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Thanks Aymeric Augustin for shepherding the DEP and patch review. Thanks Marten Kenbeek and Tim Graham for contributing to the code. Thanks Tom Christie, Shai Berger, and Tim Graham for the docs.
539 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
539 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
=====================
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The sitemap framework
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=====================
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.. module:: django.contrib.sitemaps
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:synopsis: A framework for generating Google sitemap XML files.
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Django comes with a high-level sitemap-generating framework that makes
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creating sitemap_ XML files easy.
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.. _sitemap: https://www.sitemaps.org/
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Overview
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========
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A sitemap is an XML file on your website that tells search-engine indexers how
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frequently your pages change and how "important" certain pages are in relation
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to other pages on your site. This information helps search engines index your
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site.
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The Django sitemap framework automates the creation of this XML file by letting
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you express this information in Python code.
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It works much like Django's :doc:`syndication framework
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</ref/contrib/syndication>`. To create a sitemap, just write a
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:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class and point to it in your
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:doc:`URLconf </topics/http/urls>`.
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Installation
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============
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To install the sitemap app, follow these steps:
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1. Add ``'django.contrib.sitemaps'`` to your :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`
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setting.
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2. Make sure your :setting:`TEMPLATES` setting contains a ``DjangoTemplates``
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backend whose ``APP_DIRS`` options is set to ``True``. It's in there by
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default, so you'll only need to change this if you've changed that setting.
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3. Make sure you've installed the
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:mod:`sites framework <django.contrib.sites>`.
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(Note: The sitemap application doesn't install any database tables. The only
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reason it needs to go into :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` is so that the
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:func:`~django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader` template
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loader can find the default templates.)
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Initialization
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==============
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.. function:: views.sitemap(request, sitemaps, section=None, template_name='sitemap.xml', content_type='application/xml')
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To activate sitemap generation on your Django site, add this line to your
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:doc:`URLconf </topics/http/urls>`::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps.views import sitemap
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path('sitemap.xml', sitemap, {'sitemaps': sitemaps},
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name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap')
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This tells Django to build a sitemap when a client accesses :file:`/sitemap.xml`.
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The name of the sitemap file is not important, but the location is. Search
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engines will only index links in your sitemap for the current URL level and
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below. For instance, if :file:`sitemap.xml` lives in your root directory, it may
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reference any URL in your site. However, if your sitemap lives at
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:file:`/content/sitemap.xml`, it may only reference URLs that begin with
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:file:`/content/`.
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The sitemap view takes an extra, required argument: ``{'sitemaps': sitemaps}``.
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``sitemaps`` should be a dictionary that maps a short section label (e.g.,
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``blog`` or ``news``) to its :class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class
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(e.g., ``BlogSitemap`` or ``NewsSitemap``). It may also map to an *instance* of
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a :class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class (e.g.,
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``BlogSitemap(some_var)``).
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``Sitemap`` classes
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===================
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A :class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class is a simple Python
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class that represents a "section" of entries in your sitemap. For example,
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one :class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class could represent
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all the entries of your Weblog, while another could represent all of the
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events in your events calendar.
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In the simplest case, all these sections get lumped together into one
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:file:`sitemap.xml`, but it's also possible to use the framework to generate a
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sitemap index that references individual sitemap files, one per section. (See
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`Creating a sitemap index`_ below.)
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:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` classes must subclass
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``django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap``. They can live anywhere in your codebase.
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A simple example
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================
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Let's assume you have a blog system, with an ``Entry`` model, and you want your
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sitemap to include all the links to your individual blog entries. Here's how
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your sitemap class might look::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import Sitemap
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from blog.models import Entry
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class BlogSitemap(Sitemap):
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changefreq = "never"
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priority = 0.5
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def items(self):
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return Entry.objects.filter(is_draft=False)
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def lastmod(self, obj):
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return obj.pub_date
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Note:
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* :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq` and :attr:`~Sitemap.priority` are class
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attributes corresponding to ``<changefreq>`` and ``<priority>`` elements,
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respectively. They can be made callable as functions, as
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:attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod` was in the example.
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* :attr:`~Sitemap.items()` is simply a method that returns a list of
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objects. The objects returned will get passed to any callable methods
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corresponding to a sitemap property (:attr:`~Sitemap.location`,
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:attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod`, :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq`, and
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:attr:`~Sitemap.priority`).
