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This patch does not remove all occurrences of the words in question. Rather, I went through all of the occurrences of the words listed below, and judged if they a) suggested the reader had some kind of knowledge/experience, and b) if they added anything of value (including tone of voice, etc). I left most of the words alone. I looked at the following words: - simply/simple - easy/easier/easiest - obvious - just - merely - straightforward - ridiculous Thanks to Carlton Gibson for guidance on how to approach this issue, and to Tim Bell for providing the idea. But the enormous lion's share of thanks go to Adam Johnson for his patient and helpful review.
421 lines
16 KiB
Plaintext
421 lines
16 KiB
Plaintext
=====================================
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Writing your first Django app, part 7
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=====================================
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This tutorial begins where :doc:`Tutorial 6 </intro/tutorial06>` left off. We're
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continuing the Web-poll application and will focus on customizing Django's
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automatically-generated admin site that we first explored in :doc:`Tutorial 2
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</intro/tutorial02>`.
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Customize the admin form
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========================
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By registering the ``Question`` model with ``admin.site.register(Question)``,
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Django was able to construct a default form representation. Often, you'll want
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to customize how the admin form looks and works. You'll do this by telling
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Django the options you want when you register the object.
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Let's see how this works by reordering the fields on the edit form. Replace
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the ``admin.site.register(Question)`` line with:
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.. code-block:: python
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:caption: polls/admin.py
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from django.contrib import admin
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from .models import Question
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class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
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fields = ['pub_date', 'question_text']
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admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
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You'll follow this pattern -- create a model admin class, then pass it as the
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second argument to ``admin.site.register()`` -- any time you need to change the
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admin options for a model.
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This particular change above makes the "Publication date" come before the
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"Question" field:
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.. image:: _images/admin07.png
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:alt: Fields have been reordered
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This isn't impressive with only two fields, but for admin forms with dozens
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of fields, choosing an intuitive order is an important usability detail.
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And speaking of forms with dozens of fields, you might want to split the form
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up into fieldsets:
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.. code-block:: python
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:caption: polls/admin.py
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from django.contrib import admin
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from .models import Question
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class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
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fieldsets = [
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(None, {'fields': ['question_text']}),
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('Date information', {'fields': ['pub_date']}),
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]
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admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
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The first element of each tuple in
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:attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.fieldsets` is the title of the fieldset.
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Here's what our form looks like now:
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.. image:: _images/admin08t.png
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:alt: Form has fieldsets now
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Adding related objects
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======================
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OK, we have our Question admin page, but a ``Question`` has multiple
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``Choice``\s, and the admin page doesn't display choices.
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Yet.
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There are two ways to solve this problem. The first is to register ``Choice``
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with the admin just as we did with ``Question``:
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.. code-block:: python
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:caption: polls/admin.py
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from django.contrib import admin
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from .models import Choice, Question
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# ...
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admin.site.register(Choice)
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Now "Choices" is an available option in the Django admin. The "Add choice" form
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looks like this:
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.. image:: _images/admin09.png
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:alt: Choice admin page
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In that form, the "Question" field is a select box containing every question in the
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database. Django knows that a :class:`~django.db.models.ForeignKey` should be
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represented in the admin as a ``<select>`` box. In our case, only one question
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exists at this point.
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Also note the "Add Another" link next to "Question." Every object with a
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``ForeignKey`` relationship to another gets this for free. When you click "Add
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Another", you'll get a popup window with the "Add question" form. If you add a question
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in that window and click "Save", Django will save the question to the database and
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dynamically add it as the selected choice on the "Add choice" form you're
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looking at.
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But, really, this is an inefficient way of adding ``Choice`` objects to the system.
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It'd be better if you could add a bunch of Choices directly when you create the
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``Question`` object. Let's make that happen.
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Remove the ``register()`` call for the ``Choice`` model. Then, edit the ``Question``
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registration code to read:
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.. code-block:: python
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:caption: polls/admin.py
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from django.contrib import admin
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from .models import Choice, Question
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class ChoiceInline(admin.StackedInline):
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model = Choice
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extra = 3
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class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
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fieldsets = [
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(None, {'fields': ['question_text']}),
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('Date information', {'fields': ['pub_date'], 'classes': ['collapse']}),
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]
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inlines = [ChoiceInline]
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admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
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This tells Django: "``Choice`` objects are edited on the ``Question`` admin page. By
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default, provide enough fields for 3 choices."
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Load the "Add question" page to see how that looks:
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.. image:: _images/admin10t.png
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:alt: Add question page now has choices on it
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It works like this: There are three slots for related Choices -- as specified
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by ``extra`` -- and each time you come back to the "Change" page for an
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already-created object, you get another three extra slots.
