django/docs/releases/1.9.txt

============================================
Django 1.9 release notes - UNDER DEVELOPMENT
============================================

Welcome to Django 1.9!

These release notes cover the `new features`_, as well as some `backwards
incompatible changes`_ you'll want to be aware of when upgrading from Django
1.8 or older versions. We've :ref:`dropped some features
<deprecation-removed-in-1.9>` that have reached the end of their deprecation
cycle, and we've `begun the deprecation process for some features`_.

.. _`new features`: `What's new in Django 1.9`_
.. _`backwards incompatible changes`: `Backwards incompatible changes in 1.9`_
.. _`dropped some features`: `Features removed in 1.9`_
.. _`begun the deprecation process for some features`: `Features deprecated in 1.9`_

Python compatibility
====================

Like Django 1.8, Django 1.9 requires Python 2.7 or above, though we
**highly recommend** the latest minor release. We've dropped support for
Python 3.2 and added support for Python 3.5.

What's new in Django 1.9
========================

...

Minor features
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

:mod:`django.contrib.admin`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* Admin views now have ``model_admin`` or ``admin_site`` attributes.

* The URL of the admin change view has been changed (was at
  ``/admin/<app>/<model>/<pk>/`` by default and is now at
  ``/admin/<app>/<model>/<pk>/change/``). This should not affect your
  application unless you have hardcoded admin URLs. In that case, replace those
  links by :ref:`reversing admin URLs <admin-reverse-urls>` instead. Note that
  the old URL still redirects to the new one for backwards compatibility, but
  it may be removed in a future version.

* :meth:`ModelAdmin.get_list_select_related()
  <django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.get_list_select_related>` was added to allow
  changing the ``select_related()`` values used in the admin's changelist query
  based on the request.

* The ``available_apps`` context variable, which lists the available
  applications for the current user, has been added to the
  :meth:`AdminSite.each_context() <django.contrib.admin.AdminSite.each_context>`
  method.

:mod:`django.contrib.auth`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* The default iteration count for the PBKDF2 password hasher has been increased
  by 20%. This backwards compatible change will not affect users who have
  subclassed ``django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher`` to change the
  default value.

* The ``BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher`` will now update passwords if its
  ``rounds`` attribute is changed.

* ``AbstractBaseUser`` and ``BaseUserManager`` were moved to a new
  ``django.contrib.auth.base_user`` module so that they can be imported without
  including ``django.contrib.auth`` in :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` (this raised
  a deprecation warning in older versions and is no longer supported in
  Django 1.9).

:mod:`django.contrib.gis`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* All ``GeoQuerySet`` methods have been deprecated and replaced by
  :doc:`equivalent database functions </ref/contrib/gis/functions>`. As soon
  as the legacy methods have been replaced in your code, you should even be
  able to remove the special ``GeoManager`` from your GIS-enabled classes.

* The GDAL interface now supports instantiating file-based and in-memory
  :ref:`GDALRaster objects <raster-data-source-objects>` from raw data.
  Setters for raster properties such as projection or pixel values have
  been added.

:mod:`django.contrib.messages`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* ...

:mod:`django.contrib.postgres`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* Added :doc:`/ref/contrib/postgres/aggregates`.

:mod:`django.contrib.redirects`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* ...

:mod:`django.contrib.sessions`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* ...

:mod:`django.contrib.sitemaps`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* ...

:mod:`django.contrib.sites`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* ...

:mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* ...

:mod:`django.contrib.syndication`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* ...

Cache
^^^^^

* ``django.core.cache.backends.base.BaseCache`` now has a ``get_or_set()``
  method.

* :func:`django.views.decorators.cache.never_cache` now sends more persuasive
  headers (added ``no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate`` to ``Cache-Control``)
  to better prevent caching.

Email
^^^^^

* ...

File Storage
^^^^^^^^^^^^

* :meth:`Storage.get_valid_name()
  <django.core.files.storage.Storage.get_valid_name>` is now called when
  the :attr:`~django.db.models.FileField.upload_to` is a callable.

