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695 lines
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695 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
============================
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Request and response objects
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============================
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.. module:: django.http
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:synopsis: Classes dealing with HTTP requests and responses.
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Quick overview
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==============
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Django uses request and response objects to pass state through the system.
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When a page is requested, Django creates an :class:`HttpRequest` object that
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contains metadata about the request. Then Django loads the appropriate view,
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passing the :class:`HttpRequest` as the first argument to the view function.
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Each view is responsible for returning an :class:`HttpResponse` object.
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This document explains the APIs for :class:`HttpRequest` and
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:class:`HttpResponse` objects.
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HttpRequest objects
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===================
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.. class:: HttpRequest
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Attributes
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----------
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All attributes except ``session`` should be considered read-only.
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.path
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A string representing the full path to the requested page, not including
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the domain.
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Example: ``"/music/bands/the_beatles/"``
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.path_info
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Under some Web server configurations, the portion of the URL after the host
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name is split up into a script prefix portion and a path info portion
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(this happens, for example, when using the ``django.root`` option
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with the :doc:`modpython handler from Apache </howto/deployment/modpython>`).
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The ``path_info`` attribute always contains the path info portion of the
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path, no matter what Web server is being used. Using this instead of
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attr:`~HttpRequest.path` can make your code much easier to move between test
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and deployment servers.
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For example, if the ``django.root`` for your application is set to
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``"/minfo"``, then ``path`` might be ``"/minfo/music/bands/the_beatles/"``
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and ``path_info`` would be ``"/music/bands/the_beatles/"``.
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.method
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A string representing the HTTP method used in the request. This is
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guaranteed to be uppercase. Example::
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if request.method == 'GET':
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do_something()
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elif request.method == 'POST':
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do_something_else()
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.encoding
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A string representing the current encoding used to decode form submission
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data (or ``None``, which means the :setting:`DEFAULT_CHARSET` setting is
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used). You can write to this attribute to change the encoding used when
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accessing the form data. Any subsequent attribute accesses (such as reading
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from ``GET`` or ``POST``) will use the new ``encoding`` value. Useful if
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you know the form data is not in the :setting:`DEFAULT_CHARSET` encoding.
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.GET
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A dictionary-like object containing all given HTTP GET parameters. See the
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:class:`QueryDict` documentation below.
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.POST
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A dictionary-like object containing all given HTTP POST parameters. See the
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:class:`QueryDict` documentation below.
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It's possible that a request can come in via POST with an empty ``POST``
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dictionary -- if, say, a form is requested via the POST HTTP method but
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does not include form data. Therefore, you shouldn't use ``if request.POST``
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to check for use of the POST method; instead, use ``if request.method ==
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"POST"`` (see above).
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Note: ``POST`` does *not* include file-upload information. See ``FILES``.
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.REQUEST
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For convenience, a dictionary-like object that searches ``POST`` first,
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then ``GET``. Inspired by PHP's ``$_REQUEST``.
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For example, if ``GET = {"name": "john"}`` and ``POST = {"age": '34'}``,
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``REQUEST["name"]`` would be ``"john"``, and ``REQUEST["age"]`` would be
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``"34"``.
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It's strongly suggested that you use ``GET`` and ``POST`` instead of
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``REQUEST``, because the former are more explicit.
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.COOKIES
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A standard Python dictionary containing all cookies. Keys and values are
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strings.
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.FILES
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A dictionary-like object containing all uploaded files. Each key in
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``FILES`` is the ``name`` from the ``<input type="file" name="" />``. Each
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value in ``FILES`` is an :class:`UploadedFile` as described below.
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See :doc:`/topics/files` for more information.
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Note that ``FILES`` will only contain data if the request method was POST
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and the ``<form>`` that posted to the request had
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``enctype="multipart/form-data"``. Otherwise, ``FILES`` will be a blank
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dictionary-like object.
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.META
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A standard Python dictionary containing all available HTTP headers.
