several lines.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--no-location', action='store_true', dest='no_location',
+            default=False, help="Don't write '#: filename:line' lines.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--no-obsolete', action='store_true', dest='no_obsolete',
+            default=False, help="Remove obsolete message strings.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--keep-pot', action='store_true', dest='keep_pot',
+            default=False, help="Keep .pot file after making messages. Useful when debugging.",
+        )
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         locale = options['locale']
@@ -256,12 +283,16 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         self.extensions = handle_extensions(exts)
 
         if (locale is None and not exclude and not process_all) or self.domain is None:
-            raise CommandError("Type '%s help %s' for usage information." % (
-                os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]), sys.argv[1]))
+            raise CommandError(
+                "Type '%s help %s' for usage information."
+                % (os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]), sys.argv[1])
+            )
 
         if self.verbosity > 1:
-            self.stdout.write('examining files with the extensions: %s\n'
-                             % get_text_list(list(self.extensions), 'and'))
+            self.stdout.write(
+                'examining files with the extensions: %s\n'
+                % get_text_list(list(self.extensions), 'and')
+            )
 
         self.invoked_for_django = False
         self.locale_paths = []

django/core/management/commands/makemigrations.py

@@ -24,24 +24,40 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = "Creates new migration(s) for apps."
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='app_label', nargs='*',
-            help='Specify the app label(s) to create migrations for.')
-        parser.add_argument('--dry-run', action='store_true', dest='dry_run', default=False,
-            help="Just show what migrations would be made; don't actually write them.")
-        parser.add_argument('--merge', action='store_true', dest='merge', default=False,
-            help="Enable fixing of migration conflicts.")
-        parser.add_argument('--empty', action='store_true', dest='empty', default=False,
-            help="Create an empty migration.")
-        parser.add_argument('--noinput', '--no-input',
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'args', metavar='app_label', nargs='*',
+            help='Specify the app label(s) to create migrations for.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--dry-run', action='store_true', dest='dry_run', default=False,
+            help="Just show what migrations would be made; don't actually write them.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--merge', action='store_true', dest='merge', default=False,
+            help="Enable fixing of migration conflicts.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--empty', action='store_true', dest='empty', default=False,
+            help="Create an empty migration.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--noinput', '--no-input',
             action='store_false', dest='interactive', default=True,
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.')
-        parser.add_argument('-n', '--name', action='store', dest='name', default=None,
-            help="Use this name for migration file(s).")
-        parser.add_argument('-e', '--exit', action='store_true', dest='exit_code', default=False,
+            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '-n', '--name', action='store', dest='name', default=None,
+            help="Use this name for migration file(s).",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '-e', '--exit', action='store_true', dest='exit_code', default=False,
             help='Exit with error code 1 if no changes needing migrations are found. '
-            'Deprecated, use the --check option instead.')
-        parser.add_argument('--check', action='store_true', dest='check_changes',
-            help='Exit with a non-zero status if model changes are missing migrations.')
+                 'Deprecated, use the --check option instead.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--check', action='store_true', dest='check_changes',
+            help='Exit with a non-zero status if model changes are missing migrations.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, *app_labels, **options):
         self.verbosity = options['verbosity']

django/core/management/commands/migrate.py

@@ -22,28 +22,39 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = "Updates database schema. Manages both apps with migrations and those without."
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('app_label', nargs='?',
-            help='App label of an application to synchronize the state.')
-        parser.add_argument('migration_name', nargs='?',
-            help=(
-                'Database state will be brought to the state after that '
-                'migration. Use the name "zero" to unapply all migrations.'
-            ),
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'app_label', nargs='?',
+            help='App label of an application to synchronize the state.',
         )
-        parser.add_argument('--noinput', '--no-input',
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'migration_name', nargs='?',
+            help='Database state will be brought to the state after that '
+                 'migration. Use the name "zero" to unapply all migrations.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--noinput', '--no-input',
             action='store_false', dest='interactive', default=True,
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.')
-        parser.add_argument('--database', action='store', dest='database',
-            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, help='Nominates a database to synchronize. '
-                'Defaults to the "default" database.')
-        parser.add_argument('--fake', action='store_true', dest='fake', default=False,
-            help='Mark migrations as run without actually running them.')
-        parser.add_argument('--fake-initial', action='store_true', dest='fake_initial', default=False,
+            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', action='store', dest='database',
+            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            help='Nominates a database to synchronize. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--fake', action='store_true', dest='fake', default=False,
+            help='Mark migrations as run without actually running them.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--fake-initial', action='store_true', dest='fake_initial', default=False,
             help='Detect if tables already exist and fake-apply initial migrations if so. Make sure '
                  'that the current database schema matches your initial migration before using this '
-                 'flag. Django will only check for an existing table name.')
-        parser.add_argument('--run-syncdb', action='store_true', dest='run_syncdb',
-            help='Creates tables for apps without migrations.')
+                 'flag. Django will only check for an existing table name.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--run-syncdb', action='store_true', dest='run_syncdb',
+            help='Creates tables for apps without migrations.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
 
@@ -238,8 +249,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 opts = model._meta
                 converter = connection.introspection.table_name_converter
                 # Note that if a model is unmanaged we short-circuit and never try to install it
-                return not ((converter(opts.db_table) in tables) or
-                    (opts.auto_created and converter(opts.auto_created._meta.db_table) in tables))
+                return not (
+                    (converter(opts.db_table) in tables) or
+                    (opts.auto_created and converter(opts.auto_created._meta.db_table) in tables)
+                )
 
             manifest = OrderedDict(
                 (app_name, list(filter(model_installed, model_list)))

django/core/management/commands/runserver.py

@@ -32,14 +32,22 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     default_port = '8000'
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('addrport', nargs='?',
-            help='Optional port number, or ipaddr:port')
-        parser.add_argument('--ipv6', '-6', action='store_true', dest='use_ipv6', default=False,
-            help='Tells Django to use an IPv6 address.')
-        parser.add_argument('--nothreading', action='store_false', dest='use_threading', default=True,
-            help='Tells Django to NOT use threading.')
-        parser.add_argument('--noreload', action='store_false', dest='use_reloader', default=True,
-            help='Tells Django to NOT use the auto-reloader.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'addrport', nargs='?',
+            help='Optional port number, or ipaddr:port'
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--ipv6', '-6', action='store_true', dest='use_ipv6', default=False,
+            help='Tells Django to use an IPv6 address.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--nothreading', action='store_false', dest='use_threading', default=True,
+            help='Tells Django to NOT use threading.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--noreload', action='store_false', dest='use_reloader', default=True,
+            help='Tells Django to NOT use the auto-reloader.',
+        )
 