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* :attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod` should return a :class:`~datetime.datetime`.
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* There is no :attr:`~Sitemap.location` method in this example, but you
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can provide it in order to specify the URL for your object. By default,
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:attr:`~Sitemap.location()` calls ``get_absolute_url()`` on each object
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and returns the result.
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``Sitemap`` class reference
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===========================
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.. class:: Sitemap
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A ``Sitemap`` class can define the following methods/attributes:
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.items
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**Required.** A method that returns a list of objects. The framework
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doesn't care what *type* of objects they are; all that matters is that
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these objects get passed to the :attr:`~Sitemap.location()`,
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:attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod()`, :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq()` and
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:attr:`~Sitemap.priority()` methods.
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.location
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**Optional.** Either a method or attribute.
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If it's a method, it should return the absolute path for a given object
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as returned by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
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If it's an attribute, its value should be a string representing an
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absolute path to use for *every* object returned by
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:attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
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In both cases, "absolute path" means a URL that doesn't include the
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protocol or domain. Examples:
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* Good: :file:`'/foo/bar/'`
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* Bad: :file:`'example.com/foo/bar/'`
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* Bad: :file:`'https://example.com/foo/bar/'`
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If :attr:`~Sitemap.location` isn't provided, the framework will call
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the ``get_absolute_url()`` method on each object as returned by
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:attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
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To specify a protocol other than ``'http'``, use
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:attr:`~Sitemap.protocol`.
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.lastmod
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**Optional.** Either a method or attribute.
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If it's a method, it should take one argument -- an object as returned
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by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()` -- and return that object's last-modified
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date/time as a :class:`~datetime.datetime`.
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If it's an attribute, its value should be a :class:`~datetime.datetime`
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representing the last-modified date/time for *every* object returned by
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:attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
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If all items in a sitemap have a :attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod`, the sitemap
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generated by :func:`views.sitemap` will have a ``Last-Modified``
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header equal to the latest ``lastmod``. You can activate the
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:class:`~django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware` to make
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Django respond appropriately to requests with an ``If-Modified-Since``
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header which will prevent sending the sitemap if it hasn't changed.
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.changefreq
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**Optional.** Either a method or attribute.
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If it's a method, it should take one argument -- an object as returned
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by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()` -- and return that object's change
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frequency as a string.
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If it's an attribute, its value should be a string representing the
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change frequency of *every* object returned by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
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Possible values for :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq`, whether you use a
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method or attribute, are:
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* ``'always'``
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* ``'hourly'``
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* ``'daily'``
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* ``'weekly'``
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* ``'monthly'``
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* ``'yearly'``
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* ``'never'``
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.priority
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**Optional.** Either a method or attribute.
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If it's a method, it should take one argument -- an object as returned
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by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()` -- and return that object's priority as
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either a string or float.
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If it's an attribute, its value should be either a string or float
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representing the priority of *every* object returned by
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:attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
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Example values for :attr:`~Sitemap.priority`: ``0.4``, ``1.0``. The
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default priority of a page is ``0.5``. See the `sitemaps.org
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documentation`_ for more.
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.. _sitemaps.org documentation: https://www.sitemaps.org/protocol.html#prioritydef
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.protocol
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**Optional.**
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This attribute defines the protocol (``'http'`` or ``'https'``) of the
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URLs in the sitemap. If it isn't set, the protocol with which the
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sitemap was requested is used. If the sitemap is built outside the
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context of a request, the default is ``'http'``.
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.limit
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**Optional.**
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This attribute defines the maximum number of URLs included on each page
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of the sitemap. Its value should not exceed the default value of
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``50000``, which is the upper limit allowed in the `Sitemaps protocol
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<https://www.sitemaps.org/protocol.html#index>`_.
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.. attribute:: Sitemap.i18n
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**Optional.**
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A boolean attribute that defines if the URLs of this sitemap should
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be generated using all of your :setting:`LANGUAGES`. The default is
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``False``.
