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django/docs/ref/forms/widgets.txt

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=======
Widgets
=======
.. module:: django.forms.widgets
:synopsis: Django's built-in form widgets.
.. currentmodule:: django.forms
A widget is Django's representation of a HTML input element. The widget
handles the rendering of the HTML, and the extraction of data from a GET/POST
dictionary that corresponds to the widget.
.. tip::
Widgets should not be confused with the :doc:`form fields </ref/forms/fields>`.
Form fields deal with the logic of input validation and are used directly
in templates. Widgets deal with rendering of HTML form input elements on
the web page and extraction of raw submitted data. However, widgets do
need to be :ref:`assigned <widget-to-field>` to form fields.
.. _widget-to-field:
Specifying widgets
------------------
Whenever you specify a field on a form, Django will use a default widget
that is appropriate to the type of data that is to be displayed. To find
which widget is used on which field, see the documentation about
:ref:`built-in fields`.
However, if you want to use a different widget for a field, you can
just use the :attr:`~Field.widget` argument on the field definition. For
example::
from django import forms
class CommentForm(forms.Form):
name = forms.CharField()
url = forms.URLField()
comment = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
This would specify a form with a comment that uses a larger :class:`Textarea`
widget, rather than the default :class:`TextInput` widget.
Setting arguments for widgets
-----------------------------
Many widgets have optional extra arguments; they can be set when defining the
widget on the field. In the following example, the
:attr:`~SelectDateWidget.years` attribute is set for a
:class:`~django.forms.extras.widgets.SelectDateWidget`::
from django.forms.fields import DateField, ChoiceField, MultipleChoiceField
from django.forms.widgets import RadioSelect, CheckboxSelectMultiple
from django.forms.extras.widgets import SelectDateWidget
BIRTH_YEAR_CHOICES = ('1980', '1981', '1982')
FAVORITE_COLORS_CHOICES = (('blue', 'Blue'),
('green', 'Green'),
('black', 'Black'))
class SimpleForm(forms.Form):
birth_year = DateField(widget=SelectDateWidget(years=BIRTH_YEAR_CHOICES))
favorite_colors = forms.MultipleChoiceField(required=False,
widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple, choices=FAVORITE_COLORS_CHOICES)
See the :ref:`built-in widgets` for more information about which widgets
are available and which arguments they accept.
Widgets inheriting from the Select widget
-----------------------------------------
Widgets inheriting from the :class:`Select` widget deal with choices. They
present the user with a list of options to choose from. The different widgets
present this choice differently; the :class:`Select` widget itself uses a
``<select>`` HTML list representation, while :class:`RadioSelect` uses radio
buttons.
:class:`Select` widgets are used by default on :class:`ChoiceField` fields. The
choices displayed on the widget are inherited from the :class:`ChoiceField` and
changing :attr:`ChoiceField.choices` will update :attr:`Select.choices`. For
example::
>>> from django import forms
>>> CHOICES = (('1', 'First',), ('2', 'Second',))
>>> choice_field = forms.ChoiceField(widget=forms.RadioSelect, choices=CHOICES)
>>> choice_field.choices
[('1', 'First'), ('2', 'Second')]
>>> choice_field.widget.choices
[('1', 'First'), ('2', 'Second')]
>>> choice_field.widget.choices = ()
>>> choice_field.choices = (('1', 'First and only',),)
>>> choice_field.widget.choices
[('1', 'First and only')]
Widgets which offer a :attr:`~Select.choices` attribute can however be used
with fields which are not based on choice -- such as a :class:`CharField` --
but it is recommended to use a :class:`ChoiceField`-based field when the
choices are inherent to the model and not just the representational widget.
Customizing widget instances
----------------------------
When Django renders a widget as HTML, it only renders very minimal markup -
Django doesn't add class names, or any other widget-specific attributes. This
means, for example, that all :class:`TextInput` widgets will appear the same
on your Web pages.
There are two ways to customize widgets: :ref:`per widget instance
<styling-widget-instances>` and :ref:`per widget class <styling-widget-classes>`.
.. _styling-widget-instances:
Styling widget instances
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If you want to make one widget instance look different from another, you will
need to specify additional attributes at the time when the widget object is
instantiated and assigned to a form field (and perhaps add some rules to your
CSS files).
