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408 lines
17 KiB
Plaintext
==============
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Custom lookups
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==============
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.. versionadded:: 1.7
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.. module:: django.db.models.lookups
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:synopsis: Custom lookups
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.. currentmodule:: django.db.models
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By default Django offers a wide variety of :ref:`built-in lookups
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<field-lookups>` for filtering (for example, ``exact`` and ``icontains``). This
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documentation explains how to write custom lookups and how to alter the working
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of existing lookups.
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A simple Lookup example
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Let's start with a simple custom lookup. We will write a custom lookup ``ne``
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which works opposite to ``exact``. ``Author.objects.filter(name__ne='Jack')``
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will translate to the SQL::
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"author"."name" <> 'Jack'
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This SQL is backend independent, so we don't need to worry about different
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databases.
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There are two steps to making this work. Firstly we need to implement the
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lookup, then we need to tell Django about it. The implementation is quite
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straightforward::
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from django.db.models import Lookup
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class NotEqual(Lookup):
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lookup_name = 'ne'
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def as_sql(self, qn, connection):
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lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(qn, connection)
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rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(qn, connection)
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params = lhs_params + rhs_params
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return '%s <> %s' % (lhs, rhs), params
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To register the ``NotEqual`` lookup we will just need to call
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``register_lookup`` on the field class we want the lookup to be available. In
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this case, the lookup makes sense on all ``Field`` subclasses, so we register
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it with ``Field`` directly::
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from django.db.models.fields import Field
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Field.register_lookup(NotEqual)
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We can now use ``foo__ne`` for any field ``foo``. You will need to ensure that
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this registration happens before you try to create any querysets using it. You
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could place the implementation in a ``models.py`` file, or register the lookup
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in the ``ready()`` method of an ``AppConfig``.
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Taking a closer look at the implementation, the first required attribute is
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``lookup_name``. This allows the ORM to understand how to interpret ``name__ne``
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and use ``NotEqual`` to generate the SQL. By convention, these names are always
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lowercase strings containing only letters, but the only hard requirement is
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that it must not contain the string ``__``.
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We then need to define the ``as_sql`` method. This takes a ``SQLCompiler``
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object, called ``qn``, and the active database connection. ``SQLCompiler``
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objects are not documented, but the only thing we need to know about them is
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that they have a ``compile()`` method which returns a tuple containing a SQL
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string, and the parameters to be interpolated into that string. In most cases,
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you don't need to use it directly and can pass it on to ``process_lhs()`` and
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``process_rhs()``.
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A ``Lookup`` works against two values, ``lhs`` and ``rhs``, standing for
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left-hand side and right-hand side. The left-hand side is usually a field
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reference, but it can be anything implementing the :ref:`query expression API
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<query-expression>`. The right-hand is the value given by the user. In the
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example ``Author.objects.filter(name__ne='Jack')``, the left-hand side is a
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reference to the ``name`` field of the ``Author`` model, and ``'Jack'`` is the
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right-hand side.
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We call ``process_lhs`` and ``process_rhs`` to convert them into the values we
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need for SQL using the ``qn`` object described before. These methods return
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tuples containing some SQL and the parameters to be interpolated into that SQL,
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just as we need to return from our ``as_sql`` method. In the above example,
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``process_lhs`` returns ``('"author"."name"', [])`` and ``process_rhs`` returns
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``('"%s"', ['Jack'])``. In this example there were no parameters for the left
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hand side, but this would depend on the object we have, so we still need to
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include them in the parameters we return.
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Finally we combine the parts into a SQL expression with ``<>``, and supply all
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the parameters for the query. We then return a tuple containing the generated
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SQL string and the parameters.
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A simple transformer example
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The custom lookup above is great, but in some cases you may want to be able to
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chain lookups together. For example, let's suppose we are building an
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application where we want to make use of the ``abs()`` operator.
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We have an ``Experiment`` model which records a start value, end value and the
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change (start - end). We would like to find all experiments where the change
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was equal to a certain amount (``Experiment.objects.filter(change__abs=27)``),
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or where it did not exceed a certain amount
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(``Experiment.objects.filter(change__abs__lt=27)``).
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.. note::
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This example is somewhat contrived, but it demonstrates nicely the range of
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functionality which is possible in a database backend independent manner,
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and without duplicating functionality already in Django.
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We will start by writing a ``AbsoluteValue`` transformer. This will use the SQL
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function ``ABS()`` to transform the value before comparison::
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from django.db.models import Transform
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class AbsoluteValue(Transform):
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lookup_name = 'abs'
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def as_sql(self, qn, connection):
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lhs, params = qn.compile(self.lhs)
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return "ABS(%s)" % lhs, params
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Next, lets register it for ``IntegerField``::
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from django.db.models import IntegerField
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IntegerField.register_lookup(AbsoluteValue)
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We can now run the queries we had before.