File Uploads
^^^^^^^^^^^^

* ...

Forms
^^^^^

* :class:`~django.forms.ModelForm` accepts the new ``Meta`` option
  ``field_classes`` to customize the type of the fields. See
  :ref:`modelforms-overriding-default-fields` for details.

* You can now specify the order in which form fields are rendered with the
  :attr:`~django.forms.Form.field_order` attribute, the ``field_order``
  constructor argument , or the :meth:`~django.forms.Form.order_fields` method.

Generic Views
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* Class based views generated using ``as_view()`` now have ``view_class``
  and ``view_initkwargs`` attributes.

Internationalization
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* The :func:`django.views.i18n.set_language` view now properly redirects to
  :ref:`translated URLs <url-internationalization>`, when available.

* The :func:`django.views.i18n.javascript_catalog` view now works correctly
  if used multiple times with different configurations on the same page.

* The :func:`django.utils.timezone.make_aware` function gained an ``is_dst``
  argument to help resolve ambiguous times during DST transitions.

* You can now use locale variants supported by gettext. These are usually used
  for languages which can be written in different scripts, for example Latin
  and Cyrillic (e.g. ``be@latin``).

Management Commands
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* The new :djadmin:`sendtestemail` command lets you send a test email to
  easily confirm that email sending through Django is working.

* To increase the readability of the SQL code generated by
  :djadmin:`sqlmigrate`, the SQL code generated for each migration operation is
  preceded by the operation's description.

* The :djadmin:`dumpdata` command output is now deterministically ordered.

* The :djadmin:`createcachetable` command now has a ``--dry-run`` flag to
  print out the SQL rather than execute it.

Models
^^^^^^

* Database configuration gained a :setting:`TIME_ZONE <DATABASE-TIME_ZONE>`
  option for interacting with databases that store datetimes in local time and
  don't support time zones when :setting:`USE_TZ` is ``True``.

* Added the :meth:`RelatedManager.set()
  <django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.set()>` method to the related
  managers created by ``ForeignKey``, ``GenericForeignKey``, and
  ``ManyToManyField``.

* Added the ``keep_parents`` parameter to :meth:`Model.delete()
  <django.db.models.Model.delete>` to allow deleting only a child's data in a
  model that uses multi-table inheritance.

* Added a system check to prevent defining both ``Meta.ordering`` and
  ``order_with_respect_to`` on the same model.

* :lookup:`Date and time <year>` lookups can be chained with other lookups
  (such as :lookup:`exact`, :lookup:`gt`, :lookup:`lt`, etc.). For example:
  ``Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month__gt=6)``.

* You can specify the ``output_field`` parameter of the
  :class:`~django.db.models.Avg` aggregate in order to aggregate over
  non-numeric columns, such as ``DurationField``.

CSRF
^^^^

* The request header's name used for CSRF authentication can be customized
  with :setting:`CSRF_HEADER_NAME`.

Signals
^^^^^^^

* ...

Templates
^^^^^^^^^

* Template tags created with the :meth:`~django.template.Library.simple_tag`
  helper can now store results in a template variable by using the ``as``
  argument.

* Added a :meth:`Context.setdefault() <django.template.Context.setdefault>`
  method.

* A warning will now be logged for missing context variables. These messages
  will be logged to the :ref:`django.template <django-template-logger>` logger.

* The :ttag:`firstof` template tag supports storing the output in a variable
  using 'as'.

* :meth:`Context.update() <django.template.Context.update>` can now be used as
  a context manager.

* Django template loaders can now extend templates recursively.

* The debug page template postmortem now include output from each engine that
  is installed.

* :ref:`Debug page integration <template-debug-integration>` for custom
  template engines was added.