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At the end of the three current slots you will find an "Add another Choice"
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link. If you click on it, a new slot will be added. If you want to remove the
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added slot, you can click on the X to the top right of the added slot. Note
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that you can't remove the original three slots. This image shows an added slot:
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.. image:: _images/admin14t.png
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:alt: Additional slot added dynamically
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One small problem, though. It takes a lot of screen space to display all the
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fields for entering related ``Choice`` objects. For that reason, Django offers a
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tabular way of displaying inline related objects. To use it, change the
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``ChoiceInline`` declaration to read:
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.. code-block:: python
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:caption: polls/admin.py
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class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline):
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#...
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With that ``TabularInline`` (instead of ``StackedInline``), the
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related objects are displayed in a more compact, table-based format:
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.. image:: _images/admin11t.png
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:alt: Add question page now has more compact choices
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Note that there is an extra "Delete?" column that allows removing rows added
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using the "Add Another Choice" button and rows that have already been saved.
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Customize the admin change list
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===============================
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Now that the Question admin page is looking good, let's make some tweaks to the
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"change list" page -- the one that displays all the questions in the system.
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Here's what it looks like at this point:
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.. image:: _images/admin04t.png
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:alt: Polls change list page
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By default, Django displays the ``str()`` of each object. But sometimes it'd be
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more helpful if we could display individual fields. To do that, use the
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:attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.list_display` admin option, which is a
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tuple of field names to display, as columns, on the change list page for the
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object:
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.. code-block:: python
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:caption: polls/admin.py
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class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
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# ...
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list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date')
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For good measure, let's also include the ``was_published_recently()`` method
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from :doc:`Tutorial 2 </intro/tutorial02>`:
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.. code-block:: python
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:caption: polls/admin.py
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class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
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# ...
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list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date', 'was_published_recently')
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Now the question change list page looks like this:
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.. image:: _images/admin12t.png
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:alt: Polls change list page, updated
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You can click on the column headers to sort by those values -- except in the
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case of the ``was_published_recently`` header, because sorting by the output
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of an arbitrary method is not supported. Also note that the column header for
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``was_published_recently`` is, by default, the name of the method (with
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underscores replaced with spaces), and that each line contains the string
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representation of the output.
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You can improve that by giving that method (in :file:`polls/models.py`) a few
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attributes, as follows:
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.. code-block:: python
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:caption: polls/models.py
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class Question(models.Model):
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# ...
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def was_published_recently(self):
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now = timezone.now()
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return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now
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was_published_recently.admin_order_field = 'pub_date'
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was_published_recently.boolean = True
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was_published_recently.short_description = 'Published recently?'
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For more information on these method properties, see
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:attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.list_display`.
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Edit your :file:`polls/admin.py` file again and add an improvement to the
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``Question`` change list page: filters using the
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:attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.list_filter`. Add the following line to
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``QuestionAdmin``::
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list_filter = ['pub_date']
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That adds a "Filter" sidebar that lets people filter the change list by the
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``pub_date`` field:
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.. image:: _images/admin13t.png
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:alt: Polls change list page, updated
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The type of filter displayed depends on the type of field you're filtering on.
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Because ``pub_date`` is a :class:`~django.db.models.DateTimeField`, Django
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knows to give appropriate filter options: "Any date", "Today", "Past 7 days",
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"This month", "This year".
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This is shaping up well. Let's add some search capability::
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search_fields = ['question_text']
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That adds a search box at the top of the change list. When somebody enters
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search terms, Django will search the ``question_text`` field. You can use as many
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fields as you'd like -- although because it uses a ``LIKE`` query behind the
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scenes, limiting the number of search fields to a reasonable number will make
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it easier for your database to do the search.
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Now's also a good time to note that change lists give you free pagination. The
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default is to display 100 items per page. :attr:`Change list pagination
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<django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.list_per_page>`, :attr:`search boxes
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<django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.search_fields>`, :attr:`filters
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<django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.list_filter>`, :attr:`date-hierarchies
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<django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.date_hierarchy>`, and
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:attr:`column-header-ordering <django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.list_display>`
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all work together like you think they should.
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Customize the admin look and feel
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=================================
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Clearly, having "Django administration" at the top of each admin page is
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ridiculous. It's just placeholder text.
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You can change it, though, using Django's template system. The Django admin is
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powered by Django itself, and its interfaces use Django's own template system.
