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742 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
============================
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The Django template language
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============================
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Django's template language is designed to strike a balance between power and
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ease; it's designed to feel comfortable to those used to working with HTML. If
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you have any exposure to other text-based template languages like Smarty_ or
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CheetahTemplate_, you should feel right at home with Django's templates.
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.. _Smarty: http://smarty.php.net/
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.. _CheetahTemplate: http://www.cheetahtemplate.org/
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What's a template?
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==================
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A template is simply a text file. All Django templates by convention have
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".html" extensions, but they can actually generate any text-based format (HTML,
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XML, CSV, etc.).
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To actually be useful, a template will contain **variables**, which get replaced
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with values from the database when the template is evaluated, and **tags**,
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which control the logic of the template.
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Below is a minimal template that illustrates the basic parts of a
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template. Each element will be explained later in this document.::
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{% extends "base_generic" %}
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{% block title %}{{ section.title }}{% endblock %}
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{% block content %}
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<h1>{{ section.title }}</h1>
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{% for story in story_list %}
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<h2>
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<a href="{{ story.get_absolute_url }}">
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{{ story.headline|upper }}
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</a>
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</h2>
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<p>{{ story.tease|truncatewords:"100" }}</p>
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{% endfor %}
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{% endblock %}
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.. admonition:: Philosophy
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Why use a text-based template instead of an XML-based one (like Zope's
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TAL)? We wanted Django's template language to be usable for more than
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just XML/HTML templates -- at the Journal-World we use it for emails,
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Javascript, CSV -- you can use the template language for any text-based
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format.
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What's a variable?
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==================
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Variables look like this: ``{{ variable }}``. When the template engine
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encounters a variable, it evaluates that variable and replaces the variable with
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the result. Many variables will be structures with named attributes; you can
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"drill down" into these structures with dots (``.``), so in the above example
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``{{ section.title }}`` will be replaced with the ``title`` attribute of the
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``section`` object.
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If you use a variable that doesn't exist, it will be silently ignored; the
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variable will be replaced by nothingness.
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See `Using the built-in reference`_, below, for help on finding what variables
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are available in a given template.
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Variables may be modified before being displayed by **filters**.
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What's a filter?
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================
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Filters look like this: ``{{ name|lower }}``. This displays the value of the
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``{{ name }}`` variable after being filtered through the ``lower`` filter which,
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as you might have guessed, lowercases the text passed through it.
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We use the pipe character to apply filters to emphasize the analogy with filters
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on a water pipe: text enters one side, has some operation performed on it, and
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"flows" out the other side. Filters may be "chained"; the output of one filter
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applied to the next: ``{{ text|escape|linebreaks }}`` is a common idiom for
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escaping text contents and then converting line breaks to ``<p>`` tags.
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Certain filters take arguments; a filter argument looks like this: ``{{
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bio|truncatewords:"30" }}``. This will display the first 30 words of the
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``bio`` variable. Filter arguments always are in double quotes.
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The `Built-in filter reference`_ below describes all the built-in filters.
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What's a tag?
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=============
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Tags look like this: ``{% tag %}``. Tags are much more complex than variables:
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some create text in the output; some control flow by performing loops, or logic;
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some load external information into the template to be used by later variables.
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Some tags are "block" tags with matching beginning and ending tags (i.e. ``{% tag %} ... tag contents ... {% endtag %}``. The `Built-in tag reference`_ below describes all the built-in tags.
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Template Inheritance
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====================
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The most powerful -- and thus the most complex -- part of Django's template
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engine is template inheritance. In a nutshell, template inheritance allows you
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to build a base "skeleton" template that contains all the common elements of
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your site and defines **blocks** that child templates can override.
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It's easiest to understand template inheritance by starting with an example::
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
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<head>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
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<title>{% block title %}My Amazing Site{% endblock %}</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div id="sidebar">
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{% block sidebar %}
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<ul>
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<li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
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<li><a href="/blog/">Blog</a></li>
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</ul>
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{% endblock %}
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</div>
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<div id="content">
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{% block content %}{% endblock %}
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</div>
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</body>
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This template, which we'll call ``base.html`` defines a simple HTML skeleton
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document that you might use for a simple two-column page. This template
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won't actually be used directly on any pages, but other "child" templates will
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extend it and fill in the empty blocks with content.