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Available headers depend on the client and server, but here are some
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examples:
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* ``CONTENT_LENGTH``
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* ``CONTENT_TYPE``
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* ``HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING``
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* ``HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE``
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* ``HTTP_HOST`` -- The HTTP Host header sent by the client.
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* ``HTTP_REFERER`` -- The referring page, if any.
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* ``HTTP_USER_AGENT`` -- The client's user-agent string.
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* ``QUERY_STRING`` -- The query string, as a single (unparsed) string.
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* ``REMOTE_ADDR`` -- The IP address of the client.
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* ``REMOTE_HOST`` -- The hostname of the client.
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* ``REMOTE_USER`` -- The user authenticated by the Web server, if any.
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* ``REQUEST_METHOD`` -- A string such as ``"GET"`` or ``"POST"``.
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* ``SERVER_NAME`` -- The hostname of the server.
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* ``SERVER_PORT`` -- The port of the server.
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With the exception of ``CONTENT_LENGTH`` and ``CONTENT_TYPE``, as given
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above, any HTTP headers in the request are converted to ``META`` keys by
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converting all characters to uppercase, replacing any hyphens with
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underscores and adding an ``HTTP_`` prefix to the name. So, for example, a
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header called ``X-Bender`` would be mapped to the ``META`` key
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``HTTP_X_BENDER``.
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.user
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A ``django.contrib.auth.models.User`` object representing the currently
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logged-in user. If the user isn't currently logged in, ``user`` will be set
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to an instance of ``django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser``. You
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can tell them apart with ``is_authenticated()``, like so::
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if request.user.is_authenticated():
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# Do something for logged-in users.
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else:
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# Do something for anonymous users.
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``user`` is only available if your Django installation has the
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``AuthenticationMiddleware`` activated. For more, see
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:doc:`/topics/auth`.
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.session
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A readable-and-writable, dictionary-like object that represents the current
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session. This is only available if your Django installation has session
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support activated. See the :doc:`session documentation
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</topics/http/sessions>` for full details.
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.raw_post_data
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The raw HTTP POST data as a byte string. This is useful for processing
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data in different formats than of conventional HTML forms: binary images,
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XML payload etc. For processing form data use ``HttpRequest.POST``.
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.. versionadded:: 1.3
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You can also read from an HttpRequest using file-like interface. See
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:meth:`HttpRequest.read()`.
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.. attribute:: HttpRequest.urlconf
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Not defined by Django itself, but will be read if other code (e.g., a custom
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middleware class) sets it. When present, this will be used as the root
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URLconf for the current request, overriding the :setting:`ROOT_URLCONF`
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setting. See :ref:`how-django-processes-a-request` for details.
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Methods
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-------
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.. method:: HttpRequest.get_host()
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Returns the originating host of the request using information from the
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``HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST`` and ``HTTP_HOST`` headers (in that order). If
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they don't provide a value, the method uses a combination of
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``SERVER_NAME`` and ``SERVER_PORT`` as detailed in `PEP 333`_.
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.. _PEP 333: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333/
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Example: ``"127.0.0.1:8000"``
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.. note:: The :meth:`~HttpRequest.get_host()` method fails when the host is
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behind multiple proxies. One solution is to use middleware to rewrite
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the proxy headers, as in the following example::
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class MultipleProxyMiddleware(object):
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FORWARDED_FOR_FIELDS = [
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'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR',
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'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST',
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'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SERVER',
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]
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def process_request(self, request):
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"""
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Rewrites the proxy headers so that only the most
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recent proxy is used.
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"""
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for field in self.FORWARDED_FOR_FIELDS:
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if field in request.META:
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if ',' in request.META[field]:
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parts = request.META[field].split(',')
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request.META[field] = parts[-1].strip()
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.. method:: HttpRequest.get_full_path()
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Returns the ``path``, plus an appended query string, if applicable.