For example, take the following simple form::
from django import forms
class CommentForm(forms.Form):
name = forms.CharField()
url = forms.URLField()
comment = forms.CharField()
This form will include three default :class:`TextInput` widgets, with default
rendering -- no CSS class, no extra attributes. This means that the input boxes
provided for each widget will be rendered exactly the same::
>>> f = CommentForm(auto_id=False)
>>> f.as_table()
<tr><th>Name:</th><td><input type="text" name="name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Url:</th><td><input type="text" name="url"/></td></tr>
<tr><th>Comment:</th><td><input type="text" name="comment" /></td></tr>
On a real Web page, you probably don't want every widget to look the same. You
might want a larger input element for the comment, and you might want the
'name' widget to have some special CSS class. It is also possible to specify
the 'type' attribute to take advantage of the new HTML5 input types. To do
this, you use the :attr:`Widget.attrs` argument when creating the widget::
class CommentForm(forms.Form):
name = forms.CharField(
widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class':'special'}))
url = forms.URLField()
comment = forms.CharField(
widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'size':'40'}))
Django will then include the extra attributes in the rendered output:
>>> f = CommentForm(auto_id=False)
>>> f.as_table()
<tr><th>Name:</th><td><input type="text" name="name" class="special"/></td></tr>
<tr><th>Url:</th><td><input type="text" name="url"/></td></tr>
<tr><th>Comment:</th><td><input type="text" name="comment" size="40"/></td></tr>
.. _styling-widget-classes:
Styling widget classes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
With widgets, it is possible to add media (``css`` and ``javascript``)
and more deeply customize their appearance and behavior.
In a nutshell, you will need to subclass the widget and either
:ref:`define a class "Media" <media-as-a-static-definition>` as a member of the
subclass, or :ref:`create a property "media" <dynamic-property>`, returning an
instance of that class.
These methods involve somewhat advanced Python programming and are described in
detail in the :doc:`Form Media </topics/forms/media>` topic guide.
.. _base-widget-classes:
Base Widget classes
-------------------
Base widget classes :class:`Widget` and :class:`MultiWidget` are subclassed by
all the :ref:`built-in widgets <built-in widgets>` and may serve as a
foundation for custom widgets.
.. class:: Widget(attrs=None)
This abstract class cannot be rendered, but provides the basic attribute
:attr:`~Widget.attrs`. You may also implement or override the
:meth:`~Widget.render()` method on custom widgets.
.. attribute:: Widget.attrs
A dictionary containing HTML attributes to be set on the rendered
widget.
.. code-block:: python
>>> name = forms.TextInput(attrs={'size': 10, 'title': 'Your name',})
>>> name.render('name', 'A name')
u'<input title="Your name" type="text" name="name" value="A name" size="10" />'
.. method:: render(name, value, attrs=None)
Returns HTML for the widget, as a Unicode string. This method must be
implemented by the subclass, otherwise ``NotImplementedError`` will be
raised.
The 'value' given is not guaranteed to be valid input, therefore
subclass implementations should program defensively.
.. class:: MultiWidget(widgets, attrs=None)
A widget that is composed of multiple widgets.
:class:`~django.forms.widgets.MultiWidget` works hand in hand with the
:class:`~django.forms.MultiValueField`.
.. method:: render(name, value, attrs=None)
Argument `value` is handled differently in this method from the
subclasses of :class:`~Widget`.
If `value` is a list, output of :meth:`~MultiWidget.render` will be a
concatenation of rendered child widgets. If `value` is not a list, it
will be first processed by the method :meth:`~MultiWidget.decompress()`
to create the list and then processed as above.
Unlike in the single value widgets, method :meth:`~MultiWidget.render`
need not be implemented in the subclasses.
.. method:: decompress(value)
Returns a list of "decompressed" values for the given value of the
multi-value field that makes use of the widget. The input value can be
assumed as valid, but not necessarily non-empty.
This method **must be implemented** by the subclass, and since the
value may be empty, the implementation must be defensive.
The rationale behind "decompression" is that it is necessary to "split"
the combined value of the form field into the values of the individual
field encapsulated within the multi-value field (e.g. when displaying
the partially or fully filled-out form).
.. tip::
Note that :class:`~django.forms.MultiValueField` has a
complementary method :meth:`~django.forms.MultiValueField.compress`
with the opposite responsibility - to combine cleaned values of
all member fields into one.