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I've used the ``{% block %}`` tag to define the three blocks that child templates
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will fill in. All that the ``block`` tag does is to signal to the template engine
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that a child template may override those portions of the template.
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To use this template, I might define a child template as follows::
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{% extends "base" %}
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{% block title %}My Amazing Blog{% endblock %}
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{% block content %}
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{% for entry in blog_entries %} <h2>{{ entry.title }}</h2> <p>{{ entry.body
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}}</p> {% endfor %}
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{% endblock %}
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The ``{% extends %}`` tag is the key here; it tells the template engine that
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this template "extends" another template. When this template is evaluated,
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the first step the template engine will perform is to locate the parent
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template -- in this case, "base" (note the dropping of the ".html"
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extension).
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At that point, the template engine will notice the three blocks in
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``base.html``, and replace those blocks with the contents of the child template.
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Depending on the value of ``blog_entries``, the output might look like::
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
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<head>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
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<title>My Amazing Blog</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div id="sidebar">
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<ul>
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<li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
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<li><a href="/blog/">Blog</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div id="content">
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<h2>Entry one</h2>
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<p>This is my first entry.</p>
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<h2>Entry two</h2>
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<p>This is my second entry.</p>
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</div>
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</body>
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Note that since the child template did not define the ``sidebar`` block, the
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value from the parent template is used instead.
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Template inheritance does not have to be only single-level; multi-level
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inheritance is possible, and indeed, quite useful.
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Here are some tips for working with inheritance:
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* More ``{% block %}`` tags in your base templates are better. Remember,
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child templates do not have to define all parent blocks, so you can
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fill in reasonable defaults in a number of blocks, then only define
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the ones you need later on.
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* If you find yourself reproducing the same content in a number of
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documents, it probably means you should move that content to a
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new ``{% block %}`` in a parent template.
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* We often prefer to use three-level inheritance: a single base template
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for the entire site, a set of mid-level templates for each section of
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the site, and then the individual templates for each view. This
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maximizes code reuse, and makes it easier to add items to shared
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content areas (like section-wide navigation).
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* If you need to get the content of the block from the parent template,
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the ``{{ block.super }}`` variable will do the trick. This is useful
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if you want to add to the contents of a parent block instead of
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completely overriding it.
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Using the built-in reference
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============================
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Since Django can be used to develop any sort of site, the tags, filters, and
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variables available will be different depending on the application. To make it
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simple to figure out what's available in a given site, the admin interface has a
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complete reference of all the template goodies available to that site.
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This documentation is integrated into the administration interface for your
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sites and is divided into 4 sections: tags, filters, models, and views.
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The **tags** and **filters** sections describe all the built-in tags (in fact,
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the tag and filter references below come directly from those pages) as well as
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any custom tag or filter libraries available.
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The **views** page is perhaps the most valuable. Each URL in your site has a
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separate entry here, and clicking on a URL will show you:
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* The name of the view function that generates that view.
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* A short description of what the view does.
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* The **context**, or a list of variables available in the view.
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* The name of the template or templates that are used for that view.
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Each view documentation page also has a bookmarklet that you can use to jump
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from any page to the documentation page for that view.
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Since most of Django revolves around database objects, the **models** section of
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the documentation page describes each type of object in the system along with
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all the fields available on that object.
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Taken together, the documentation pages should tell you every tag, filter,
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variable and object available to you in a given template.
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Custom tag and filter libraries
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===============================
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As mentioned above, certain applications will provide custom tag and filter
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libraries. To access them in a template, use the ``{% load %}`` tag::
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{% load comments %}
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{% comment_form for blogs.entries entry.id with is_public yes %}
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In the above, the ``load`` tag loads the ``comments`` tag library, which then
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makes the ``comment_form`` tag available for use. Consult the documentation
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area in your admin to find the list of custom libraries in your installation.
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Built-in tag and filter reference
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=================================
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For those without an admin site available, the reference for the stock tags and
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filters follows. Since Django is highly customizable, the documentation
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references in your admin should be considered the final word on what
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tags and filters are available and their functions.
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Built-in tag reference
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----------------------
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``block``
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Define a block that can be overridden by child templates. See `Template
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inheritance`_ for more information.