Requests and Responses
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

* Unless :attr:`HttpResponse.reason_phrase
  <django.http.HttpResponse.reason_phrase>` is explicitly set, it now is
  determined by the current value of :attr:`HttpResponse.status_code
  <django.http.HttpResponse.status_code>`. Modifying the value of
  ``status_code`` outside of the constructor will also modify the value of
  ``reason_phrase``.

* The debug view now shows details of chained exceptions on Python 3.

* The default 40x error views now accept a second positional parameter, the
  exception that triggered the view.

Tests
^^^^^

* ...

URLs
^^^^

* Regular expression lookaround assertions are now allowed in URL patterns.

Validators
^^^^^^^^^^

* Added :func:`django.core.validators.int_list_validator` to generate
  validators of strings containing integers separated with a custom character.

* :class:`~django.core.validators.EmailValidator` now limits the length of
  domain name labels to 63 characters per :rfc:`1034`.

Backwards incompatible changes in 1.9
=====================================

.. warning::

    In addition to the changes outlined in this section, be sure to review the
    :doc:`deprecation timeline </internals/deprecation>` for any features that
    have been removed. If you haven't updated your code within the
    deprecation timeline for a given feature, its removal may appear as a
    backwards incompatible change.

Database backend API
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* A couple of new tests rely on the ability of the backend to introspect column
  defaults (returning the result as ``Field.default``). You can set the
  ``can_introspect_default`` database feature to ``False`` if your backend
  doesn't implement this. You may want to review the implementation on the
  backends that Django includes for reference (:ticket:`24245`).

* Registering a global adapter or converter at the level of the DB-API module
  to handle time zone information of :class:`~datetime.datetime` values passed
  as query parameters or returned as query results on databases that don't
  support time zones is discouraged. It can conflict with other libraries.

  The recommended way to add a time zone to :class:`~datetime.datetime` values
  fetched from the database is to register a converter for ``DateTimeField``
  in ``DatabaseOperations.get_db_converters()``.

  The ``needs_datetime_string_cast`` database feature was removed. Database
  backends that set it must register a converter instead, as explained above.

* The ``DatabaseOperations.value_to_db_<type>()`` methods were renamed to
  ``adapt_<type>field_value()`` to mirror the ``convert_<type>field_value()``
  methods.

Default settings that were tuples are now lists
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The default settings in ``django.conf.global_settings`` were a combination of
lists and tuples. All settings that were formerly tuples are now lists.

``is_usable`` attribute on template loaders is removed
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Django template loaders previously required an ``is_usable`` attribute to be
defined. If a loader was configured in the template settings and this attribute
was ``False``, the loader would be silently ignored. In practice, this was only
used by the egg loader to detect if setuptools was installed. The ``is_usable``
attribute is now removed and the egg loader instead fails at runtime if
setuptools is not installed.

Related set direct assignment
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

:ref:`Direct assignment <direct-assignment>`) used to perform a ``clear()``
followed by a call to ``add()``. This caused needlessly large data changes
and prevented using the :data:`~django.db.models.signals.m2m_changed` signal
to track individual changes in many-to-many relations.

Direct assignment now relies on the the new
:meth:`django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.set()` method on
related managers which by default only processes changes between the
existing related set and the one that's newly assigned. The previous behavior
can be restored by replacing direct assignment by a call to ``set()`` with
the keyword argument ``clear=True``.

``ModelForm``, and therefore ``ModelAdmin``, internally rely on direct
assignment for many-to-many relations and as a consequence now use the new
behavior.

Filesystem-based template loaders catch more specific exceptions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When using the :class:`filesystem.Loader <django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader>`
or :class:`app_directories.Loader <django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader>`
template loaders, earlier versions of Django raised a
:exc:`~django.template.TemplateDoesNotExist` error if a template source existed
but was unreadable. This could happen under many circumstances, such as if
Django didn't have permissions to open the file, or if the template source was
a directory. Now, Django only silences the exception if the template source
does not exist. All other situations result in the original ``IOError`` being
raised.