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Shortcuts
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=========
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The sitemap framework provides a convenience class for a common case:
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.. class:: GenericSitemap(info_dict, priority=None, changefreq=None, protocol=None)
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The :class:`django.contrib.sitemaps.GenericSitemap` class allows you to
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create a sitemap by passing it a dictionary which has to contain at least
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a ``queryset`` entry. This queryset will be used to generate the items
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of the sitemap. It may also have a ``date_field`` entry that
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specifies a date field for objects retrieved from the ``queryset``.
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This will be used for the :attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod` attribute in the
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generated sitemap.
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The :attr:`~Sitemap.priority`, :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq`,
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and :attr:`~Sitemap.protocol` keyword arguments allow specifying these
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attributes for all URLs.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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The ``protocol`` keyword argument was added.
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Example
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-------
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Here's an example of a :doc:`URLconf </topics/http/urls>` using
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:class:`GenericSitemap`::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import GenericSitemap
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from django.contrib.sitemaps.views import sitemap
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from django.urls import path
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from blog.models import Entry
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info_dict = {
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'queryset': Entry.objects.all(),
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'date_field': 'pub_date',
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}
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urlpatterns = [
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# some generic view using info_dict
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# ...
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# the sitemap
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path('sitemap.xml', sitemap,
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{'sitemaps': {'blog': GenericSitemap(info_dict, priority=0.6)}},
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name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
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]
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.. _URLconf: ../url_dispatch/
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Sitemap for static views
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========================
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Often you want the search engine crawlers to index views which are neither
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object detail pages nor flatpages. The solution is to explicitly list URL
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names for these views in ``items`` and call :func:`~django.urls.reverse` in
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the ``location`` method of the sitemap. For example::
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# sitemaps.py
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from django.contrib import sitemaps
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from django.urls import reverse
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class StaticViewSitemap(sitemaps.Sitemap):
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priority = 0.5
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changefreq = 'daily'
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def items(self):
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return ['main', 'about', 'license']
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def location(self, item):
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return reverse(item)
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# urls.py
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from django.contrib.sitemaps.views import sitemap
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from django.urls import path
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from .sitemaps import StaticViewSitemap
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from . import views
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sitemaps = {
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'static': StaticViewSitemap,
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}
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urlpatterns = [
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path('', views.main, name='main'),
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path('about/', views.about, name='about'),
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path('license/', views.license, name='license'),
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# ...
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path('sitemap.xml', sitemap, {'sitemaps': sitemaps},
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name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap')
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]
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Creating a sitemap index
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========================
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.. function:: views.index(request, sitemaps, template_name='sitemap_index.xml', content_type='application/xml', sitemap_url_name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap')
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The sitemap framework also has the ability to create a sitemap index that
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references individual sitemap files, one per each section defined in your
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``sitemaps`` dictionary. The only differences in usage are:
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* You use two views in your URLconf: :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index`
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and :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap`.
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* The :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap` view should take a
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``section`` keyword argument.
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Here's what the relevant URLconf lines would look like for the example above::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import views
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urlpatterns = [
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path('sitemap.xml', views.index, {'sitemaps': sitemaps}),
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path('sitemap-<section>.xml', views.sitemap, {'sitemaps': sitemaps},
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name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
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]
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This will automatically generate a :file:`sitemap.xml` file that references
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both :file:`sitemap-flatpages.xml` and :file:`sitemap-blog.xml`. The
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:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` classes and the ``sitemaps``
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dict don't change at all.
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You should create an index file if one of your sitemaps has more than 50,000
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URLs. In this case, Django will automatically paginate the sitemap, and the
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index will reflect that.
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If you're not using the vanilla sitemap view -- for example, if it's wrapped
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with a caching decorator -- you must name your sitemap view and pass
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``sitemap_url_name`` to the index view::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import views as sitemaps_views
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from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page
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urlpatterns = [
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path('sitemap.xml',
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cache_page(86400)(sitemaps_views.index),
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{'sitemaps': sitemaps, 'sitemap_url_name': 'sitemaps'}),
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path('sitemap-<section>.xml',
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cache_page(86400)(sitemaps_views.sitemap),
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{'sitemaps': sitemaps}, name='sitemaps'),
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]
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Template customization
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======================
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If you wish to use a different template for each sitemap or sitemap index
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available on your site, you may specify it by passing a ``template_name``
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parameter to the ``sitemap`` and ``index`` views via the URLconf::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import views
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urlpatterns = [
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path('custom-sitemap.xml', views.index, {
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'sitemaps': sitemaps,
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'template_name': 'custom_sitemap.html'
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}),
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path('custom-sitemap-<section>.xml', views.sitemap, {
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'sitemaps': sitemaps,
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'template_name': 'custom_sitemap.html'
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}, name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
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]
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These views return :class:`~django.template.response.TemplateResponse`
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instances which allow you to easily customize the response data before
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rendering. For more details, see the :doc:`TemplateResponse documentation
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</ref/template-response>`.