     def execute(self, *args, **options):
         if options['no_color']:

django/core/management/commands/sendtestemail.py

@@ -10,12 +10,18 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     missing_args_message = "You must specify some email recipients, or pass the --managers or --admin options."
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('email', nargs='*',
-            help='One or more email addresses to send a test email to.')
-        parser.add_argument('--managers', action='store_true', dest='managers', default=False,
-            help='Send a test email to the addresses specified in settings.MANAGERS.')
-        parser.add_argument('--admins', action='store_true', dest='admins', default=False,
-            help='Send a test email to the addresses specified in settings.ADMINS.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'email', nargs='*',
+            help='One or more email addresses to send a test email to.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--managers', action='store_true', dest='managers', default=False,
+            help='Send a test email to the addresses specified in settings.MANAGERS.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--admins', action='store_true', dest='admins', default=False,
+            help='Send a test email to the addresses specified in settings.ADMINS.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, *args, **kwargs):
         subject = 'Test email from %s on %s' % (socket.gethostname(), timezone.now())

django/core/management/commands/shell.py

@@ -11,15 +11,23 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     shells = ['ipython', 'bpython', 'python']
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('--plain', action='store_true', dest='plain',
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--plain', action='store_true', dest='plain',
             help='Tells Django to use plain Python, not IPython or bpython. '
-            'Deprecated, use the `-i python` or `--interface python` option instead.')
-        parser.add_argument('--no-startup', action='store_true', dest='no_startup',
-            help='When using plain Python, ignore the PYTHONSTARTUP environment variable and ~/.pythonrc.py script.')
-        parser.add_argument('-i', '--interface', choices=self.shells, dest='interface',
-            help='Specify an interactive interpreter interface. Available options: "ipython", "bpython", and "python"')
-        parser.add_argument('-c', '--command', dest='command',
-            help='Instead of opening an interactive shell, run a command as Django and exit.')
+                 'Deprecated, use the `-i python` or `--interface python` option instead.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--no-startup', action='store_true', dest='no_startup',
+            help='When using plain Python, ignore the PYTHONSTARTUP environment variable and ~/.pythonrc.py script.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '-i', '--interface', choices=self.shells, dest='interface',
+            help='Specify an interactive interpreter interface. Available options: "ipython", "bpython", and "python"',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '-c', '--command', dest='command',
+            help='Instead of opening an interactive shell, run a command as Django and exit.',
+        )
 
     def _ipython_pre_011(self):
         """Start IPython pre-0.11"""

django/core/management/commands/showmigrations.py

@@ -10,16 +10,24 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = "Shows all available migrations for the current project"
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('app_label', nargs='*',
-            help='App labels of applications to limit the output to.')
-        parser.add_argument('--database', action='store', dest='database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a database to synchronize. Defaults to the "default" database.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'app_label', nargs='*',
+            help='App labels of applications to limit the output to.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', action='store', dest='database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            help='Nominates a database to synchronize. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+        )
 
         formats = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
-        formats.add_argument('--list', '-l', action='store_const', dest='format', const='list',
-            help='Shows a list of all migrations and which are applied.')
-        formats.add_argument('--plan', '-p', action='store_const', dest='format', const='plan',
-            help='Shows all migrations in the order they will be applied.')
+        formats.add_argument(
+            '--list', '-l', action='store_const', dest='format', const='list',
+            help='Shows a list of all migrations and which are applied.',
+        )
+        formats.add_argument(
+            '--plan', '-p', action='store_const', dest='format', const='plan',
+            help='Shows all migrations in the order they will be applied.',
+        )
 
         parser.set_defaults(format='list')
 

django/core/management/commands/sqlflush.py

@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         super(Command, self).add_arguments(parser)
-        parser.add_argument('--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a database to print the SQL for. Defaults to the '
-                 '"default" database.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            help='Nominates a database to print the SQL for. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
         return '\n'.join(sql_flush(self.style, connections[options['database']], only_django=True))

django/core/management/commands/sqlmigrate.py

@@ -13,15 +13,17 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     output_transaction = True
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('app_label',
-            help='App label of the application containing the migration.')
-        parser.add_argument('migration_name',
-            help='Migration name to print the SQL for.')
-        parser.add_argument('--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a database to create SQL for. Defaults to the '
-                 '"default" database.')
-        parser.add_argument('--backwards', action='store_true', dest='backwards',
-            default=False, help='Creates SQL to unapply the migration, rather than to apply it')
+        parser.add_argument('app_label', help='App label of the application containing the migration.')
+        parser.add_argument('migration_name', help='Migration name to print the SQL for.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            help='Nominates a database to create SQL for. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--backwards', action='store_true', dest='backwards',
+            default=False,
+            help='Creates SQL to unapply the migration, rather than to apply it',
+        )
 
     def execute(self, *args, **options):
         # sqlmigrate doesn't support coloring its output but we need to force

django/core/management/commands/sqlsequencereset.py

@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@ class Command(AppCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         super(Command, self).add_arguments(parser)
-        parser.add_argument('--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a database to print the SQL for. Defaults to the '
-                 '"default" database.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            help='Nominates a database to print the SQL for. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+        )
 
     def handle_app_config(self, app_config, **options):
         if app_config.models_module is None:

