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373 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
373 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
=========================
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Django shortcut functions
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=========================
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.. module:: django.shortcuts
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:synopsis:
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Convenience shortcuts that span multiple levels of Django's MVC stack.
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.. index:: shortcuts
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The package ``django.shortcuts`` collects helper functions and classes that
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"span" multiple levels of MVC. In other words, these functions/classes
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introduce controlled coupling for convenience's sake.
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``render``
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==========
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.. function:: render(request, template_name[, dictionary][, context_instance][, content_type][, status][, current_app][, dirs])
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Combines a given template with a given context dictionary and returns an
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:class:`~django.http.HttpResponse` object with that rendered text.
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:func:`render()` is the same as a call to
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:func:`render_to_response()` with a ``context_instance`` argument that
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forces the use of a :class:`~django.template.RequestContext`.
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Django does not provide a shortcut function which returns a
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:class:`~django.template.response.TemplateResponse` because the constructor
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of :class:`~django.template.response.TemplateResponse` offers the same level
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of convenience as :func:`render()`.
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Required arguments
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------------------
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``request``
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The request object used to generate this response.
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``template_name``
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The full name of a template to use or sequence of template names.
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Optional arguments
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------------------
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``dictionary``
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A dictionary of values to add to the template context. By default, this
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is an empty dictionary. If a value in the dictionary is callable, the
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view will call it just before rendering the template.
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``context_instance``
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The context instance to render the template with. By default, the template
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will be rendered with a ``RequestContext`` instance (filled with values from
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``request`` and ``dictionary``).
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``content_type``
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The MIME type to use for the resulting document. Defaults to the value of
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the :setting:`DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE` setting.
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``status``
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The status code for the response. Defaults to ``200``.
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``current_app``
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A hint indicating which application contains the current view. See the
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:ref:`namespaced URL resolution strategy <topics-http-reversing-url-namespaces>`
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for more information.
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``dirs``
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A tuple or list of values to override the :setting:`TEMPLATE_DIRS` setting.
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.. versionchanged:: 1.7
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The ``dirs`` parameter was added.
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Example
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-------
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The following example renders the template ``myapp/index.html`` with the
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MIME type :mimetype:`application/xhtml+xml`::
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from django.shortcuts import render
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def my_view(request):
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# View code here...
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return render(request, 'myapp/index.html', {"foo": "bar"},
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content_type="application/xhtml+xml")
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This example is equivalent to::
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from django.http import HttpResponse
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from django.template import RequestContext, loader
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def my_view(request):
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# View code here...
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t = loader.get_template('myapp/index.html')
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c = RequestContext(request, {'foo': 'bar'})
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return HttpResponse(t.render(c),
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content_type="application/xhtml+xml")
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If you want to override the :setting:`TEMPLATE_DIRS` setting, use the
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``dirs`` parameter::
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from django.shortcuts import render
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def my_view(request):
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# View code here...
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return render(request, 'index.html', dirs=('custom_templates',))
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``render_to_response``
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======================
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.. function:: render_to_response(template_name[, dictionary][, context_instance][, content_type][, dirs])
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Renders a given template with a given context dictionary and returns an
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:class:`~django.http.HttpResponse` object with that rendered text.
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Required arguments
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------------------
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``template_name``
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The full name of a template to use or sequence of template names. If a
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sequence is given, the first template that exists will be used. See the
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:ref:`template loader documentation <ref-templates-api-the-python-api>`
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for more information on how templates are found.
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Optional arguments
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------------------
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``dictionary``
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A dictionary of values to add to the template context. By default, this
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is an empty dictionary. If a value in the dictionary is callable, the
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view will call it just before rendering the template.
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``context_instance``
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The context instance to render the template with. By default, the template
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will be rendered with a :class:`~django.template.Context` instance (filled
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with values from ``dictionary``). If you need to use :ref:`context
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processors <subclassing-context-requestcontext>`, render the template with
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a :class:`~django.template.RequestContext` instance instead. Your code
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might look something like this::
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return render_to_response('my_template.html',
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my_data_dictionary,
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context_instance=RequestContext(request))
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``content_type``
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The MIME type to use for the resulting document. Defaults to the value of
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the :setting:`DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE` setting.
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``dirs``
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A tuple or list of values to override the :setting:`TEMPLATE_DIRS` setting.
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.. versionchanged:: 1.7
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The ``dirs`` parameter was added.
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Example
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-------
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The following example renders the template ``myapp/index.html`` with the
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MIME type :mimetype:`application/xhtml+xml`::
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from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
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def my_view(request):
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# View code here...
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return render_to_response('myapp/index.html', {"foo": "bar"},
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mimetype="application/xhtml+xml")
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This example is equivalent to::
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from django.http import HttpResponse
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from django.template import Context, loader
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def my_view(request):
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# View code here...
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t = loader.get_template('myapp/index.html')
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c = Context({'foo': 'bar'})
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return HttpResponse(t.render(c),
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content_type="application/xhtml+xml")
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If you want to override the :setting:`TEMPLATE_DIRS` setting, use the
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``dirs`` parameter::
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from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
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def my_view(request):
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# View code here...