.. _built-in widgets:
Built-in widgets
----------------
Django provides a representation of all the basic HTML widgets, plus some
commonly used groups of widgets in the ``django.forms.widgets`` module,
including :ref:`the input of text <text-widgets>`, :ref:`various checkboxes
and selectors <selector-widgets>`, :ref:`uploading files <file-upload-widgets>`,
and :ref:`handling of multi-valued input <composite-widgets>`.
.. _text-widgets:
Widgets handling input of text
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
These widgets make use of the HTML elements ``input`` and ``textarea``.
``TextInput``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: TextInput
Text input: ``<input type='text' ...>``
``PasswordInput``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: PasswordInput
Password input: ``<input type='password' ...>``
Takes one optional argument:
.. attribute:: PasswordInput.render_value
Determines whether the widget will have a value filled in when the
form is re-displayed after a validation error (default is ``False``).
``HiddenInput``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: HiddenInput
Hidden input: ``<input type='hidden' ...>``
Note that there also is a :class:`MultipleHiddenInput` widget that
encapsulates a set of hidden input elements.
``DateInput``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: DateInput
Date input as a simple text box: ``<input type='text' ...>``
Takes same arguments as :class:`TextInput`, with one more optional argument:
.. attribute:: DateInput.format
The format in which this field's initial value will be displayed.
If no ``format`` argument is provided, the default format is the first
format found in :setting:`DATE_INPUT_FORMATS` and respects
:ref:`format-localization`.
``DateTimeInput``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: DateTimeInput
Date/time input as a simple text box: ``<input type='text' ...>``
Takes same arguments as :class:`TextInput`, with one more optional argument:
.. attribute:: DateTimeInput.format
The format in which this field's initial value will be displayed.
If no ``format`` argument is provided, the default format is the first
format found in :setting:`DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS` and respects
:ref:`format-localization`.
``TimeInput``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: TimeInput
Time input as a simple text box: ``<input type='text' ...>``
Takes same arguments as :class:`TextInput`, with one more optional argument:
.. attribute:: TimeInput.format
The format in which this field's initial value will be displayed.
If no ``format`` argument is provided, the default format is the first
format found in :setting:`TIME_INPUT_FORMATS` and respects
:ref:`format-localization`.
``Textarea``
~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: Textarea
Text area: ``<textarea>...</textarea>``
.. _selector-widgets:
Selector and checkbox widgets
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
``CheckboxInput``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: CheckboxInput
Checkbox: ``<input type='checkbox' ...>``
Takes one optional argument:
.. attribute:: CheckboxInput.check_test
A callable that takes the value of the CheckBoxInput and returns
``True`` if the checkbox should be checked for that value.
.. versionchanged:: 1.5
Exceptions from ``check_test`` used to be silenced by its caller,
this is no longer the case, they will propagate upwards.
``Select``
~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: Select
Select widget: ``<select><option ...>...</select>``
.. attribute:: Select.choices
This attribute is optional when the field does not have a
:attr:`~Field.choices` attribute. If it does, it will override anything
you set here when the attribute is updated on the :class:`Field`.
``NullBooleanSelect``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: NullBooleanSelect
Select widget with options 'Unknown', 'Yes' and 'No'
``SelectMultiple``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: SelectMultiple
Similar to :class:`Select`, but allows multiple selection:
``<select multiple='multiple'>...</select>``
``RadioSelect``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: RadioSelect
Similar to :class:`Select`, but rendered as a list of radio buttons within
``<li>`` tags:
.. code-block:: html
<ul>
<li><input type='radio' ...></li>
...
</ul>
.. versionadded:: 1.4
For more granular control over the generated markup, you can loop over the
radio buttons in the template. Assuming a form ``myform`` with a field
``beatles`` that uses a ``RadioSelect`` as its widget:
.. code-block:: html+django
{% for radio in myform.beatles %}
<div class="myradio">
{{ radio }}
</div>
{% endfor %}
This would generate the following HTML:
.. code-block:: html
<div class="myradio">
<label><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="john" /> John</label>
</div>
<div class="myradio">
<label><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="paul" /> Paul</label>
</div>
<div class="myradio">
<label><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="george" /> George</label>
</div>
<div class="myradio">
<label><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="ringo" /> Ringo</label>
</div>
That included the ``<label>`` tags. To get more granular, you can use each
radio button's ``tag`` and ``choice_label`` attributes. For example, this template...