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Example: ``"/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true"``
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.. method:: HttpRequest.build_absolute_uri(location)
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Returns the absolute URI form of ``location``. If no location is provided,
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the location will be set to ``request.get_full_path()``.
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If the location is already an absolute URI, it will not be altered.
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Otherwise the absolute URI is built using the server variables available in
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this request.
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Example: ``"http://example.com/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true"``
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.. method:: HttpRequest.is_secure()
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Returns ``True`` if the request is secure; that is, if it was made with
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HTTPS.
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.. method:: HttpRequest.is_ajax()
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Returns ``True`` if the request was made via an ``XMLHttpRequest``, by
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checking the ``HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH`` header for the string
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``'XMLHttpRequest'``. Most modern JavaScript libraries send this header.
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If you write your own XMLHttpRequest call (on the browser side), you'll
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have to set this header manually if you want ``is_ajax()`` to work.
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.. method:: HttpRequest.read(size=None)
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.. method:: HttpRequest.readline()
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.. method:: HttpRequest.readlines()
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.. method:: HttpRequest.xreadlines()
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.. method:: HttpRequest.__iter__()
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.. versionadded:: 1.3
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Methods implementing a file-like interface for reading from an
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HttpRequest instance. This makes it possible to consume an incoming
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request in a streaming fashion. A common use-case would be to process a
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big XML payload with iterative parser without constructing a whole
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XML tree in memory.
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Given this standard interface, an HttpRequest instance can be
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passed directly to an XML parser such as ElementTree::
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import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
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for element in ET.iterparse(request):
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process(element)
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UploadedFile objects
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====================
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.. class:: UploadedFile
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Attributes
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----------
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.. attribute:: UploadedFile.name
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The name of the uploaded file.
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.. attribute:: UploadedFile.size
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The size, in bytes, of the uploaded file.
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Methods
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----------
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.. method:: UploadedFile.chunks(chunk_size=None)
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Returns a generator that yields sequential chunks of data.
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.. method:: UploadedFile.read(num_bytes=None)
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Read a number of bytes from the file.
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QueryDict objects
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=================
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.. class:: QueryDict
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In an :class:`HttpRequest` object, the ``GET`` and ``POST`` attributes are instances
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of ``django.http.QueryDict``. :class:`QueryDict` is a dictionary-like
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class customized to deal with multiple values for the same key. This is
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necessary because some HTML form elements, notably
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``<select multiple="multiple">``, pass multiple values for the same key.
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``QueryDict`` instances are immutable, unless you create a ``copy()`` of them.
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That means you can't change attributes of ``request.POST`` and ``request.GET``
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directly.
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Methods
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-------
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:class:`QueryDict` implements all the standard dictionary methods, because it's
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a subclass of dictionary. Exceptions are outlined here:
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.. method:: QueryDict.__getitem__(key)
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Returns the value for the given key. If the key has more than one value,
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``__getitem__()`` returns the last value. Raises
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``django.utils.datastructures.MultiValueDictKeyError`` if the key does not
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exist. (This is a subclass of Python's standard ``KeyError``, so you can
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stick to catching ``KeyError``.)
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.. method:: QueryDict.__setitem__(key, value)
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Sets the given key to ``[value]`` (a Python list whose single element is
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``value``). Note that this, as other dictionary functions that have side
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effects, can only be called on a mutable ``QueryDict`` (one that was created
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via ``copy()``).
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.. method:: QueryDict.__contains__(key)
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Returns ``True`` if the given key is set. This lets you do, e.g., ``if "foo"
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in request.GET``.
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.. method:: QueryDict.get(key, default)
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Uses the same logic as ``__getitem__()`` above, with a hook for returning a
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default value if the key doesn't exist.
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.. method:: QueryDict.setdefault(key, default)
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Just like the standard dictionary ``setdefault()`` method, except it uses
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``__setitem__()`` internally.