HTTP redirects no longer forced to absolute URIs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Relative redirects are no longer converted to absolute URIs. :rfc:`2616`
required the ``Location`` header in redirect responses to be an absolute URI,
but it has been superseded by :rfc:`7231` which allows relative URIs in
``Location``, recognizing the actual practice of user agents, almost all of
which support them.

Consequently, the expected URLs passed to ``assertRedirects`` should generally
no longer include the scheme and domain part of the URLs. For example,
``self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/some-url/')`` should be
replaced by ``self.assertRedirects(response, '/some-url/')`` (unless the
redirection specifically contained an absolute URL, of course).

Dropped support for PostgreSQL 9.0
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Upstream support for PostgreSQL 9.0 ended in September 2015. As a consequence,
Django 1.9 sets 9.1 as the minimum PostgreSQL version it officially supports.

Template ``LoaderOrigin`` and ``StringOrigin`` are removed
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In previous versions of Django, when a template engine was initialized with
debug as ``True``, an instance of ``django.template.loader.LoaderOrigin`` or
``django.template.base.StringOrigin`` was set as the origin attribute on the
template object. These classes have been combined into
:class:`~django.template.base.Origin` and is now always set regardless of the
engine debug setting.

.. _default-logging-changes-19:

Changes to the default logging configuration
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To make it easier to write custom logging configurations, Django's default
logging configuration no longer defines 'django.request' and 'django.security'
loggers. Instead, it defines a single 'django' logger with two handlers:

* 'console': filtered at the ``INFO`` level and only active if ``DEBUG=True``.
* 'mail_admins': filtered at the ``ERROR`` level and only active if
  ``DEBUG=False``.

If you aren't overriding Django's default logging, you should see minimal
changes in behavior, but you might see some new logging to the ``runserver``
console, for example.

If you are overriding Django's default logging, you should check to see how
your configuration merges with the new defaults.

Removal of time zone aware global adapters and converters for datetimes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Django no longer registers global adapters and converters for managing time
zone information on :class:`~datetime.datetime` values sent to the database as
query parameters or read from the database in query results. This change
affects projects that meet all the following conditions:

* The :setting:`USE_TZ` setting is ``True``.
* The database is SQLite, MySQL, Oracle, or a third-party database that
  doesn't support time zones. In doubt, you can check the value of
  ``connection.features.supports_timezones``.
* The code queries the database outside of the ORM, typically with
  ``cursor.execute(sql, params)``.

If you're passing aware :class:`~datetime.datetime` parameters to such
queries, you should turn them into naive datetimes in UTC::

    from django.utils import timezone
    param = timezone.make_naive(param, timezone.utc)

If you fail to do so, Django 1.9 and 2.0 will perform the conversion like
earlier versions but emit a deprecation warning. Django 2.1 won't perform any
conversion, which may result in data corruption.

If you're reading :class:`~datetime.datetime` values from the results, they
will be naive instead of aware. You can compensate as follows::

    from django.utils import timezone
    value = timezone.make_aware(value, timezone.utc)

You don't need any of this if you're querying the database through the ORM,
even if you're using :meth:`raw() <django.db.models.query.QuerySet.raw>`
queries. The ORM takes care of managing time zone information.

Miscellaneous
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* CSS and images in ``contrib.admin`` to support Internet Explorer 6 & 7 have
  been removed as these browsers have reached end-of-life.

* The text displayed for null columns in the admin changelist ``list_display``
  cells has changed from ``(None)`` (or its translated equivalent) to ``-``.

* ``django.http.responses.REASON_PHRASES`` and
  ``django.core.handlers.wsgi.STATUS_CODE_TEXT`` have been removed. Use
  Python's stdlib instead: :data:`http.client.responses` for Python 3 and
  `httplib.responses`_ for Python 2.

  .. _`httplib.responses`: https://docs.python.org/2/library/httplib.html#httplib.responses

* ``ValuesQuerySet`` and ``ValuesListQuerySet`` have been removed.

