mirror of https://github.com/django/django.git
410 lines
18 KiB
Plaintext
410 lines
18 KiB
Plaintext
.. _topics-forms-formsets:
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.. _formsets:
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Formsets
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========
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A formset is a layer of abstraction to working with multiple forms on the same
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page. It can be best compared to a data grid. Let's say you have the following
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form::
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>>> from django import forms
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>>> class ArticleForm(forms.Form):
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... title = forms.CharField()
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... pub_date = forms.DateField()
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You might want to allow the user to create several articles at once. To create
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a formset out of an ``ArticleForm`` you would do::
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>>> from django.forms.formsets import formset_factory
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>>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm)
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You now have created a formset named ``ArticleFormSet``. The formset gives you
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the ability to iterate over the forms in the formset and display them as you
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would with a regular form::
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>>> formset = ArticleFormSet()
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>>> for form in formset.forms:
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... print form.as_table()
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-title">Title:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-title" id="id_form-0-title" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-pub_date">Pub date:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-pub_date" id="id_form-0-pub_date" /></td></tr>
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As you can see it only displayed one form. This is because by default the
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``formset_factory`` defines one extra form. This can be controlled with the
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``extra`` parameter::
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>>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, extra=2)
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Using initial data with a formset
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---------------------------------
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Initial data is what drives the main usability of a formset. As shown above
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you can define the number of extra forms. What this means is that you are
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telling the formset how many additional forms to show in addition to the
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number of forms it generates from the initial data. Lets take a look at an
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example::
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>>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, extra=2)
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>>> formset = ArticleFormSet(initial=[
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... {'title': u'Django is now open source',
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... 'pub_date': datetime.date.today()},
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... ])
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>>> for form in formset.forms:
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... print form.as_table()
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-title">Title:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-title" value="Django is now open source" id="id_form-0-title" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-pub_date">Pub date:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-pub_date" value="2008-05-12" id="id_form-0-pub_date" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-1-title">Title:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-1-title" id="id_form-1-title" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-1-pub_date">Pub date:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-1-pub_date" id="id_form-1-pub_date" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-2-title">Title:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-2-title" id="id_form-2-title" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-2-pub_date">Pub date:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-2-pub_date" id="id_form-2-pub_date" /></td></tr>
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There are now a total of three forms showing above. One for the initial data
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that was passed in and two extra forms. Also note that we are passing in a
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list of dictionaries as the initial data.
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.. seealso::
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:ref:`Creating formsets from models with model formsets <model-formsets>`.
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Limiting the maximum number of forms
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------------------------------------
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The ``max_num`` parameter to ``formset_factory`` gives you the ability to
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force the maximum number of forms the formset will display::
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>>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, extra=2, max_num=1)
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>>> formset = ArticleFormset()
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>>> for form in formset.forms:
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... print form.as_table()
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-title">Title:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-title" id="id_form-0-title" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-pub_date">Pub date:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-pub_date" id="id_form-0-pub_date" /></td></tr>
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A ``max_num`` value of ``0`` (the default) puts no limit on the number forms
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displayed.
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Formset validation
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------------------
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Validation with a formset is almost identical to a regular ``Form``. There is
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an ``is_valid`` method on the formset to provide a convenient way to validate
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all forms in the formset::
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>>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm)
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>>> formset = ArticleFormSet({})
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>>> formset.is_valid()
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True
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We passed in no data to the formset which is resulting in a valid form. The
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formset is smart enough to ignore extra forms that were not changed. If we
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provide an invalid article::
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>>> data = {
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... 'form-TOTAL_FORMS': u'2',
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... 'form-INITIAL_FORMS': u'0',
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... 'form-0-title': u'Test',
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... 'form-0-pub_date': u'16 June 1904',
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... 'form-1-title': u'Test',
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... 'form-1-pub_date': u'', # <-- this date is missing but required
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... }
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>>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
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>>> formset.is_valid()
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False
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>>> formset.errors
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[{}, {'pub_date': [u'This field is required.']}]
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As we can see, ``formset.errors`` is a list whose entries correspond to the
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forms in the formset. Validation was performed for each of the two forms, and
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the expected error message appears for the second item.
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.. _understanding-the-managementform:
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Understanding the ManagementForm
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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You may have noticed the additional data that was required in the formset's
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data above. This data is coming from the ``ManagementForm``. This form is
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dealt with internally to the formset. If you don't use it, it will result in
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an exception::
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>>> data = {
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... 'form-0-title': u'Test',
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... 'form-0-pub_date': u'',
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... }
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>>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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...
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django.forms.util.ValidationError: [u'ManagementForm data is missing or has been tampered with']
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It is used to keep track of how many form instances are being displayed. If
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you are adding new forms via JavaScript, you should increment the count fields
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in this form as well.
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.. versionadded:: 1.1
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``total_form_count`` and ``initial_form_count``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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``BaseModelFormSet`` has a couple of methods that are closely related to the
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``ManagementForm``, ``total_form_count`` and ``initial_form_count``.
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``total_form_count`` returns the total number of forms in this formset.