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``comment``
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Ignore everything between ``{% comment %}`` and ``{% endcomment %}``
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``cycle``
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Cycle among the given strings each time this tag is encountered.
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Within a loop, cycles among the given strings each time through
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the loop::
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{% for o in some_list %}
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<tr class="{% cycle row1,row2 %}">
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...
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</tr>
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{% endfor %}
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Outside of a loop, give the values a unique name the first time you call it,
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then use that name each successive time through::
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<tr class="{% cycle row1,row2,row3 as rowcolors %}">...</tr>
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<tr class="{% cycle rowcolors %}">...</tr>
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<tr class="{% cycle rowcolors %}">...</tr>
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You can use any number of values, separated by commas. Make sure not to put
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spaces between the values -- only commas.
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``debug``
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Output a whole load of debugging information, including the current context and
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imported modules.
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``extends``
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Signal that this template extends a parent template.
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This tag may be used in two ways: ``{% extends "base" %}`` (with quotes) uses
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the literal value "base" as the name of the parent template to extend, or ``{%
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extends variable %}`` uses the value of ``variable`` as the name of the parent
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template to extend.
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See `Template inheritance`_ for more information.
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``filter``
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Filter the contents of the variable through variable filters.
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Filters can also be piped through each other, and they can have arguments --
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just like in variable syntax.
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Sample usage::
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{% filter escape|lower %}
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This text will be HTML-escaped, and will appear in all lowercase.
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{% endfilter %}
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``firstof``
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Outputs the first variable passed that is not False. Outputs nothing if all the
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passed variables are False.
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Sample usage::
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{% firstof var1 var2 var3 %}
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This is equivalent to::
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{% if var1 %}
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{{ var1 }}
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{% else %}{% if var2 %}
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{{ var2 }}
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{% else %}{% if var3 %}
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{{ var3 }}
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{% endif %}{% endif %}{% endif %}
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but obviously much cleaner!
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``for``
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Loop over each item in an array. For example, to display a list of athletes
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given ``athlete_list``::
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<ul>
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{% for athlete in athlete_list %}
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<li>{{ athlete.name }}</li>
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{% endfor %}
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</ul>
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You can also loop over a list in reverse by using ``{% for obj in list reversed %}``.
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The for loop sets a number of variables available within the loop:
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========================== ================================================
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Variable Description
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========================== ================================================
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``forloop.counter`` The current iteration of the loop (1-indexed)
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``forloop.counter0`` The current iteration of the loop (0-indexed)
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``forloop.first`` True if this is the first time through the loop
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``forloop.last`` True if this is the last time through the loop
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``forloop.parentloop`` For nested loops, this is the loop "above" the
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current one
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========================== ================================================
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``if``
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The ``{% if %}`` tag evaluates a variable, and if that variable is "true" (i.e.
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exists, is not empty, and is not a false boolean value) the contents of the
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block are output::
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{% if athlete_list %}
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Number of athletes: {{ athlete_list|count }}
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{% else %}
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No athletes.
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{% endif %}
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In the above, if ``athlete_list`` is not empty, the number of athletes will be
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displayed by the ``{{ athlete_list|count }}`` variable.
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As you can see, the ``if`` tag can take an option ``{% else %}`` clause that
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will be displayed if the test fails.
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``if`` tags may use ``or`` or ``not`` to test a number of variables or to negate
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a given variable::
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{% if not athlete_list %}
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There are no athletes.
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{% endif %}
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{% if athlete_list or coach_list %}
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There are some athletes or some coaches.
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{% endif %}
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{% if not athlete_list or coach_list %}
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There are no athletes or there are some coaches (OK, so
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writing English translations of boolean logic sounds
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stupid; it's not my fault).
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{% endif %}
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For simplicity, ``if`` tags do not allow ``and`` clauses; use nested ``if``
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tags instead::
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{% if athlete_list %}
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{% if coach_list %}
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Number of athletes: {{ athlete_list|count }}.
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Number of coaches: {{ coach_list|count }}.
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{% endif %}
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{% endif %}
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``ifchanged``
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Check if a value has changed from the last iteration of a loop.