* The ``admin/base.html`` template no longer sets
  ``window.__admin_media_prefix__``. Image references in JavaScript that used
  that value to construct absolute URLs have been moved to CSS for easier
  customization.

* ``CommaSeparatedIntegerField`` validation has been refined to forbid values
  like ``','``, ``',1'``, and ``'1,,2'``.

* Form initialization was moved from the :meth:`ProcessFormView.get()
  <django.views.generic.edit.ProcessFormView.get>` method to the new
  :meth:`FormMixin.get_context_data()
  <django.views.generic.edit.FormMixin.get_context_data>` method. This may be
  backwards incompatible if you have overridden the ``get_context_data()``
  method without calling ``super()``.

* Support for PostGIS 1.5 has been dropped.

* The ``django.contrib.sites.models.Site.domain`` field was changed to be
  :attr:`~django.db.models.Field.unique`.

.. _deprecated-features-1.9:

Features deprecated in 1.9
==========================

``assignment_tag()``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Django 1.4 added the ``assignment_tag`` helper to ease the creation of
template tags that store results in a template variable. The
:meth:`~django.template.Library.simple_tag` helper has gained this same
ability, making the ``assignment_tag`` obsolete. Tags that use
``assignment_tag`` should be updated to use ``simple_tag``.

``{% cycle %}`` syntax with comma-separated arguments
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The :ttag:`cycle` tag supports an inferior old syntax from previous Django
versions:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% cycle row1,row2,row3 %}

Its parsing caused bugs with the current syntax, so support for the old syntax
will be removed in Django 2.0 following an accelerated deprecation.

``Field.rel`` changes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

``Field.rel`` and its methods and attributes have changed to match the related
fields API. The ``Field.rel`` attribute is renamed to ``remote_field`` and many
of its methods and attributes are either changed or renamed.

The aim of these changes is to provide a documented API for relation fields.

``GeoManager`` and ``GeoQuerySet`` custom methods
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

All custom ``GeoQuerySet`` methods (``area()``, ``distance()``, ``gml()``, ...)
have been replaced by equivalent geographic expressions in annotations (see in
new features). Hence the need to set a custom ``GeoManager`` to GIS-enabled
models is now obsolete. As soon as your code doesn't call any of the deprecated
methods, you can simply remove the ``objects = GeoManager()`` lines from your
models.

Template loader APIs have changed
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Django template loaders have been updated to allow recursive template
extending. This change necessitated a new template loader API. The old
``load_template()`` and ``load_template_sources()`` methods are now deprecated.
Details about the new API can be found :ref:`in the template loader
documentation <custom-template-loaders>`.

Miscellaneous
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* The ``weak`` argument to ``django.dispatch.signals.Signal.disconnect()`` has
  been deprecated as it has no effect.

* The ``check_aggregate_support()`` method of
  ``django.db.backends.base.BaseDatabaseOperations`` has been deprecated and
  will be removed in Django 2.1. The more general ``check_expression_support()``
  should be used instead.

* ``django.forms.extras`` is deprecated. You can find
  :class:`~django.forms.SelectDateWidget` in ``django.forms.widgets``
  (or simply ``django.forms``) instead.

* Private API ``django.db.models.fields.add_lazy_relation()`` is deprecated.

* The ``django.contrib.auth.tests.utils.skipIfCustomUser()`` decorator is
  deprecated. With the test discovery changes in Django 1.6, the tests for
  ``django.contrib`` apps are no longer run as part of the user's project.
  Therefore, the ``@skipIfCustomUser`` decorator is no longer needed to
  decorate tests in ``django.contrib.auth``.

* If you customized some :ref:`error handlers <error-views>`, the view
  signatures with only one request parameter are deprecated. The views should
  now also accept a second ``exception`` positional parameter.

.. removed-features-1.9:

Features removed in 1.9
=======================

These features have reached the end of their deprecation cycle and so have been
removed in Django 1.9 (please see the :ref:`deprecation timeline
<deprecation-removed-in-1.9>` for more details):

* ``django.utils.dictconfig`` is removed.