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.. method:: QueryDict.update(other_dict)
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Takes either a ``QueryDict`` or standard dictionary. Just like the standard
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dictionary ``update()`` method, except it *appends* to the current
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dictionary items rather than replacing them. For example::
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>>> q = QueryDict('a=1')
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>>> q = q.copy() # to make it mutable
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>>> q.update({'a': '2'})
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>>> q.getlist('a')
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[u'1', u'2']
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>>> q['a'] # returns the last
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[u'2']
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.. method:: QueryDict.items()
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Just like the standard dictionary ``items()`` method, except this uses the
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same last-value logic as ``__getitem__()``. For example::
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>>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')
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>>> q.items()
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[(u'a', u'3')]
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.. method:: QueryDict.iteritems()
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Just like the standard dictionary ``iteritems()`` method. Like
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:meth:`QueryDict.items()` this uses the same last-value logic as
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:meth:`QueryDict.__getitem__()`.
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.. method:: QueryDict.iterlists()
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Like :meth:`QueryDict.iteritems()` except it includes all values, as a list,
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for each member of the dictionary.
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.. method:: QueryDict.values()
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Just like the standard dictionary ``values()`` method, except this uses the
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same last-value logic as ``__getitem__()``. For example::
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>>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')
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>>> q.values()
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[u'3']
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.. method:: QueryDict.itervalues()
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Just like :meth:`QueryDict.values()`, except an iterator.
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In addition, ``QueryDict`` has the following methods:
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.. method:: QueryDict.copy()
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Returns a copy of the object, using ``copy.deepcopy()`` from the Python
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standard library. The copy will be mutable -- that is, you can change its
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values.
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.. method:: QueryDict.getlist(key)
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Returns the data with the requested key, as a Python list. Returns an
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empty list if the key doesn't exist. It's guaranteed to return a list of
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some sort.
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.. method:: QueryDict.setlist(key, list_)
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Sets the given key to ``list_`` (unlike ``__setitem__()``).
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.. method:: QueryDict.appendlist(key, item)
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Appends an item to the internal list associated with key.
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.. method:: QueryDict.setlistdefault(key, default_list)
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Just like ``setdefault``, except it takes a list of values instead of a
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single value.
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.. method:: QueryDict.lists()
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Like :meth:`items()`, except it includes all values, as a list, for each
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member of the dictionary. For example::
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>>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')
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>>> q.lists()
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[(u'a', [u'1', u'2', u'3'])]
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.. method:: QueryDict.urlencode([safe])
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Returns a string of the data in query-string format. Example::
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>>> q = QueryDict('a=2&b=3&b=5')
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>>> q.urlencode()
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'a=2&b=3&b=5'
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.. versionchanged:: 1.3
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The ``safe`` parameter was added.
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Optionally, urlencode can be passed characters which
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do not require encoding. For example::
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>>> q = QueryDict('', mutable=True)
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>>> q['next'] = '/a&b/'
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>>> q.urlencode(safe='/')
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'next=/a%26b/'
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HttpResponse objects
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====================
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.. class:: HttpResponse
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In contrast to :class:`HttpRequest` objects, which are created automatically by
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Django, :class:`HttpResponse` objects are your responsibility. Each view you
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write is responsible for instantiating, populating and returning an
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:class:`HttpResponse`.
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The :class:`HttpResponse` class lives in the :mod:`django.http` module.
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Usage
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-----
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Passing strings
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Typical usage is to pass the contents of the page, as a string, to the
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:class:`HttpResponse` constructor::
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>>> response = HttpResponse("Here's the text of the Web page.")
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>>> response = HttpResponse("Text only, please.", mimetype="text/plain")
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But if you want to add content incrementally, you can use ``response`` as a
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file-like object::
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>>> response = HttpResponse()
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>>> response.write("<p>Here's the text of the Web page.</p>")
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>>> response.write("<p>Here's another paragraph.</p>")
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Passing iterators
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Finally, you can pass ``HttpResponse`` an iterator rather than passing it
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hard-coded strings. If you use this technique, follow these guidelines:
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* The iterator should return strings.