django/core/management/commands/squashmigrations.py

@@ -13,17 +13,26 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = "Squashes an existing set of migrations (from first until specified) into a single new one."
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('app_label',
-            help='App label of the application to squash migrations for.')
-        parser.add_argument('start_migration_name', default=None, nargs='?',
-            help='Migrations will be squashed starting from and including this migration.')
-        parser.add_argument('migration_name',
-            help='Migrations will be squashed until and including this migration.')
-        parser.add_argument('--no-optimize', action='store_true', dest='no_optimize', default=False,
-            help='Do not try to optimize the squashed operations.')
-        parser.add_argument('--noinput', '--no-input',
-            action='store_false', dest='interactive', default=True,
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'app_label',
+            help='App label of the application to squash migrations for.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'start_migration_name', default=None, nargs='?',
+            help='Migrations will be squashed starting from and including this migration.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'migration_name',
+            help='Migrations will be squashed until and including this migration.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--no-optimize', action='store_true', dest='no_optimize', default=False,
+            help='Do not try to optimize the squashed operations.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--noinput', '--no-input', action='store_false', dest='interactive', default=True,
+            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
 

django/core/management/commands/startapp.py

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@ from django.core.management.templates import TemplateCommand
 
 
 class Command(TemplateCommand):
-    help = ("Creates a Django app directory structure for the given app "
-            "name in the current directory or optionally in the given "
-            "directory.")
+    help = (
+        "Creates a Django app directory structure for the given app name in "
+        "the current directory or optionally in the given directory."
+    )
     missing_args_message = "You must provide an application name."
 
     def handle(self, **options):
@@ -20,8 +21,9 @@ class Command(TemplateCommand):
         except ImportError:
             pass
         else:
-            raise CommandError("%r conflicts with the name of an existing "
-                               "Python module and cannot be used as an app "
-                               "name. Please try another name." % app_name)
+            raise CommandError(
+                "%r conflicts with the name of an existing Python module and "
+                "cannot be used as an app name. Please try another name." % app_name
+            )
 
         super(Command, self).handle('app', app_name, target, **options)

django/core/management/commands/startproject.py

@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ from ..utils import get_random_secret_key
 
 
 class Command(TemplateCommand):
-    help = ("Creates a Django project directory structure for the given "
-            "project name in the current directory or optionally in the "
-            "given directory.")
+    help = (
+        "Creates a Django project directory structure for the given project "
+        "name in the current directory or optionally in the given directory."
+    )
     missing_args_message = "You must provide a project name."
 
     def handle(self, **options):
@@ -22,10 +23,10 @@ class Command(TemplateCommand):
         except ImportError:
             pass
         else:
-            raise CommandError("%r conflicts with the name of an existing "
-                               "Python module and cannot be used as a "
-                               "project name. Please try another name." %
-                               project_name)
+            raise CommandError(
+                "%r conflicts with the name of an existing Python module and "
+                "cannot be used as a project name. Please try another name." % project_name
+            )
 
         # Create a random SECRET_KEY to put it in the main settings.
         options['secret_key'] = get_random_secret_key()

django/core/management/commands/test.py

@@ -29,24 +29,29 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         super(Command, self).run_from_argv(argv)
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='test_label', nargs='*',
-            help='Module paths to test; can be modulename, modulename.TestCase or modulename.TestCase.test_method')
-        parser.add_argument('--noinput', '--no-input',
-            action='store_false', dest='interactive', default=True,
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.')
-        parser.add_argument('--failfast',
-            action='store_true', dest='failfast', default=False,
-            help='Tells Django to stop running the test suite after first '
-                 'failed test.')
-        parser.add_argument('--testrunner',
-            action='store', dest='testrunner',
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'args', metavar='test_label', nargs='*',
+            help='Module paths to test; can be modulename, modulename.TestCase or modulename.TestCase.test_method'
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--noinput', '--no-input', action='store_false', dest='interactive', default=True,
+            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--failfast', action='store_true', dest='failfast', default=False,
+            help='Tells Django to stop running the test suite after first failed test.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--testrunner', action='store', dest='testrunner',
             help='Tells Django to use specified test runner class instead of '
-                 'the one specified by the TEST_RUNNER setting.')
-        parser.add_argument('--liveserver',
-            action='store', dest='liveserver', default=None,
+                 'the one specified by the TEST_RUNNER setting.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--liveserver', action='store', dest='liveserver', default=None,
             help='Overrides the default address where the live server (used '
                  'with LiveServerTestCase) is expected to run from. The '
-                 'default value is localhost:8081-8179.')
+                 'default value is localhost:8081-8179.',
+        )
 
         test_runner_class = get_runner(settings, self.test_runner)
 

django/core/management/commands/testserver.py

@@ -9,15 +9,22 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     requires_system_checks = False
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='fixture', nargs='*',
-            help='Path(s) to fixtures to load before running the server.')
-        parser.add_argument('--noinput', '--no-input',
-            action='store_false', dest='interactive', default=True,
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.')
-        parser.add_argument('--addrport', default='',
-            help='Port number or ipaddr:port to run the server on.')
-        parser.add_argument('--ipv6', '-6', action='store_true', dest='use_ipv6', default=False,
-            help='Tells Django to use an IPv6 address.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            'args', metavar='fixture', nargs='*',
+            help='Path(s) to fixtures to load before running the server.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--noinput', '--no-input', action='store_false', dest='interactive', default=True,
+            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--addrport', default='',
+            help='Port number or ipaddr:port to run the server on.',
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--ipv6', '-6', action='store_true', dest='use_ipv6', default=False,
+            help='Tells Django to use an IPv6 address.',
+        )
 
     def handle(self, *fixture_labels, **options):
         verbosity = options['verbosity']

django/core/management/templates.py

@@ -51,18 +51,20 @@ class TemplateCommand(BaseCommand):
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument('name', help='Name of the application or project.')
         parser.add_argument('directory', nargs='?', help='Optional destination directory')
-        parser.add_argument('--template',
-            help='The path or URL to load the template from.')
-        parser.add_argument('--extension', '-e', dest='extensions',
+        parser.add_argument('--template', help='The path or URL to load the template from.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--extension', '-e', dest='extensions',
             action='append', default=['py'],
             help='The file extension(s) to render (default: "py"). '
                  'Separate multiple extensions with commas, or use '
-                 '-e multiple times.')
-        parser.add_argument('--name', '-n', dest='files',
+                 '-e multiple times.'
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            '--name', '-n', dest='files',
             action='append', default=[],
-            help='The file name(s) to render. '
-                 'Separate multiple extensions with commas, or use '
-                 '-n multiple times.')
+            help='The file name(s) to render. Separate multiple extensions '
+                 'with commas, or use -n multiple times.'
+        )
 