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The 'ifchanged' block tag is used within a loop. It checks its own rendered
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contents against its previous state and only displays its content if the value
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has changed::
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<h1>Archive for {{ year }}</h1>
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{% for date in days %}
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{% ifchanged %}<h3>{{ date|date:"F" }}</h3>{% endifchanged %}
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<a href="{{ date|date:"M/d"|lower }}/">{{ date|date:"j" }}</a>
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{% endfor %}
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``ifnotequal``
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Output the contents of the block if the two arguments do not equal each other.
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Example::
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{% ifnotequal user.id_ comment.user_id %}
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...
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{% endifnotequal %}
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``load``
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Load a custom template tag set.
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See `Custom tag and filter libraries`_ for more information.
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``now``
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Display the date, formatted according to the given string.
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Uses the same format as PHP's ``date()`` function; see http://php.net/date
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for all the possible values.
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Sample usage::
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It is {% now "jS F Y H:i" %}
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``regroup``
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Regroup a list of alike objects by a common attribute.
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This complex tag is best illustrated by use of an example: say that ``people``
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is a list of ``Person`` objects that have ``first_name``, ``last_name``, and
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``gender`` attributes, and you'd like to display a list that looks like:
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* Male:
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* George Bush
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* Bill Clinton
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* Female:
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* Margaret Thatcher
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* Colendeeza Rice
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* Unknown:
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* Janet Reno
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The following snippet of template code would accomplish this dubious task::
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{% regroup people by gender as grouped %}
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<ul>
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{% for group in grouped %}
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<li>{{ group.grouper }}
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<ul>
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{% for item in group.list %}
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<li>{{ item }}</li>
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{% endfor %}
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</ul>
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{% endfor %}
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</ul>
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As you can see, ``{% regroup %}`` populates a variable with a list of objects
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with ``grouper`` and ``list`` attributes. ``grouper`` contains the item that
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was grouped by; ``list`` contains the list of objects that share that
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``grouper``. In this case, ``grouper`` would be ``Male``, ``Female`` and
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``Unknown``, and ``list`` is the list of people with those genders.
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Note that ``{% regroup %}`` does not work when the list to be grouped is not
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sorted by the key you are grouping by! This means that if your list of people
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was not sorted by gender, you'd need to make sure it is sorted before using it,
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i.e.::
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{% regroup people|dictsort:"gender" by gender as grouped %}
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``ssi``
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Output the contents of a given file into the page.
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Like a simple "include" tag, the ``ssi`` tag includes the contents
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of another file -- which must be specified using an absolute page --
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in the current page::
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{% ssi /home/html/ljworld.com/includes/right_generic.html %}
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If the optional "parsed" parameter is given, the contents of the included
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file are evaluated as template code, with the current context::
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{% ssi /home/html/ljworld.com/includes/right_generic.html parsed %}
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``templatetag``
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Output one of the bits used to compose template tags.
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Since the template system has no concept of "escaping", to display one of the
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bits used in template tags, you must use the ``{% templatetag %}`` tag.
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The argument tells which template bit to output:
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================== =======
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Argument Outputs
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================== =======
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``openblock`` ``{%``
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``closeblock`` ``%}``
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``openvariable`` ``{{``
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``closevariable`` ``}}``
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================== =======
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``widthratio``
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For creating bar charts and such, this tag calculates the ratio of a given value
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to a maximum value, and then applies that ratio to a constant.
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For example::
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<img src='bar.gif' height='10' width='{% widthratio this_value max_value 100 %}' />
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Above, if ``this_value`` is 175 and ``max_value`` is 200, the the image in the
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above example will be 88 pixels wide (because 175/200 = .875; .875 * 100 = 87.5
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which is rounded up to 88).
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Built-in filter reference
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-------------------------
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``add``
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Adds the arg to the value
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``addslashes``
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Adds slashes - useful for passing strings to JavaScript, for example.
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``capfirst``
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Capitalizes the first character of the value
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``center``
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Centers the value in a field of a given width
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``cut``
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Removes all values of arg from the given string
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``date``
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Formats a date according to the given format (same as the ``now`` tag)
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``default``
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If value is unavailable, use given default
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``dictsort``
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Takes a list of dicts, returns that list sorted by the property given in the
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argument.
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``dictsortreversed``
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Takes a list of dicts, returns that list sorted in reverse order by the property
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given in the argument.