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* If an :class:`HttpResponse` has been initialized with an iterator as its
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content, you can't use the class:`HttpResponse` instance as a file-like
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object. Doing so will raise ``Exception``.
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Setting headers
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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To set or remove a header in your response, treat it like a dictionary::
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>>> response = HttpResponse()
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>>> response['Cache-Control'] = 'no-cache'
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>>> del response['Cache-Control']
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Note that unlike a dictionary, ``del`` doesn't raise ``KeyError`` if the header
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doesn't exist.
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HTTP headers cannot contain newlines. An attempt to set a header containing a
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newline character (CR or LF) will raise ``BadHeaderError``
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Telling the browser to treat the response as a file attachment
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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To tell the browser to treat the response as a file attachment, use the
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``mimetype`` argument and set the ``Content-Disposition`` header. For example,
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this is how you might return a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet::
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>>> response = HttpResponse(my_data, mimetype='application/vnd.ms-excel')
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>>> response['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename=foo.xls'
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There's nothing Django-specific about the ``Content-Disposition`` header, but
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it's easy to forget the syntax, so we've included it here.
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Attributes
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----------
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.. attribute:: HttpResponse.content
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A normal Python string representing the content, encoded from a Unicode
|
|
object if necessary.
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.. attribute:: HttpResponse.status_code
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The `HTTP Status code`_ for the response.
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Methods
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-------
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.. method:: HttpResponse.__init__(content='', mimetype=None, status=200, content_type=DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE)
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Instantiates an ``HttpResponse`` object with the given page content (a
|
|
string) and MIME type. The :setting:`DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE` is
|
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``'text/html'``.
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``content`` can be an iterator or a string. If it's an iterator, it should
|
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return strings, and those strings will be joined together to form the
|
|
content of the response.
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``status`` is the `HTTP Status code`_ for the response.
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|
|
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``content_type`` is an alias for ``mimetype``. Historically, this parameter
|
|
was only called ``mimetype``, but since this is actually the value included
|
|
in the HTTP ``Content-Type`` header, it can also include the character set
|
|
encoding, which makes it more than just a MIME type specification.
|
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If ``mimetype`` is specified (not ``None``), that value is used.
|
|
Otherwise, ``content_type`` is used. If neither is given, the
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:setting:`DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE` setting is used.
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|
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.. method:: HttpResponse.__setitem__(header, value)
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Sets the given header name to the given value. Both ``header`` and
|
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``value`` should be strings.
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.. method:: HttpResponse.__delitem__(header)
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|
|
Deletes the header with the given name. Fails silently if the header
|
|
doesn't exist. Case-insensitive.
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|
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.. method:: HttpResponse.__getitem__(header)
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|
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Returns the value for the given header name. Case-insensitive.
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|
|
|
.. method:: HttpResponse.has_header(header)
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|
|
|
Returns ``True`` or ``False`` based on a case-insensitive check for a
|
|
header with the given name.
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|
|
.. method:: HttpResponse.set_cookie(key, value='', max_age=None, expires=None, path='/', domain=None, secure=None, httponly=False)
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|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.3
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|
|
|
The possibility of specifying a ``datetime.datetime`` object in
|
|
``expires``, and the auto-calculation of ``max_age`` in such case
|
|
was added. The ``httponly`` argument was also added.
|
|
|
|
Sets a cookie. The parameters are the same as in the `cookie Morsel`_
|
|
object in the Python standard library.
|
|
|
|
* ``max_age`` should be a number of seconds, or ``None`` (default) if
|
|
the cookie should last only as long as the client's browser session.
|
|
If ``expires`` is not specified, it will be calculated.