* ``django.utils.importlib`` is removed.

* ``django.utils.tzinfo`` is removed.

* ``django.utils.unittest`` is removed.

* The ``syncdb`` command is removed.

* ``django.db.models.signals.pre_syncdb`` and
  ``django.db.models.signals.post_syncdb`` is removed.

* Support for ``allow_syncdb`` on database routers is removed.

* The legacy method of syncing apps without migrations is removed,
  and migrations are compulsory for all apps. This includes automatic
  loading of ``initial_data`` fixtures and support for initial SQL data.

* All models need to be defined inside an installed application or declare an
  explicit :attr:`~django.db.models.Options.app_label`. Furthermore, it isn't
  possible to import them before their application is loaded. In particular, it
  isn't possible to import models inside the root package of an application.

* The model and form ``IPAddressField`` is removed. A stub field remains for
  compatibility with historical migrations.

* ``AppCommand.handle_app()`` is no longer be supported.

* ``RequestSite`` and ``get_current_site()`` are no longer importable from
  ``django.contrib.sites.models``.

* FastCGI support via the ``runfcgi`` management command is removed.

* ``django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict`` is removed.

* ``ModelAdmin.declared_fieldsets`` is removed.

* The ``util`` modules that provided backwards compatibility are removed:

  * ``django.contrib.admin.util``
  * ``django.contrib.gis.db.backends.util``
  * ``django.db.backends.util``
  * ``django.forms.util``

* ``ModelAdmin.get_formsets`` is removed.

* The backward compatible shims introduced to rename the
  ``BaseMemcachedCache._get_memcache_timeout()`` method to
  ``get_backend_timeout()`` is removed.

* The ``--natural`` and ``-n`` options for :djadmin:`dumpdata` are removed.

* The ``use_natural_keys`` argument for ``serializers.serialize()`` is removed.

* Private API ``django.forms.forms.get_declared_fields()`` is removed.

* The ability to use a ``SplitDateTimeWidget`` with ``DateTimeField`` is
  removed.

* The ``WSGIRequest.REQUEST`` property is removed.

* The class ``django.utils.datastructures.MergeDict`` is removed.

* The ``zh-cn`` and ``zh-tw`` language codes are removed.

* The internal ``django.utils.functional.memoize()`` is removed.

* ``django.core.cache.get_cache`` is removed.

* ``django.db.models.loading`` is removed.

* Passing callable arguments to querysets is no longer possible.

* ``BaseCommand.requires_model_validation`` is removed in favor of
  ``requires_system_checks``. Admin validators is replaced by admin checks.

* The ``ModelAdmin.validator_class`` and ``default_validator_class`` attributes
  are removed.

* ``ModelAdmin.validate()`` is removed.

* ``django.db.backends.DatabaseValidation.validate_field`` is removed in
  favor of the ``check_field`` method.

* The ``validate`` management command is removed.

* ``django.utils.module_loading.import_by_path`` is removed in favor of
  ``django.utils.module_loading.import_string``.

* ``ssi`` and ``url`` template tags are removed from the ``future`` template
  tag library.

* ``django.utils.text.javascript_quote()`` is removed.

* Database test settings as independent entries in the database settings,
  prefixed by ``TEST_``, are no longer supported.

* The `cache_choices` option to :class:`~django.forms.ModelChoiceField` and
  :class:`~django.forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField` is removed.

* The default value of the
  :attr:`RedirectView.permanent <django.views.generic.base.RedirectView.permanent>`
  attribute has changed from ``True`` to ``False``.

* ``django.contrib.sitemaps.FlatPageSitemap`` is removed in favor of
  ``django.contrib.flatpages.sitemaps.FlatPageSitemap``.

* Private API ``django.test.utils.TestTemplateLoader`` is removed.

* The ``django.contrib.contenttypes.generic`` module is removed.