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165 lines
6.3 KiB
Plaintext
165 lines
6.3 KiB
Plaintext
.. _howto-static-files:
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=========================
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How to serve static files
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=========================
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.. module:: django.views.static
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:synopsis: Serving of static files during development.
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Django itself doesn't serve static (media) files, such as images, style sheets,
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or video. It leaves that job to whichever Web server you choose.
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The reasoning here is that standard Web servers, such as Apache_, lighttpd_ and
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Cherokee_, are much more fine-tuned at serving static files than a Web
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application framework.
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With that said, Django does support static files **during development**. You can
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use the :func:`django.views.static.serve` view to serve media files.
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.. _Apache: http://httpd.apache.org/
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.. _lighttpd: http://www.lighttpd.net/
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.. _Cherokee: http://www.cherokee-project.com/
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.. seealso::
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If you just need to serve the admin media from a nonstandard location, see
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the :djadminopt:`--adminmedia` parameter to :djadmin:`runserver`.
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The big, fat disclaimer
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=======================
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Using this method is **inefficient** and **insecure**. Do not use this in a
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production setting. Use this only for development.
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For information on serving static files in an Apache production environment,
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see the :ref:`Django mod_python documentation <serving-media-files>`.
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How to do it
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============
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Here's the formal definition of the :func:`~django.views.static.serve` view:
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.. function:: def serve(request, path, document_root, show_indexes=False):
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To use it, just put this in your :ref:`URLconf <topics-http-urls>`::
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(r'^site_media/(?P<path>.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve',
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{'document_root': '/path/to/media'}),
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...where ``site_media`` is the URL where your media will be rooted, and
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``/path/to/media`` is the filesystem root for your media. This will call the
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:func:`~django.views.static.serve` view, passing in the path from the URLconf
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and the (required) ``document_root`` parameter.
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Given the above URLconf:
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* The file ``/path/to/media/foo.jpg`` will be made available at the URL
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``/site_media/foo.jpg``.
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* The file ``/path/to/media/css/mystyles.css`` will be made available
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at the URL ``/site_media/css/mystyles.css``.
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* The file ``/path/bar.jpg`` will not be accessible, because it doesn't
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fall under the document root.
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Of course, it's not compulsory to use a fixed string for the
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``'document_root'`` value. You might wish to make that an entry in your
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settings file and use the setting value there. That will allow you and
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other developers working on the code to easily change the value as
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required. For example, if we have a line in ``settings.py`` that says::
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STATIC_DOC_ROOT = '/path/to/media'
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...we could write the above :ref:`URLconf <topics-http-urls>` entry as::
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from django.conf import settings
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...
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(r'^site_media/(?P<path>.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve',
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{'document_root': settings.STATIC_DOC_ROOT}),
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Be careful not to use the same path as your :setting:`ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX` (which defaults
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to ``/media/``) as this will overwrite your URLconf entry.
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Directory listings
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==================
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Optionally, you can pass the ``show_indexes`` parameter to the
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:func:`~django.views.static.serve` view. This is ``False`` by default. If it's
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``True``, Django will display file listings for directories.
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For example::
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(r'^site_media/(?P<path>.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve',
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{'document_root': '/path/to/media', 'show_indexes': True}),
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You can customize the index view by creating a template called
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``static/directory_index.html``. That template gets two objects in its context:
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* ``directory`` -- the directory name (a string)
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* ``file_list`` -- a list of file names (as strings) in the directory
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Here's the default ``static/directory_index.html`` template:
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.. code-block:: html+django
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us" />
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<meta name="robots" content="NONE,NOARCHIVE" />
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<title>Index of {{ directory }}</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>Index of {{ directory }}</h1>
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<ul>
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{% for f in file_list %}
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<li><a href="{{ f }}">{{ f }}</a></li>
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{% endfor %}
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</ul>
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</body>
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</html>
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.. versionchanged:: 1.0.3
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Prior to Django 1.0.3, there was a bug in the view that provided directory
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listings. The template that was loaded had to be called
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``static/directory_listing`` (with no ``.html`` extension). For backwards
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compatibility with earlier versions, Django will still load templates with
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the older (no extension) name, but it will prefer the
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``directory_index.html`` version.
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Limiting use to DEBUG=True
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==========================
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Because URLconfs are just plain Python modules, you can use Python logic to
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make the static-media view available only in development mode. This is a handy
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trick to make sure the static-serving view doesn't slip into a production
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setting by mistake.
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Do this by wrapping an ``if DEBUG`` statement around the
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:func:`django.views.static.serve` inclusion. Here's a full example URLconf::
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from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
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from django.conf import settings
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urlpatterns = patterns('',
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(r'^articles/2003/$', 'news.views.special_case_2003'),
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(r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/$', 'news.views.year_archive'),
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(r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>\d{2})/$', 'news.views.month_archive'),
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(r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>\d{2})/(?P<day>\d+)/$', 'news.views.article_detail'),
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)
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if settings.DEBUG:
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urlpatterns += patterns('',
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(r'^site_media/(?P<path>.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve', {'document_root': '/path/to/media'}),
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)
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This code is straightforward. It imports the settings and checks the value of
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the :setting:`DEBUG` setting. If it evaluates to ``True``, then ``site_media``
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will be associated with the ``django.views.static.serve`` view. If not, then the
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view won't be made available.
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Of course, the catch here is that you'll have to remember to set ``DEBUG=False``
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in your production settings file. But you should be doing that anyway.
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