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Context variables
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-----------------
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When customizing the templates for the
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:func:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index` and
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:func:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap` views, you can rely on the
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following context variables.
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Index
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-----
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The variable ``sitemaps`` is a list of absolute URLs to each of the sitemaps.
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Sitemap
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-------
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The variable ``urlset`` is a list of URLs that should appear in the
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sitemap. Each URL exposes attributes as defined in the
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:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class:
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- ``changefreq``
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- ``item``
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- ``lastmod``
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- ``location``
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- ``priority``
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The ``item`` attribute has been added for each URL to allow more flexible
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customization of the templates, such as `Google news sitemaps`_. Assuming
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Sitemap's :attr:`~Sitemap.items()` would return a list of items with
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``publication_data`` and a ``tags`` field something like this would
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generate a Google News compatible sitemap:
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.. code-block:: xml+django
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<urlset
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xmlns="https://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9"
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xmlns:news="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-news/0.9">
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{% spaceless %}
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{% for url in urlset %}
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<url>
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<loc>{{ url.location }}</loc>
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{% if url.lastmod %}<lastmod>{{ url.lastmod|date:"Y-m-d" }}</lastmod>{% endif %}
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{% if url.changefreq %}<changefreq>{{ url.changefreq }}</changefreq>{% endif %}
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{% if url.priority %}<priority>{{ url.priority }}</priority>{% endif %}
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<news:news>
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{% if url.item.publication_date %}<news:publication_date>{{ url.item.publication_date|date:"Y-m-d" }}</news:publication_date>{% endif %}
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{% if url.item.tags %}<news:keywords>{{ url.item.tags }}</news:keywords>{% endif %}
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</news:news>
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</url>
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{% endfor %}
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{% endspaceless %}
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</urlset>
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.. _`Google news sitemaps`: https://support.google.com/news/publisher/answer/74288?hl=en
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Pinging Google
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==============
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You may want to "ping" Google when your sitemap changes, to let it know to
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reindex your site. The sitemaps framework provides a function to do just
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that: :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.ping_google()`.
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.. function:: ping_google
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:func:`ping_google` takes an optional argument, ``sitemap_url``,
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which should be the absolute path to your site's sitemap (e.g.,
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:file:`'/sitemap.xml'`). If this argument isn't provided,
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:func:`ping_google` will attempt to figure out your
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sitemap by performing a reverse looking in your URLconf.
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:func:`ping_google` raises the exception
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``django.contrib.sitemaps.SitemapNotFound`` if it cannot determine your
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sitemap URL.
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.. admonition:: Register with Google first!
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The :func:`ping_google` command only works if you have registered your
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site with `Google Webmaster Tools`_.
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.. _`Google Webmaster Tools`: https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/
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One useful way to call :func:`ping_google` is from a model's ``save()``
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method::
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import ping_google
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class Entry(models.Model):
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# ...
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def save(self, force_insert=False, force_update=False):
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super().save(force_insert, force_update)
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|
try:
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|
ping_google()
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|
except Exception:
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|
# Bare 'except' because we could get a variety
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|
# of HTTP-related exceptions.
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|
pass
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|
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|
A more efficient solution, however, would be to call :func:`ping_google` from a
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|
cron script, or some other scheduled task. The function makes an HTTP request
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|
to Google's servers, so you may not want to introduce that network overhead
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|
each time you call ``save()``.
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|
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Pinging Google via ``manage.py``
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--------------------------------
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.. django-admin:: ping_google [sitemap_url]
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Once the sitemaps application is added to your project, you may also
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|
ping Google using the ``ping_google`` management command::
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|
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|
python manage.py ping_google [/sitemap.xml]
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