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``Experiment.objects.filter(change__abs=27)`` will generate the following SQL::
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SELECT ... WHERE ABS("experiments"."change") = 27
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By using ``Transform`` instead of ``Lookup`` it means we are able to chain
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further lookups afterwards. So
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``Experiment.objects.filter(change__abs__lt=27)`` will generate the following
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SQL::
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SELECT ... WHERE ABS("experiments"."change") < 27
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Subclasses of ``Transform`` usually only operate on the left-hand side of the
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expression. Further lookups will work on the transformed value. Note that in
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this case where there is no other lookup specified, Django interprets
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``change__abs=27`` as ``change__abs__exact=27``.
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When looking for which lookups are allowable after the ``Transform`` has been
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applied, Django uses the ``output_field`` attribute. We didn't need to specify
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this here as it didn't change, but supposing we were applying ``AbsoluteValue``
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to some field which represents a more complex type (for example a point
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relative to an origin, or a complex number) then we may have wanted to specify
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``output_field = FloatField``, which will ensure that further lookups like
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``abs__lte`` behave as they would for a ``FloatField``.
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Writing an efficient abs__lt lookup
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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When using the above written ``abs`` lookup, the SQL produced will not use
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indexes efficiently in some cases. In particular, when we use
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``change__abs__lt=27``, this is equivalent to ``change__gt=-27`` AND
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``change__lt=27``. (For the ``lte`` case we could use the SQL ``BETWEEN``).
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So we would like ``Experiment.objects.filter(change__abs__lt=27)`` to generate
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the following SQL::
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SELECT .. WHERE "experiments"."change" < 27 AND "experiments"."change" > -27
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The implementation is::
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from django.db.models import Lookup
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class AbsoluteValueLessThan(Lookup):
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lookup_name = 'lt'
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def as_sql(self, qn, connection):
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lhs, lhs_params = qn.compile(self.lhs.lhs)
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rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(qn, connection)
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params = lhs_params + rhs_params + lhs_params + rhs_params
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return '%s < %s AND %s > -%s' % (lhs, rhs, lhs, rhs), params
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AbsoluteValue.register_lookup(AbsoluteValueLessThan)
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There are a couple of notable things going on. First, ``AbsoluteValueLessThan``
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isn't calling ``process_lhs()``. Instead it skips the transformation of the
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``lhs`` done by ``AbsoluteValue`` and uses the original ``lhs``. That is, we
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want to get ``27`` not ``ABS(27)``. Referring directly to ``self.lhs.lhs`` is
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safe as ``AbsoluteValueLessThan`` can be accessed only from the
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``AbsoluteValue`` lookup, that is the ``lhs`` is always an instance of
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``AbsoluteValue``.
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Notice also that as both sides are used multiple times in the query the params
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need to contain ``lhs_params`` and ``rhs_params`` multiple times.
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The final query does the inversion (``27`` to ``-27``) directly in the
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database. The reason for doing this is that if the self.rhs is something else
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than a plain integer value (for example an ``F()`` reference) we can't do the
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transformations in Python.
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.. note::
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In fact, most lookups with ``__abs`` could be implemented as range queries
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like this, and on most database backends it is likely to be more sensible to
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do so as you can make use of the indexes. However with PostgreSQL you may
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want to add an index on ``abs(change)`` which would allow these queries to
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be very efficient.
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Writing alternative implementations for existing lookups
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Sometimes different database vendors require different SQL for the same
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operation. For this example we will rewrite a custom implementation for
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MySQL for the NotEqual operator. Instead of ``<>`` we will be using ``!=``
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operator. (Note that in reality almost all databases support both, including
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all the official databases supported by Django).
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We can change the behavior on a specific backend by creating a subclass of
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``NotEqual`` with a ``as_mysql`` method::
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class MySQLNotEqual(NotEqual):
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def as_mysql(self, qn, connection):
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lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(qn, connection)
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rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(qn, connection)
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params = lhs_params + rhs_params
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return '%s != %s' % (lhs, rhs), params
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Field.register_lookup(MySQLNotExact)
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We can then register it with ``Field``. It takes the place of the original
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``NotEqual`` class as it has the same ``lookup_name``.
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When compiling a query, Django first looks for ``as_%s % connection.vendor``
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methods, and then falls back to ``as_sql``. The vendor names for the in-built
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backends are ``sqlite``, ``postgresql``, ``oracle`` and ``mysql``.