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``initial_form_count`` returns the number of forms in the formset that were
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pre-filled, and is also used to determine how many forms are required. You
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will probably never need to override either of these methods, so please be
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sure you understand what they do before doing so.
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Custom formset validation
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A formset has a ``clean`` method similar to the one on a ``Form`` class. This
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is where you define your own validation that works at the formset level::
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>>> from django.forms.formsets import BaseFormSet
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>>> class BaseArticleFormSet(BaseFormSet):
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... def clean(self):
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... """Checks that no two articles have the same title."""
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... if any(self.errors):
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... # Don't bother validating the formset unless each form is valid on its own
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... return
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... titles = []
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... for i in range(0, self.total_form_count()):
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... form = self.forms[i]
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... title = form.cleaned_data['title']
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... if title in titles:
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... raise forms.ValidationError, "Articles in a set must have distinct titles."
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... titles.append(title)
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>>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, formset=BaseArticleFormSet)
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>>> data = {
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... 'form-TOTAL_FORMS': u'2',
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... 'form-INITIAL_FORMS': u'0',
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... 'form-0-title': u'Test',
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... 'form-0-pub_date': u'16 June 1904',
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... 'form-1-title': u'Test',
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... 'form-1-pub_date': u'23 June 1912',
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... }
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>>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
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>>> formset.is_valid()
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False
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>>> formset.errors
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[{}, {}]
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>>> formset.non_form_errors()
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[u'Articles in a set must have distinct titles.']
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The formset ``clean`` method is called after all the ``Form.clean`` methods
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have been called. The errors will be found using the ``non_form_errors()``
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method on the formset.
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Dealing with ordering and deletion of forms
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-------------------------------------------
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Common use cases with a formset is dealing with ordering and deletion of the
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form instances. This has been dealt with for you. The ``formset_factory``
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provides two optional parameters ``can_order`` and ``can_delete`` that will do
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the extra work of adding the extra fields and providing simpler ways of
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getting to that data.
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``can_order``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Default: ``False``
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Lets create a formset with the ability to order::
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>>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, can_order=True)
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>>> formset = ArticleFormSet(initial=[
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... {'title': u'Article #1', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10)},
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... {'title': u'Article #2', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11)},
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... ])
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>>> for form in formset.forms:
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... print form.as_table()
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-title">Title:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-title" value="Article #1" id="id_form-0-title" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-pub_date">Pub date:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-pub_date" value="2008-05-10" id="id_form-0-pub_date" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-ORDER">Order:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-ORDER" value="1" id="id_form-0-ORDER" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-1-title">Title:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-1-title" value="Article #2" id="id_form-1-title" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-1-pub_date">Pub date:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-1-pub_date" value="2008-05-11" id="id_form-1-pub_date" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-1-ORDER">Order:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-1-ORDER" value="2" id="id_form-1-ORDER" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-2-title">Title:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-2-title" id="id_form-2-title" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-2-pub_date">Pub date:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-2-pub_date" id="id_form-2-pub_date" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-2-ORDER">Order:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-2-ORDER" id="id_form-2-ORDER" /></td></tr>
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This adds an additional field to each form. This new field is named ``ORDER``
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and is an ``forms.IntegerField``. For the forms that came from the initial
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data it automatically assigned them a numeric value. Lets look at what will
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happen when the user changes these values::
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>>> data = {
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... 'form-TOTAL_FORMS': u'3',
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... 'form-INITIAL_FORMS': u'2',
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... 'form-0-title': u'Article #1',
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... 'form-0-pub_date': u'2008-05-10',
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... 'form-0-ORDER': u'2',
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... 'form-1-title': u'Article #2',
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... 'form-1-pub_date': u'2008-05-11',
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... 'form-1-ORDER': u'1',
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... 'form-2-title': u'Article #3',
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... 'form-2-pub_date': u'2008-05-01',
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... 'form-2-ORDER': u'0',
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... }
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>>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data, initial=[
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... {'title': u'Article #1', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10)},
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... {'title': u'Article #2', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11)},
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... ])
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>>> formset.is_valid()
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True
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>>> for form in formset.ordered_forms:
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... print form.cleaned_data
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{'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 1), 'ORDER': 0, 'title': u'Article #3'}
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{'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11), 'ORDER': 1, 'title': u'Article #2'}
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{'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10), 'ORDER': 2, 'title': u'Article #1'}
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``can_delete``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Default: ``False``
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Lets create a formset with the ability to delete::
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>>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, can_delete=True)
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>>> formset = ArticleFormSet(initial=[
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... {'title': u'Article #1', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10)},
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... {'title': u'Article #2', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11)},
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... ])
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>>> for form in formset.forms:
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.... print form.as_table()
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<input type="hidden" name="form-TOTAL_FORMS" value="3" id="id_form-TOTAL_FORMS" /><input type="hidden" name="form-INITIAL_FORMS" value="2" id="id_form-INITIAL_FORMS" />