     def handle(self, app_or_project, name, target=None, **options):
         self.app_or_project = app_or_project

django/core/serializers/__init__.py

@@ -227,9 +227,12 @@ def sort_dependencies(app_list):
             else:
                 skipped.append((model, deps))
         if not changed:
-            raise RuntimeError("Can't resolve dependencies for %s in serialized app list." %
-                ', '.join('%s.%s' % (model._meta.app_label, model._meta.object_name)
-                for model, deps in sorted(skipped, key=lambda obj: obj[0].__name__))
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Can't resolve dependencies for %s in serialized app list." %
+                ', '.join(
+                    '%s.%s' % (model._meta.app_label, model._meta.object_name)
+                    for model, deps in sorted(skipped, key=lambda obj: obj[0].__name__)
+                )
             )
         model_dependencies = skipped
 

django/core/serializers/python.py

@@ -75,8 +75,9 @@ class Serializer(base.Serializer):
             else:
                 def m2m_value(value):
                     return force_text(value._get_pk_val(), strings_only=True)
-            self._current[field.name] = [m2m_value(related)
-                               for related in getattr(obj, field.name).iterator()]
+            self._current[field.name] = [
+                m2m_value(related) for related in getattr(obj, field.name).iterator()
+            ]
 
     def getvalue(self):
         return self.objects

django/core/signing.py

@@ -160,8 +160,7 @@ class Signer(object):
                 'Unsafe Signer separator: %r (cannot be empty or consist of '
                 'only A-z0-9-_=)' % sep,
             )
-        self.salt = force_str(salt or
-            '%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
+        self.salt = force_str(salt or '%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
 
     def signature(self, value):
         signature = base64_hmac(self.salt + 'signer', value, self.key)

django/db/backends/base/introspection.py

@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ from django.utils import six
 TableInfo = namedtuple('TableInfo', ['name', 'type'])
 
 # Structure returned by the DB-API cursor.description interface (PEP 249)
-FieldInfo = namedtuple('FieldInfo',
-    'name type_code display_size internal_size precision scale null_ok')
+FieldInfo = namedtuple('FieldInfo', 'name type_code display_size internal_size precision scale null_ok')
 
 
 class BaseDatabaseIntrospection(object):

django/db/backends/mysql/base.py

@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ from .validation import DatabaseValidation                  # isort:skip
 # lexicographic ordering in this check because then (1, 2, 1, 'gamma')
 # inadvertently passes the version test.
 version = Database.version_info
-if (version < (1, 2, 1) or (version[:3] == (1, 2, 1) and
-        (len(version) < 5 or version[3] != 'final' or version[4] < 2))):
+if (version < (1, 2, 1) or (
+        version[:3] == (1, 2, 1) and (len(version) < 5 or version[3] != 'final' or version[4] < 2))):
     from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
     raise ImproperlyConfigured("MySQLdb-1.2.1p2 or newer is required; you have %s" % Database.__version__)
 
@@ -334,19 +334,27 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
                 continue
             key_columns = self.introspection.get_key_columns(cursor, table_name)
             for column_name, referenced_table_name, referenced_column_name in key_columns:
-                cursor.execute("""
+                cursor.execute(
+                    """
                     SELECT REFERRING.`%s`, REFERRING.`%s` FROM `%s` as REFERRING
                     LEFT JOIN `%s` as REFERRED
                     ON (REFERRING.`%s` = REFERRED.`%s`)
-                    WHERE REFERRING.`%s` IS NOT NULL AND REFERRED.`%s` IS NULL"""
-                    % (primary_key_column_name, column_name, table_name, referenced_table_name,
-                    column_name, referenced_column_name, column_name, referenced_column_name))
+                    WHERE REFERRING.`%s` IS NOT NULL AND REFERRED.`%s` IS NULL
+                    """ % (
+                        primary_key_column_name, column_name, table_name,
+                        referenced_table_name, column_name, referenced_column_name,
+                        column_name, referenced_column_name,
+                    )
+                )
                 for bad_row in cursor.fetchall():
-                    raise utils.IntegrityError("The row in table '%s' with primary key '%s' has an invalid "
+                    raise utils.IntegrityError(
+                        "The row in table '%s' with primary key '%s' has an invalid "
                         "foreign key: %s.%s contains a value '%s' that does not have a corresponding value in %s.%s."
-                        % (table_name, bad_row[0],
-                        table_name, column_name, bad_row[1],
-                        referenced_table_name, referenced_column_name))
+                        % (
+                            table_name, bad_row[0], table_name, column_name,
+                            bad_row[1], referenced_table_name, referenced_column_name,
+                        )
+                    )
 
     def is_usable(self):
         try:

django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py

@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
     compiler_module = "django.db.backends.mysql.compiler"
 
     # MySQL stores positive fields as UNSIGNED ints.
-    integer_field_ranges = dict(BaseDatabaseOperations.integer_field_ranges,
+    integer_field_ranges = dict(
+        BaseDatabaseOperations.integer_field_ranges,
         PositiveSmallIntegerField=(0, 65535),
         PositiveIntegerField=(0, 4294967295),
     )

django/db/backends/oracle/base.py

@@ -367,8 +367,7 @@ class OracleParam(object):
         else:
             # To transmit to the database, we need Unicode if supported
             # To get size right, we must consider bytes.
-            self.force_bytes = convert_unicode(param, cursor.charset,
-                                             strings_only)
+            self.force_bytes = convert_unicode(param, cursor.charset, strings_only)
             if isinstance(self.force_bytes, six.string_types):
                 # We could optimize by only converting up to 4000 bytes here
                 string_size = len(force_bytes(param, cursor.charset, strings_only))
@@ -498,8 +497,7 @@ class FormatStylePlaceholderCursor(object):
         formatted = [firstparams] + [self._format_params(p) for p in params_iter]
         self._guess_input_sizes(formatted)
         try:
-            return self.cursor.executemany(query,
-                                [self._param_generator(p) for p in formatted])
+            return self.cursor.executemany(query, [self._param_generator(p) for p in formatted])
         except Database.DatabaseError as e:
             # cx_Oracle <= 4.4.0 wrongly raises a DatabaseError for ORA-01400.
             if hasattr(e.args[0], 'code') and e.args[0].code == 1400 and not isinstance(e, IntegrityError):