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.. _ref-customizing-your-projects-templates:
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Customizing your *project's* templates
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--------------------------------------
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Create a ``templates`` directory in your project directory (the one that
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contains ``manage.py``). Templates can live anywhere on your filesystem that
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Django can access. (Django runs as whatever user your server runs.) However,
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keeping your templates within the project is a good convention to follow.
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Open your settings file (:file:`mysite/settings.py`, remember) and add a
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:setting:`DIRS <TEMPLATES-DIRS>` option in the :setting:`TEMPLATES` setting:
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.. code-block:: python
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:caption: mysite/settings.py
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TEMPLATES = [
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{
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'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
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'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],
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'APP_DIRS': True,
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'OPTIONS': {
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'context_processors': [
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'django.template.context_processors.debug',
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'django.template.context_processors.request',
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'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
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'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
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],
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},
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},
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]
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:setting:`DIRS <TEMPLATES-DIRS>` is a list of filesystem directories to check
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when loading Django templates; it's a search path.
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.. admonition:: Organizing templates
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Just like the static files, we *could* have all our templates together, in
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one big templates directory, and it would work perfectly well. However,
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templates that belong to a particular application should be placed in that
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application's template directory (e.g. ``polls/templates``) rather than the
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project's (``templates``). We'll discuss in more detail in the
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:doc:`reusable apps tutorial </intro/reusable-apps>` *why* we do this.
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Now create a directory called ``admin`` inside ``templates``, and copy the
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template ``admin/base_site.html`` from within the default Django admin
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template directory in the source code of Django itself
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(``django/contrib/admin/templates``) into that directory.
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.. admonition:: Where are the Django source files?
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If you have difficulty finding where the Django source files are located
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on your system, run the following command:
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.. console::
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$ python -c "import django; print(django.__path__)"
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Then, edit the file and replace
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``{{ site_header|default:_('Django administration') }}`` (including the curly
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braces) with your own site's name as you see fit. You should end up with
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a section of code like:
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.. code-block:: html+django
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{% block branding %}
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<h1 id="site-name"><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">Polls Administration</a></h1>
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{% endblock %}
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We use this approach to teach you how to override templates. In an actual
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project, you would probably use
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the :attr:`django.contrib.admin.AdminSite.site_header` attribute to more easily
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make this particular customization.
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This template file contains lots of text like ``{% block branding %}``
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and ``{{ title }}``. The ``{%`` and ``{{`` tags are part of Django's
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template language. When Django renders ``admin/base_site.html``, this
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template language will be evaluated to produce the final HTML page, just like
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we saw in :doc:`Tutorial 3 </intro/tutorial03>`.
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Note that any of Django's default admin templates can be overridden. To
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override a template, do the same thing you did with ``base_site.html`` -- copy
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it from the default directory into your custom directory, and make changes.
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Customizing your *application's* templates
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------------------------------------------
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Astute readers will ask: But if :setting:`DIRS <TEMPLATES-DIRS>` was empty by
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default, how was Django finding the default admin templates? The answer is
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that, since :setting:`APP_DIRS <TEMPLATES-APP_DIRS>` is set to ``True``,
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Django automatically looks for a ``templates/`` subdirectory within each
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application package, for use as a fallback (don't forget that
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``django.contrib.admin`` is an application).
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Our poll application is not very complex and doesn't need custom admin
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templates. But if it grew more sophisticated and required modification of
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Django's standard admin templates for some of its functionality, it would be
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more sensible to modify the *application's* templates, rather than those in the
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*project*. That way, you could include the polls application in any new project
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and be assured that it would find the custom templates it needed.
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See the :ref:`template loading documentation <template-loading>` for more
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information about how Django finds its templates.
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Customize the admin index page
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==============================
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On a similar note, you might want to customize the look and feel of the Django
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admin index page.
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By default, it displays all the apps in :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` that have been
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registered with the admin application, in alphabetical order. You may want to
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make significant changes to the layout. After all, the index is probably the
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most important page of the admin, and it should be easy to use.
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The template to customize is ``admin/index.html``. (Do the same as with
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``admin/base_site.html`` in the previous section -- copy it from the default
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directory to your custom template directory). Edit the file, and you'll see it
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uses a template variable called ``app_list``. That variable contains every
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installed Django app. Instead of using that, you can hard-code links to
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object-specific admin pages in whatever way you think is best.
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What's next?
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============
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The beginner tutorial ends here. In the meantime, you might want to check out
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some pointers on :doc:`where to go from here </intro/whatsnext>`.
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If you are familiar with Python packaging and interested in learning how to
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turn polls into a "reusable app", check out :doc:`Advanced tutorial: How to
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write reusable apps</intro/reusable-apps>`.
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