.. code-block:: html+django
{% for radio in myform.beatles %}
<label>
{{ radio.choice_label }}
<span class="radio">{{ radio.tag }}</span>
</label>
{% endfor %}
...will result in the following HTML:
.. code-block:: html
<label>
John
<span class="radio"><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="john" /></span>
</label>
<label>
Paul
<span class="radio"><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="paul" /></span>
</label>
<label>
George
<span class="radio"><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="george" /></span>
</label>
<label>
Ringo
<span class="radio"><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="ringo" /></span>
</label>
If you decide not to loop over the radio buttons -- e.g., if your template simply includes
``{{ myform.beatles }}`` -- they'll be output in a ``<ul>`` with ``<li>`` tags, as above.
``CheckboxSelectMultiple``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: CheckboxSelectMultiple
Similar to :class:`SelectMultiple`, but rendered as a list of check
buttons:
.. code-block:: html
<ul>
<li><input type='checkbox' ...></li>
...
</ul>
.. _file-upload-widgets:
File upload widgets
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
``FileInput``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: FileInput
File upload input: ``<input type='file' ...>``
``ClearableFileInput``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: ClearableFileInput
File upload input: ``<input type='file' ...>``, with an additional checkbox
input to clear the field's value, if the field is not required and has
initial data.
.. _composite-widgets:
Composite widgets
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
``MultipleHiddenInput``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: MultipleHiddenInput
Multiple ``<input type='hidden' ...>`` widgets.
A widget that handles multiple hidden widgets for fields that have a list
of values.
.. attribute:: MultipleHiddenInput.choices
This attribute is optional when the field does not have a
:attr:`~Field.choices` attribute. If it does, it will override anything
you set here when the attribute is updated on the :class:`Field`.
``MultiWidget``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: MultiWidget
Wrapper around multiple other widgets. You'll probably want to use this
class with :class:`MultiValueField`.
Its ``render()`` method is different than other widgets', because it has to
figure out how to split a single value for display in multiple widgets.
Subclasses may implement ``format_output``, which takes the list of
rendered widgets and returns a string of HTML that formats them any way
you'd like.
The ``value`` argument used when rendering can be one of two things:
* A ``list``.
* A single value (e.g., a string) that is the "compressed" representation
of a ``list`` of values.
In the second case -- i.e., if the value is *not* a list -- ``render()``
will first decompress the value into a ``list`` before rendering it. It
does so by calling the ``decompress()`` method, which
:class:`MultiWidget`'s subclasses must implement. This method takes a
single "compressed" value and returns a ``list``. An example of this is how
:class:`SplitDateTimeWidget` turns a :class:`datetime` value into a list
with date and time split into two seperate values::
class SplitDateTimeWidget(MultiWidget):
# ...
def decompress(self, value):
if value:
return [value.date(), value.time().replace(microsecond=0)]
return [None, None]
When ``render()`` executes its HTML rendering, each value in the list is
rendered with the corresponding widget -- the first value is rendered in
the first widget, the second value is rendered in the second widget, etc.
:class:`MultiWidget` has one required argument:
.. attribute:: MultiWidget.widgets
An iterable containing the widgets needed.
``SplitDateTimeWidget``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: SplitDateTimeWidget
Wrapper (using :class:`MultiWidget`) around two widgets: :class:`DateInput`
for the date, and :class:`TimeInput` for the time.
``SplitDateTimeWidget`` has two optional attributes:
.. attribute:: SplitDateTimeWidget.date_format
Similar to :attr:`DateInput.format`
.. attribute:: SplitDateTimeWidget.time_format
Similar to :attr:`TimeInput.format`
``SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget
Similar to :class:`SplitDateTimeWidget`, but uses :class:`HiddenInput` for
both date and time.
.. currentmodule:: django.forms.extras.widgets
``SelectDateWidget``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. class:: SelectDateWidget
Wrapper around three :class:`~django.forms.Select` widgets: one each for
month, day, and year. Note that this widget lives in a separate file from
the standard widgets.
Takes one optional argument:
.. attribute:: SelectDateWidget.years
An optional list/tuple of years to use in the "year" select box.
The default is a list containing the current year and the next 9 years.
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