django/db/backends/oracle/operations.py

@@ -99,8 +99,7 @@ WHEN (new.%(col_name)s IS NULL)
         days = str(timedelta.days)
         day_precision = len(days)
         fmt = "INTERVAL '%s %02d:%02d:%02d.%06d' DAY(%d) TO SECOND(6)"
-        return fmt % (days, hours, minutes, seconds, timedelta.microseconds,
-                day_precision), []
+        return fmt % (days, hours, minutes, seconds, timedelta.microseconds, day_precision), []
 
     def date_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name):
         # http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/functions230.htm#i1002084

django/db/backends/postgresql/operations.py

@@ -139,11 +139,11 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
                 # This will be the case if it's an m2m using an autogenerated
                 # intermediate table (see BaseDatabaseIntrospection.sequence_list)
                 column_name = 'id'
-            sql.append("%s setval(pg_get_serial_sequence('%s','%s'), 1, false);" %
-                (style.SQL_KEYWORD('SELECT'),
+            sql.append("%s setval(pg_get_serial_sequence('%s','%s'), 1, false);" % (
+                style.SQL_KEYWORD('SELECT'),
                 style.SQL_TABLE(self.quote_name(table_name)),
-                style.SQL_FIELD(column_name))
-            )
+                style.SQL_FIELD(column_name),
+            ))
         return sql
 
     def tablespace_sql(self, tablespace, inline=False):

django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py

@@ -282,18 +282,28 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
                 continue
             key_columns = self.introspection.get_key_columns(cursor, table_name)
             for column_name, referenced_table_name, referenced_column_name in key_columns:
-                cursor.execute("""
+                cursor.execute(
+                    """
                     SELECT REFERRING.`%s`, REFERRING.`%s` FROM `%s` as REFERRING
                     LEFT JOIN `%s` as REFERRED
                     ON (REFERRING.`%s` = REFERRED.`%s`)
-                    WHERE REFERRING.`%s` IS NOT NULL AND REFERRED.`%s` IS NULL"""
-                    % (primary_key_column_name, column_name, table_name, referenced_table_name,
-                    column_name, referenced_column_name, column_name, referenced_column_name))
+                    WHERE REFERRING.`%s` IS NOT NULL AND REFERRED.`%s` IS NULL
+                    """
+                    % (
+                        primary_key_column_name, column_name, table_name,
+                        referenced_table_name, column_name, referenced_column_name,
+                        column_name, referenced_column_name,
+                    )
+                )
                 for bad_row in cursor.fetchall():
-                    raise utils.IntegrityError("The row in table '%s' with primary key '%s' has an invalid "
-                        "foreign key: %s.%s contains a value '%s' that does not have a corresponding value in %s.%s."
-                        % (table_name, bad_row[0], table_name, column_name, bad_row[1],
-                        referenced_table_name, referenced_column_name))
+                    raise utils.IntegrityError(
+                        "The row in table '%s' with primary key '%s' has an "
+                        "invalid foreign key: %s.%s contains a value '%s' that "
+                        "does not have a corresponding value in %s.%s." % (
+                            table_name, bad_row[0], table_name, column_name,
+                            bad_row[1], referenced_table_name, referenced_column_name,
+                        )
+                    )
 
     def is_usable(self):
         return True

django/db/backends/utils.py

@@ -85,7 +85,8 @@ class CursorDebugWrapper(CursorWrapper):
                 'sql': sql,
                 'time': "%.3f" % duration,
             })
-            logger.debug('(%.3f) %s; args=%s', duration, sql, params,
+            logger.debug(
+                '(%.3f) %s; args=%s', duration, sql, params,
                 extra={'duration': duration, 'sql': sql, 'params': params}
             )
 
@@ -104,7 +105,8 @@ class CursorDebugWrapper(CursorWrapper):
                 'sql': '%s times: %s' % (times, sql),
                 'time': "%.3f" % duration,
             })
-            logger.debug('(%.3f) %s; args=%s', duration, sql, param_list,
+            logger.debug(
+                '(%.3f) %s; args=%s', duration, sql, param_list,
                 extra={'duration': duration, 'sql': sql, 'params': param_list}
             )
 
@@ -154,9 +156,11 @@ def typecast_timestamp(s):  # does NOT store time zone information
     else:
         microseconds = '0'
     tzinfo = utc if settings.USE_TZ else None
-    return datetime.datetime(int(dates[0]), int(dates[1]), int(dates[2]),
+    return datetime.datetime(
+        int(dates[0]), int(dates[1]), int(dates[2]),
         int(times[0]), int(times[1]), int(seconds),
-        int((microseconds + '000000')[:6]), tzinfo)
+        int((microseconds + '000000')[:6]), tzinfo
+    )
 
 
 def typecast_decimal(s):

django/db/models/base.py

@@ -519,9 +519,10 @@ class Model(six.with_metaclass(ModelBase)):
         if pickled_version:
             current_version = get_version()
             if current_version != pickled_version:
-                msg = ("Pickled model instance's Django version %s does"
-                    " not match the current version %s."
-                    % (pickled_version, current_version))
+                msg = (
+                    "Pickled model instance's Django version %s does not match "
+                    "the current version %s." % (pickled_version, current_version)
+                )
         else:
             msg = "Pickled model instance's Django version is not specified."
 