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return render_to_response('index.html', dirs=('custom_templates',))
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``redirect``
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============
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.. function:: redirect(to[, permanent=False], *args, **kwargs)
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Returns an :class:`~django.http.HttpResponseRedirect` to the appropriate URL
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for the arguments passed.
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The arguments could be:
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* A model: the model's :meth:`~django.db.models.Model.get_absolute_url()`
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function will be called.
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* A view name, possibly with arguments: :func:`urlresolvers.reverse
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<django.core.urlresolvers.reverse>` will be used to reverse-resolve the
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name.
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* An absolute or relative URL, which will be used as-is for the redirect
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location.
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By default issues a temporary redirect; pass ``permanent=True`` to issue a
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permanent redirect.
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.. versionchanged:: 1.7
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The ability to use relative URLs was added.
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Examples
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--------
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You can use the :func:`redirect` function in a number of ways.
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1. By passing some object; that object's
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:meth:`~django.db.models.Model.get_absolute_url` method will be called
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to figure out the redirect URL::
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from django.shortcuts import redirect
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def my_view(request):
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...
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object = MyModel.objects.get(...)
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return redirect(object)
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2. By passing the name of a view and optionally some positional or
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keyword arguments; the URL will be reverse resolved using the
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:func:`~django.core.urlresolvers.reverse` method::
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def my_view(request):
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...
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return redirect('some-view-name', foo='bar')
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3. By passing a hardcoded URL to redirect to::
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def my_view(request):
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...
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return redirect('/some/url/')
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This also works with full URLs::
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def my_view(request):
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...
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return redirect('http://example.com/')
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By default, :func:`redirect` returns a temporary redirect. All of the above
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forms accept a ``permanent`` argument; if set to ``True`` a permanent redirect
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will be returned::
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def my_view(request):
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...
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object = MyModel.objects.get(...)
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return redirect(object, permanent=True)
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``get_object_or_404``
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=====================
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.. function:: get_object_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)
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Calls :meth:`~django.db.models.query.QuerySet.get()` on a given model manager,
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but it raises :class:`~django.http.Http404` instead of the model's
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:class:`~django.core.exceptions.DoesNotExist` exception.
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Required arguments
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------------------
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``klass``
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A :class:`~django.db.models.Model` class,
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a :class:`~django.db.models.Manager`,
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or a :class:`~django.db.models.query.QuerySet` instance from which to get
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the object.
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``**kwargs``
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Lookup parameters, which should be in the format accepted by ``get()`` and
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``filter()``.
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Example
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-------
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The following example gets the object with the primary key of 1 from
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``MyModel``::
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from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404
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def my_view(request):
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my_object = get_object_or_404(MyModel, pk=1)
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This example is equivalent to::
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from django.http import Http404
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def my_view(request):
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try:
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my_object = MyModel.objects.get(pk=1)
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except MyModel.DoesNotExist:
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raise Http404
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The most common use case is to pass a :class:`~django.db.models.Model`, as
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shown above. However, you can also pass a
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:class:`~django.db.models.query.QuerySet` instance::
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queryset = Book.objects.filter(title__startswith='M')
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get_object_or_404(queryset, pk=1)
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The above example is a bit contrived since it's equivalent to doing::
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get_object_or_404(Book, title__startswith='M', pk=1)
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but it can be useful if you are passed the ``queryset`` variable from somewhere
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else.
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Finally, you can also use a :class:`~django.db.models.Manager`. This is useful
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for example if you have a
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:ref:`custom manager<custom-managers>`::
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get_object_or_404(Book.dahl_objects, title='Matilda')
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You can also use
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:class:`related managers<django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager>`::
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author = Author.objects.get(name='Roald Dahl')
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get_object_or_404(author.book_set, title='Matilda')
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Note: As with ``get()``, a
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:class:`~django.core.exceptions.MultipleObjectsReturned` exception
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will be raised if more than one object is found.
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``get_list_or_404``
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===================
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.. function:: get_list_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)
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Returns the result of :meth:`~django.db.models.query.QuerySet.filter()` on a
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given model manager cast to a list, raising :class:`~django.http.Http404` if
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the resulting list is empty.
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Required arguments
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------------------
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``klass``
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A :class:`~django.db.models.Model`, :class:`~django.db.models.Manager` or
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:class:`~django.db.models.query.QuerySet` instance from which to get the
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list.
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``**kwargs``
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Lookup parameters, which should be in the format accepted by ``get()`` and
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``filter()``.
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Example
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-------
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The following example gets all published objects from ``MyModel``::
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from django.shortcuts import get_list_or_404
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def my_view(request):
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my_objects = get_list_or_404(MyModel, published=True)
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This example is equivalent to::
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from django.http import Http404
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def my_view(request):
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my_objects = list(MyModel.objects.filter(published=True))
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if not my_objects:
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raise Http404
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