|
|
* ``expires`` should either be a string in the format
|
|
``"Wdy, DD-Mon-YY HH:MM:SS GMT"`` or a ``datetime.datetime`` object
|
|
in UTC. If ``expires`` is a ``datetime`` object, the ``max_age``
|
|
will be calculated.
|
|
* Use ``domain`` if you want to set a cross-domain cookie. For example,
|
|
``domain=".lawrence.com"`` will set a cookie that is readable by
|
|
the domains www.lawrence.com, blogs.lawrence.com and
|
|
calendars.lawrence.com. Otherwise, a cookie will only be readable by
|
|
the domain that set it.
|
|
* Use ``http_only=True`` if you want to prevent client-side
|
|
JavaScript from having access to the cookie.
|
|
|
|
HTTPOnly_ is a flag included in a Set-Cookie HTTP response
|
|
header. It is not part of the RFC2109 standard for cookies,
|
|
and it isn't honored consistently by all browsers. However,
|
|
when it is honored, it can be a useful way to mitigate the
|
|
risk of client side script accessing the protected cookie
|
|
data.
|
|
|
|
.. _`cookie Morsel`: http://docs.python.org/library/cookie.html#Cookie.Morsel
|
|
.. _HTTPOnly: http://www.owasp.org/index.php/HTTPOnly
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HttpResponse.delete_cookie(key, path='/', domain=None)
|
|
|
|
Deletes the cookie with the given key. Fails silently if the key doesn't
|
|
exist.
|
|
|
|
Due to the way cookies work, ``path`` and ``domain`` should be the same
|
|
values you used in ``set_cookie()`` -- otherwise the cookie may not be
|
|
deleted.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HttpResponse.write(content)
|
|
|
|
This method makes an :class:`HttpResponse` instance a file-like object.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HttpResponse.flush()
|
|
|
|
This method makes an :class:`HttpResponse` instance a file-like object.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: HttpResponse.tell()
|
|
|
|
This method makes an :class:`HttpResponse` instance a file-like object.
|
|
|
|
.. _HTTP Status code: http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _ref-httpresponse-subclasses:
|
|
|
|
HttpResponse subclasses
|
|
-----------------------
|
|
|
|
Django includes a number of ``HttpResponse`` subclasses that handle different
|
|
types of HTTP responses. Like ``HttpResponse``, these subclasses live in
|
|
:mod:`django.http`.
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HttpResponseRedirect
|
|
|
|
The constructor takes a single argument -- the path to redirect to. This
|
|
can be a fully qualified URL (e.g. ``'http://www.yahoo.com/search/'``) or
|
|
an absolute path with no domain (e.g. ``'/search/'``). Note that this
|
|
returns an HTTP status code 302.
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HttpResponsePermanentRedirect
|
|
|
|
Like :class:`HttpResponseRedirect`, but it returns a permanent redirect
|
|
(HTTP status code 301) instead of a "found" redirect (status code 302).
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HttpResponseNotModified
|
|
|
|
The constructor doesn't take any arguments. Use this to designate that a
|
|
page hasn't been modified since the user's last request (status code 304).
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HttpResponseBadRequest
|
|
|
|
Acts just like :class:`HttpResponse` but uses a 400 status code.
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HttpResponseNotFound
|
|
|
|
Acts just like :class:`HttpResponse` but uses a 404 status code.
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HttpResponseForbidden
|
|
|
|
Acts just like :class:`HttpResponse` but uses a 403 status code.
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HttpResponseNotAllowed
|
|
|
|
Like :class:`HttpResponse`, but uses a 405 status code. Takes a single,
|
|
required argument: a list of permitted methods (e.g. ``['GET', 'POST']``).
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HttpResponseGone
|
|
|
|
Acts just like :class:`HttpResponse` but uses a 410 status code.
|
|
|
|
.. class:: HttpResponseServerError
|
|
|
|
Acts just like :class:`HttpResponse` but uses a 500 status code.
|