@@ -1285,9 +1286,7 @@ class Model(six.with_metaclass(ModelBase)):
     @classmethod
     def _check_id_field(cls):
         """ Check if `id` field is a primary key. """
-
-        fields = list(f for f in cls._meta.local_fields
-            if f.name == 'id' and f != cls._meta.pk)
+        fields = list(f for f in cls._meta.local_fields if f.name == 'id' and f != cls._meta.pk)
         # fields is empty or consists of the invalid "id" field
         if fields and not fields[0].primary_key and cls._meta.pk.name == 'id':
             return [
@@ -1342,8 +1341,7 @@ class Model(six.with_metaclass(ModelBase)):
             # field "id" and automatically added unique field "id", both
             # defined at the same model. This special case is considered in
             # _check_id_field and here we ignore it.
-            id_conflict = (f.name == "id" and
-                clash and clash.name == "id" and clash.model == cls)
+            id_conflict = f.name == "id" and clash and clash.name == "id" and clash.model == cls
             if clash and not id_conflict:
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
@@ -1397,8 +1395,7 @@ class Model(six.with_metaclass(ModelBase)):
                 )
             ]
 
-        elif any(not isinstance(fields, (tuple, list))
-                for fields in cls._meta.index_together):
+        elif any(not isinstance(fields, (tuple, list)) for fields in cls._meta.index_together):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "All 'index_together' elements must be lists or tuples.",
@@ -1425,8 +1422,7 @@ class Model(six.with_metaclass(ModelBase)):
                 )
             ]
 
-        elif any(not isinstance(fields, (tuple, list))
-                for fields in cls._meta.unique_together):
+        elif any(not isinstance(fields, (tuple, list)) for fields in cls._meta.unique_together):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "All 'unique_together' elements must be lists or tuples.",

django/db/models/deletion.py

@@ -20,8 +20,9 @@ def CASCADE(collector, field, sub_objs, using):
 
 
 def PROTECT(collector, field, sub_objs, using):
-    raise ProtectedError("Cannot delete some instances of model '%s' because "
-        "they are referenced through a protected foreign key: '%s.%s'" % (
+    raise ProtectedError(
+        "Cannot delete some instances of model '%s' because they are "
+        "referenced through a protected foreign key: '%s.%s'" % (
             field.remote_field.model.__name__, sub_objs[0].__class__.__name__, field.name
         ),
         sub_objs
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ class Collector(object):
             return [objs]
 
     def collect(self, objs, source=None, nullable=False, collect_related=True,
-            source_attr=None, reverse_dependency=False, keep_parents=False):
+                source_attr=None, reverse_dependency=False, keep_parents=False):
         """
         Adds 'objs' to the collection of objects to be deleted as well as all
         parent instances.  'objs' must be a homogeneous iterable collection of

django/db/models/fields/__init__.py

@@ -137,12 +137,12 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
     description = property(_description)
 
     def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, primary_key=False,
-            max_length=None, unique=False, blank=False, null=False,
-            db_index=False, rel=None, default=NOT_PROVIDED, editable=True,
-            serialize=True, unique_for_date=None, unique_for_month=None,
-            unique_for_year=None, choices=None, help_text='', db_column=None,
-            db_tablespace=None, auto_created=False, validators=[],
-            error_messages=None):
+                 max_length=None, unique=False, blank=False, null=False,
+                 db_index=False, rel=None, default=NOT_PROVIDED, editable=True,
+                 serialize=True, unique_for_date=None, unique_for_month=None,
+                 unique_for_year=None, choices=None, help_text='', db_column=None,
+                 db_tablespace=None, auto_created=False, validators=[],
+                 error_messages=None):
         self.name = name
         self.verbose_name = verbose_name  # May be set by set_attributes_from_name
         self._verbose_name = verbose_name  # Store original for deconstruction
@@ -806,8 +806,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
             if callable(self.default):
                 return self.default()
             return self.default
-        if (not self.empty_strings_allowed or (self.null and
-                   not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls)):
+        if not self.empty_strings_allowed or self.null and not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
             return None
         return ""
 
@@ -1177,10 +1176,8 @@ class DateTimeCheckMixin(object):
         # auto_now, auto_now_add, and default are mutually exclusive
         # options. The use of more than one of these options together
         # will trigger an Error
-        mutually_exclusive_options = [self.auto_now_add, self.auto_now,
-                                      self.has_default()]
-        enabled_options = [option not in (None, False)
-                          for option in mutually_exclusive_options].count(True)
+        mutually_exclusive_options = [self.auto_now_add, self.auto_now, self.has_default()]
+        enabled_options = [option not in (None, False) for option in mutually_exclusive_options].count(True)
         if enabled_options > 1:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
@@ -1314,12 +1311,14 @@ class DateField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field):
     def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name, **kwargs):
         super(DateField, self).contribute_to_class(cls, name, **kwargs)
         if not self.null:
-            setattr(cls, 'get_next_by_%s' % self.name,
-                curry(cls._get_next_or_previous_by_FIELD, field=self,
-                      is_next=True))
-            setattr(cls, 'get_previous_by_%s' % self.name,
-                curry(cls._get_next_or_previous_by_FIELD, field=self,
-                      is_next=False))
+            setattr(
+                cls, 'get_next_by_%s' % self.name,
+                curry(cls._get_next_or_previous_by_FIELD, field=self, is_next=True)
+            )
+            setattr(
+                cls, 'get_previous_by_%s' % self.name,
+                curry(cls._get_next_or_previous_by_FIELD, field=self, is_next=False)
+            )
 
     def get_prep_value(self, value):
         value = super(DateField, self).get_prep_value(value)
@@ -1633,8 +1632,7 @@ class DecimalField(Field):
         return utils.format_number(value, self.max_digits, self.decimal_places)
 
     def get_db_prep_save(self, value, connection):
-        return connection.ops.adapt_decimalfield_value(self.to_python(value),
-                self.max_digits, self.decimal_places)
+        return connection.ops.adapt_decimalfield_value(self.to_python(value), self.max_digits, self.decimal_places)
 
     def get_prep_value(self, value):
         value = super(DecimalField, self).get_prep_value(value)
@@ -2002,8 +2000,7 @@ class GenericIPAddressField(Field):
             value = force_text(value)
         value = value.strip()
         if ':' in value:
-            return clean_ipv6_address(value,
-                self.unpack_ipv4, self.error_messages['invalid'])
+            return clean_ipv6_address(value, self.unpack_ipv4, self.error_messages['invalid'])
         return value
 
     def get_db_prep_value(self, value, connection, prepared=False):

django/db/models/fields/files.py

@@ -369,8 +369,7 @@ class ImageField(FileField):
     descriptor_class = ImageFileDescriptor
     description = _("Image")
 