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``divisibleby``
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Returns true if the value is divisible by the argument
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``escape``
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Escapes a string's HTML
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``filesizeformat``
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Format the value like a 'human-readable' file size (i.e. 13 KB, 4.1 MB, 102
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bytes, etc).
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``first``
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Returns the first item in a list
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``fix_ampersands``
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Replaces ampersands with ``&`` entities
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``floatformat``
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Displays a floating point number as 34.2 (with one decimal places) - but
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only if there's a point to be displayed
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``get_digit``
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Given a whole number, returns the requested digit of it, where 1 is the
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right-most digit, 2 is the second-right-most digit, etc. Returns the
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original value for invalid input (if input or argument is not an integer,
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or if argument is less than 1). Otherwise, output is always an integer.
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``join``
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Joins a list with a string, like Python's ``str.join(list)``
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``length``
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Returns the length of the value - useful for lists
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``length_is``
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Returns a boolean of whether the value's length is the argument
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``linebreaks``
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Converts newlines into <p> and <br />s
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``linebreaksbr``
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Converts newlines into <br />s
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``linenumbers``
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Displays text with line numbers
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``ljust``
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Left-aligns the value in a field of a given width
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**Argument:** field size
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``lower``
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Converts a string into all lowercase
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``make_list``
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Returns the value turned into a list. For an integer, it's a list of
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digits. For a string, it's a list of characters.
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``phone2numeric``
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Takes a phone number and converts it in to its numerical equivalent
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``pluralize``
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Returns 's' if the value is not 1, for '1 vote' vs. '2 votes'
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``pprint``
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A wrapper around pprint.pprint -- for debugging, really
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``random``
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Returns a random item from the list
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``removetags``
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Removes a space separated list of [X]HTML tags from the output
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``rjust``
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Right-aligns the value in a field of a given width
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**Argument:** field size
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``slice``
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Returns a slice of the list.
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Uses the same syntax as Python's list slicing; see
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http://diveintopython.org/native_data_types/lists.html#odbchelper.list.slice
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for an introduction.
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``slugify``
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Converts to lowercase, removes non-alpha chars and converts spaces to hyphens
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``stringformat``
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Formats the variable according to the argument, a string formatting specifier.
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This specifier uses Python string formating syntax, with the exception that
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the leading "%" is dropped.
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See http://docs.python.org/lib/typesseq-strings.html for documentation
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of Python string formatting
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``striptags``
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Strips all [X]HTML tags
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``time``
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Formats a time according to the given format (same as the ``now`` tag).
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``timesince``
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Formats a date as the time since that date (i.e. "4 days, 6 hours")
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``title``
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Converts a string into titlecase
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``truncatewords``
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Truncates a string after a certain number of words
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**Argument:** Number of words to truncate after
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``unordered_list``
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Recursively takes a self-nested list and returns an HTML unordered list --
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WITHOUT opening and closing <ul> tags.
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The list is assumed to be in the proper format. For example, if ``var`` contains
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``['States', [['Kansas', [['Lawrence', []], ['Topeka', []]]], ['Illinois', []]]]``,
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then ``{{ var|unordered_list }}`` would return::
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<li>States
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<ul>
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<li>Kansas
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<ul>
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<li>Lawrence</li>
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<li>Topeka</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>Illinois</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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``upper``
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Converts a string into all uppercase
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``urlencode``
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Escapes a value for use in a URL
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``urlize``
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Converts URLs in plain text into clickable links
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``urlizetrunc``
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Converts URLs into clickable links, truncating URLs to the given character limit
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**Argument:** Length to truncate URLs to.
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``wordcount``
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Returns the number of words
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``wordwrap``
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Wraps words at specified line length
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**Argument:** number of words to wrap the text at.
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``yesno``
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Given a string mapping values for true, false and (optionally) None,
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returns one of those strings according to the value:
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========== ====================== ==================================
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Value Argument Outputs
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========== ====================== ==================================
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``True`` ``"yeah,no,maybe"`` ``yeah``
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``False`` ``"yeah,no,maybe"`` ``no``
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``None`` ``"yeah,no,maybe"`` ``maybe``
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``None`` ``"yeah,no"`` ``"no"`` (converts None to False
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if no mapping for None is given)
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========== ====================== ==================================
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