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-title">Title:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-title" value="Article #1" id="id_form-0-title" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-pub_date">Pub date:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-pub_date" value="2008-05-10" id="id_form-0-pub_date" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-DELETE">Delete:</label></th><td><input type="checkbox" name="form-0-DELETE" id="id_form-0-DELETE" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-1-title">Title:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-1-title" value="Article #2" id="id_form-1-title" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-1-pub_date">Pub date:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-1-pub_date" value="2008-05-11" id="id_form-1-pub_date" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-1-DELETE">Delete:</label></th><td><input type="checkbox" name="form-1-DELETE" id="id_form-1-DELETE" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-2-title">Title:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-2-title" id="id_form-2-title" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-2-pub_date">Pub date:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-2-pub_date" id="id_form-2-pub_date" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-2-DELETE">Delete:</label></th><td><input type="checkbox" name="form-2-DELETE" id="id_form-2-DELETE" /></td></tr>
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Similar to ``can_order`` this adds a new field to each form named ``DELETE``
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and is a ``forms.BooleanField``. When data comes through marking any of the
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delete fields you can access them with ``deleted_forms``::
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>>> data = {
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... 'form-TOTAL_FORMS': u'3',
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... 'form-INITIAL_FORMS': u'2',
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... 'form-0-title': u'Article #1',
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... 'form-0-pub_date': u'2008-05-10',
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... 'form-0-DELETE': u'on',
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... 'form-1-title': u'Article #2',
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... 'form-1-pub_date': u'2008-05-11',
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... 'form-1-DELETE': u'',
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... 'form-2-title': u'',
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... 'form-2-pub_date': u'',
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... 'form-2-DELETE': u'',
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... }
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>>> formset = ArticleFormSet(data, initial=[
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... {'title': u'Article #1', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10)},
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... {'title': u'Article #2', 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 11)},
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... ])
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>>> [form.cleaned_data for form in formset.deleted_forms]
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[{'DELETE': True, 'pub_date': datetime.date(2008, 5, 10), 'title': u'Article #1'}]
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Adding additional fields to a formset
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-------------------------------------
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If you need to add additional fields to the formset this can be easily
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accomplished. The formset base class provides an ``add_fields`` method. You
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can simply override this method to add your own fields or even redefine the
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default fields/attributes of the order and deletion fields::
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>>> class BaseArticleFormSet(BaseFormSet):
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... def add_fields(self, form, index):
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... super(BaseArticleFormSet, self).add_fields(form, index)
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... form.fields["my_field"] = forms.CharField()
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>>> ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, formset=BaseArticleFormSet)
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>>> formset = ArticleFormSet()
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>>> for form in formset.forms:
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... print form.as_table()
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-title">Title:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-title" id="id_form-0-title" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-pub_date">Pub date:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-pub_date" id="id_form-0-pub_date" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-my_field">My field:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="form-0-my_field" id="id_form-0-my_field" /></td></tr>
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Using a formset in views and templates
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--------------------------------------
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Using a formset inside a view is as easy as using a regular ``Form`` class.
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The only thing you will want to be aware of is making sure to use the
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management form inside the template. Let's look at a sample view:
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.. code-block:: python
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def manage_articles(request):
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ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm)
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if request.method == 'POST':
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formset = ArticleFormSet(request.POST, request.FILES)
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if formset.is_valid():
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# do something with the formset.cleaned_data
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else:
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formset = ArticleFormSet()
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return render_to_response('manage_articles.html', {'formset': formset})
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The ``manage_articles.html`` template might look like this:
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.. code-block:: html+django
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<form method="post" action="">
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{{ formset.management_form }}
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<table>
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{% for form in formset.forms %}
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{{ form }}
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{% endfor %}
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</table>
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</form>
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However the above can be slightly shortcutted and let the formset itself deal
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with the management form:
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.. code-block:: html+django
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<form method="post" action="">
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<table>
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{{ formset }}
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</table>
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</form>
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The above ends up calling the ``as_table`` method on the formset class.
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Using more than one formset in a view
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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You are able to use more than one formset in a view if you like. Formsets
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borrow much of its behavior from forms. With that said you are able to use
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``prefix`` to prefix formset form field names with a given value to allow
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more than one formset to be sent to a view without name clashing. Lets take
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a look at how this might be accomplished:
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.. code-block:: python
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def manage_articles(request):
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ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm)
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BookFormSet = formset_factory(BookForm)
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if request.method == 'POST':
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article_formset = ArticleFormSet(request.POST, request.FILES, prefix='articles')
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book_formset = BookFormSet(request.POST, request.FILES, prefix='books')
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if article_formset.is_valid() and book_formset.is_valid():
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# do something with the cleaned_data on the formsets.
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else:
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article_formset = ArticleFormSet(prefix='articles')
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book_formset = BookFormSet(prefix='books')
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return render_to_response('manage_articles.html', {
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'article_formset': article_formset,
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'book_formset': book_formset,
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})
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|
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You would then render the formsets as normal. It is important to point out
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|
that you need to pass ``prefix`` on both the POST and non-POST cases so that
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|
it is rendered and processed correctly.
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