-    def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, width_field=None,
-            height_field=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, width_field=None, height_field=None, **kwargs):
         self.width_field, self.height_field = width_field, height_field
         super(ImageField, self).__init__(verbose_name, name, **kwargs)
 

django/db/models/fields/related.py

@@ -221,8 +221,7 @@ class RelatedField(Field):
         # model_set and it clashes with Target.model_set.
         potential_clashes = rel_opts.fields + rel_opts.many_to_many
         for clash_field in potential_clashes:
-            clash_name = "%s.%s" % (rel_opts.object_name,
-                clash_field.name)  # i. e. "Target.model_set"
+            clash_name = "%s.%s" % (rel_opts.object_name, clash_field.name)  # i.e. "Target.model_set"
             if not rel_is_hidden and clash_field.name == rel_name:
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
@@ -441,8 +440,8 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
     rel_class = ForeignObjectRel
 
     def __init__(self, to, on_delete, from_fields, to_fields, rel=None, related_name=None,
-            related_query_name=None, limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False,
-            swappable=True, **kwargs):
+                 related_query_name=None, limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False,
+                 swappable=True, **kwargs):
 
         if rel is None:
             rel = self.rel_class(
@@ -491,8 +490,9 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
         has_unique_constraint = any(u <= foreign_fields for u in unique_foreign_fields)
 
         if not has_unique_constraint and len(self.foreign_related_fields) > 1:
-            field_combination = ', '.join("'%s'" % rel_field.name
-                for rel_field in self.foreign_related_fields)
+            field_combination = ', '.join(
+                "'%s'" % rel_field.name for rel_field in self.foreign_related_fields
+            )
             model_name = self.remote_field.model.__name__
             return [
                 checks.Error(
@@ -743,8 +743,8 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
     description = _("Foreign Key (type determined by related field)")
 
     def __init__(self, to, on_delete=None, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-            limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, to_field=None,
-            db_constraint=True, **kwargs):
+                 limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, to_field=None,
+                 db_constraint=True, **kwargs):
         try:
             to._meta.model_name
         except AttributeError:
@@ -1111,9 +1111,9 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
     description = _("Many-to-many relationship")
 
     def __init__(self, to, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-            limit_choices_to=None, symmetrical=None, through=None,
-            through_fields=None, db_constraint=True, db_table=None,
-            swappable=True, **kwargs):
+                 limit_choices_to=None, symmetrical=None, through=None,
+                 through_fields=None, db_constraint=True, db_table=None,
+                 swappable=True, **kwargs):
         try:
             to._meta
         except AttributeError:
@@ -1241,8 +1241,10 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
 
             # Count foreign keys in intermediate model
             if self_referential:
-                seen_self = sum(from_model == getattr(field.remote_field, 'model', None)
-                    for field in self.remote_field.through._meta.fields)
+                seen_self = sum(
+                    from_model == getattr(field.remote_field, 'model', None)
+                    for field in self.remote_field.through._meta.fields
+                )
 
                 if seen_self > 2 and not self.remote_field.through_fields:
                     errors.append(
@@ -1260,10 +1262,14 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
 
             else:
                 # Count foreign keys in relationship model
-                seen_from = sum(from_model == getattr(field.remote_field, 'model', None)
-                    for field in self.remote_field.through._meta.fields)
-                seen_to = sum(to_model == getattr(field.remote_field, 'model', None)
-                    for field in self.remote_field.through._meta.fields)
+                seen_from = sum(
+                    from_model == getattr(field.remote_field, 'model', None)
+                    for field in self.remote_field.through._meta.fields
+                )
+                seen_to = sum(
+                    to_model == getattr(field.remote_field, 'model', None)
+                    for field in self.remote_field.through._meta.fields
+                )
 
                 if seen_from > 1 and not self.remote_field.through_fields:
                     errors.append(
@@ -1469,8 +1475,7 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         elif self.db_table:
             return self.db_table
         else:
-            return utils.truncate_name('%s_%s' % (opts.db_table, self.name),
-                                      connection.ops.max_name_length())
+            return utils.truncate_name('%s_%s' % (opts.db_table, self.name), connection.ops.max_name_length())
 
     def _get_m2m_attr(self, related, attr):
         """

django/db/models/fields/related_descriptors.py

@@ -868,16 +868,19 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
         def clear(self):
             db = router.db_for_write(self.through, instance=self.instance)
             with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
-                signals.m2m_changed.send(sender=self.through, action="pre_clear",
+                signals.m2m_changed.send(
+                    sender=self.through, action="pre_clear",
                     instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
-                    model=self.model, pk_set=None, using=db)
-
+                    model=self.model, pk_set=None, using=db,
+                )
                 filters = self._build_remove_filters(super(ManyRelatedManager, self).get_queryset().using(db))
                 self.through._default_manager.using(db).filter(filters).delete()
 
-                signals.m2m_changed.send(sender=self.through, action="post_clear",
+                signals.m2m_changed.send(
+                    sender=self.through, action="post_clear",
                     instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
-                    model=self.model, pk_set=None, using=db)
+                    model=self.model, pk_set=None, using=db,
+                )
         clear.alters_data = True
 
         def set(self, objs, **kwargs):
@@ -905,9 +908,10 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
 
                     new_objs = []
                     for obj in objs:
-                        fk_val = (self.target_field.get_foreign_related_value(obj)[0]
-                            if isinstance(obj, self.model) else obj)
-
+                        fk_val = (
+                            self.target_field.get_foreign_related_value(obj)[0]
+                            if isinstance(obj, self.model) else obj
+                        )
                         if fk_val in old_ids:
                             old_ids.remove(fk_val)
                         else:
@@ -998,9 +1002,11 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
                     if self.reverse or source_field_name == self.source_field_name:
                         # Don't send the signal when we are inserting the
                         # duplicate data row for symmetrical reverse entries.
-                        signals.m2m_changed.send(sender=self.through, action='pre_add',
+                        signals.m2m_changed.send(
+                            sender=self.through, action='pre_add',
                             instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
-                            model=self.model, pk_set=new_ids, using=db)
+                            model=self.model, pk_set=new_ids, using=db,
+                        )
 
                     # Add the ones that aren't there already
                     self.through._default_manager.using(db).bulk_create([
@@ -1014,9 +1020,11 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
                     if self.reverse or source_field_name == self.source_field_name:
                         # Don't send the signal when we are inserting the
                         # duplicate data row for symmetrical reverse entries.
-                        signals.m2m_changed.send(sender=self.through, action='post_add',
+                        signals.m2m_changed.send(
+                            sender=self.through, action='post_add',
                             instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
-                            model=self.model, pk_set=new_ids, using=db)
+                            model=self.model, pk_set=new_ids, using=db,
+                        )
 
         def _remove_items(self, source_field_name, target_field_name, *objs):
             # source_field_name: the PK colname in join table for the source object
@@ -1037,9 +1045,11 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
             db = router.db_for_write(self.through, instance=self.instance)
             with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                 # Send a signal to the other end if need be.
-                signals.m2m_changed.send(sender=self.through, action="pre_remove",
+                signals.m2m_changed.send(
+                    sender=self.through, action="pre_remove",
                     instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
-                    model=self.model, pk_set=old_ids, using=db)
+                    model=self.model, pk_set=old_ids, using=db,
+                )
                 target_model_qs = super(ManyRelatedManager, self).get_queryset()
                 if target_model_qs._has_filters():
                     old_vals = target_model_qs.using(db).filter(**{
@@ -1049,8 +1059,10 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
                 filters = self._build_remove_filters(old_vals)
                 self.through._default_manager.using(db).filter(filters).delete()
 
-                signals.m2m_changed.send(sender=self.through, action="post_remove",
+                signals.m2m_changed.send(
+                    sender=self.through, action="post_remove",
                     instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
-                    model=self.model, pk_set=old_ids, using=db)
+                    model=self.model, pk_set=old_ids, using=db,
+                )
 
     return ManyRelatedManager

django/db/models/fields/reverse_related.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class ForeignObjectRel(object):
     null = True
 
     def __init__(self, field, to, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-            limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, on_delete=None):
+                 limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, on_delete=None):
         self.field = field
         self.model = to
         self.related_name = related_name
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class ManyToOneRel(ForeignObjectRel):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, field, to, field_name, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-            limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, on_delete=None):
+                 limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, on_delete=None):
         super(ManyToOneRel, self).__init__(
             field, to,
             related_name=related_name,
@@ -235,8 +235,7 @@ class ManyToOneRel(ForeignObjectRel):
         """
         field = self.model._meta.get_field(self.field_name)
         if not field.concrete:
-            raise exceptions.FieldDoesNotExist("No related field named '%s'" %
-                    self.field_name)
+            raise exceptions.FieldDoesNotExist("No related field named '%s'" % self.field_name)
         return field
 
     def set_field_name(self):
@@ -252,7 +251,7 @@ class OneToOneRel(ManyToOneRel):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, field, to, field_name, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-            limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, on_delete=None):
+                 limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, on_delete=None):
         super(OneToOneRel, self).__init__(
             field, to, field_name,
             related_name=related_name,
@@ -274,8 +273,8 @@ class ManyToManyRel(ForeignObjectRel):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, field, to, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-            limit_choices_to=None, symmetrical=True, through=None, through_fields=None,
-            db_constraint=True):
+                 limit_choices_to=None, symmetrical=True, through=None,
+                 through_fields=None, db_constraint=True):
         super(ManyToManyRel, self).__init__(
             field, to,
             related_name=related_name,

django/db/models/options.py

@@ -28,13 +28,14 @@ IMMUTABLE_WARNING = (
     "for your own use, make a copy first."
 )
 
-DEFAULT_NAMES = ('verbose_name', 'verbose_name_plural', 'db_table', 'ordering',
-                 'unique_together', 'permissions', 'get_latest_by',
-                 'order_with_respect_to', 'app_label', 'db_tablespace',
-                 'abstract', 'managed', 'proxy', 'swappable', 'auto_created',
-                 'index_together', 'apps', 'default_permissions',
-                 'select_on_save', 'default_related_name',
-                 'required_db_features', 'required_db_vendor')
+DEFAULT_NAMES = (
+    'verbose_name', 'verbose_name_plural', 'db_table', 'ordering',
+    'unique_together', 'permissions', 'get_latest_by', 'order_with_respect_to',
+    'app_label', 'db_tablespace', 'abstract', 'managed', 'proxy', 'swappable',
+    'auto_created', 'index_together', 'apps', 'default_permissions',
+    'select_on_save', 'default_related_name', 'required_db_features',
+    'required_db_vendor',
+)
 
 
 def normalize_together(option_together):
@@ -249,8 +250,7 @@ class Options(object):
                 field.primary_key = True
                 self.setup_pk(field)
             else:
-                auto = AutoField(verbose_name='ID', primary_key=True,
-                        auto_created=True)
+                auto = AutoField(verbose_name='ID', primary_key=True, auto_created=True)
                 model.add_to_class('id', auto)
 
     def add_field(self, field, virtual=False):
@@ -385,8 +385,7 @@ class Options(object):
         return make_immutable_fields_list(
             "fields",
             (f for f in self._get_fields(reverse=False)
-            if is_not_an_m2m_field(f) and is_not_a_generic_relation(f) and
-            is_not_a_generic_foreign_key(f))
+             if is_not_an_m2m_field(f) and is_not_a_generic_relation(f) and is_not_a_generic_foreign_key(f))
         )
 
     @cached_property
@@ -426,8 +425,7 @@ class Options(object):
         """
         return make_immutable_fields_list(
             "many_to_many",
-            (f for f in self._get_fields(reverse=False)
-            if f.is_relation and f.many_to_many)
+            (f for f in self._get_fields(reverse=False) if f.is_relation and f.many_to_many)
         )
 
     @cached_property
@@ -444,8 +442,7 @@ class Options(object):
         all_related_fields = self._get_fields(forward=False, reverse=True, include_hidden=True)
         return make_immutable_fields_list(
             "related_objects",
-            (obj for obj in all_related_fields
-            if not obj.hidden or obj.field.many_to_many)
+            (obj for obj in all_related_fields if not obj.hidden or obj.field.many_to_many)
         )
 
     @cached_property