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How Django determines the lookups and transforms which are used
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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In some cases you may which to dynamically change which ``Transform`` or
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``Lookup`` is returned based on the name passed in, rather than fixing it. As
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an example, you could have a field which stores coordinates or an arbitrary
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dimension, and wish to allow a syntax like ``.filter(coords__x7=4)`` to return
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the objects where the 7th coordinate has value 4. In order to do this, you
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would override ``get_lookup`` with something like::
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class CoordinatesField(Field):
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def get_lookup(self, lookup_name):
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if lookup_name.startswith('x'):
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try:
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dimension = int(lookup_name[1:])
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except ValueError:
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pass
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finally:
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return get_coordinate_lookup(dimension)
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return super(CoordinatesField, self).get_lookup(lookup_name)
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You would then define ``get_coordinate_lookup`` appropriately to return a
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``Lookup`` subclass which handles the relevant value of ``dimension``.
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There is a similarly named method called ``get_transform()``. ``get_lookup()``
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should always return a ``Lookup`` subclass, and ``get_transform()`` a
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``Transform`` subclass. It is important to remember that ``Transform``
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objects can be further filtered on, and ``Lookup`` objects cannot.
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When filtering, if there is only one lookup name remaining to be resolved, we
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will look for a ``Lookup``. If there are multiple names, it will look for a
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``Transform``. In the situation where there is only one name and a ``Lookup``
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is not found, we look for a ``Transform`` and then the ``exact`` lookup on that
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``Transform``. All call sequences always end with a ``Lookup``. To clarify:
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- ``.filter(myfield__mylookup)`` will call ``myfield.get_lookup('mylookup')``.
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- ``.filter(myfield__mytransform__mylookup)`` will call
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``myfield.get_transform('mytransform')``, and then
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``mytransform.get_lookup('mylookup')``.
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- ``.filter(myfield__mytransform)`` will first call
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``myfield.get_lookup('mytransform')``, which will fail, so it will fall back
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to calling ``myfield.get_transform('mytransform')`` and then
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``mytransform.get_lookup('exact')``.
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Lookups and transforms are registered using the same API - ``register_lookup``.
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.. _query-expression:
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The Query Expression API
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A lookup can assume that the lhs responds to the query expression API.
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Currently direct field references, aggregates and ``Transform`` instances respond
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to this API.
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.. method:: as_sql(qn, connection)
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Responsible for producing the query string and parameters for the
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expression. The ``qn`` is a ``SQLCompiler`` object, which has a
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``compile()`` method that can be used to compile other expressions. The
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``connection`` is the connection used to execute the query.
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Calling expression.as_sql() directly is usually incorrect - instead
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``qn.compile(expression)`` should be used. The ``qn.compile()`` method will
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take care of calling vendor-specific methods of the expression.
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.. method:: as_vendorname(qn, connection)
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Works like ``as_sql()`` method. When an expression is compiled by
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``qn.compile()``, Django will first try to call ``as_vendorname()``, where
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vendorname is the vendor name of the backend used for executing the query.
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The vendorname is one of ``postgresql``, ``oracle``, ``sqlite`` or
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``mysql`` for Django's built-in backends.
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.. method:: get_lookup(lookup_name)
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The ``get_lookup()`` method is used to fetch lookups. By default the
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lookup is fetched from the expression's output type in the same way
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described in registering and fetching lookup documentation below.
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It is possible to override this method to alter that behavior.
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.. method:: get_transform(lookup_name)
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The ``get_transform()`` method is used when a transform is needed rather
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than a lookup, or if a lookup is not found. This is a more complex
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situation which is useful when there arbitrary possible lookups for a
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field. Generally speaking, you will not need to override ``get_lookup()``
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or ``get_transform()``, and can use ``register_lookup()`` instead.
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.. attribute:: output_field
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The ``output_field`` attribute is used by the ``get_lookup()`` method to
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check for lookups. The ``output_field`` should be a field.
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Note that this documentation lists only the public methods of the API.
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Lookup reference
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: Lookup
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In addition to the attributes and methods below, lookups also support
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``as_sql`` and ``as_vendorname`` from the query expression API.
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.. attribute:: lhs
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The ``lhs`` (left-hand side) of a lookup tells us what we are comparing the
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rhs to. It is an object which implements the query expression API. This is
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likely to be a field, an aggregate or a subclass of ``Transform``.
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.. attribute:: rhs
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The ``rhs`` (right-hand side) of a lookup is the value we are comparing the
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left hand side to. It may be a plain value, or something which compiles
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into SQL, for example an ``F()`` object or a ``Queryset``.
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.. attribute:: lookup_name
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This class level attribute is used when registering lookups. It determines
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the name used in queries to trigger this lookup. For example, ``contains``
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or ``exact``. This should not contain the string ``__``.
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.. method:: process_lhs(qn, connection)
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This returns a tuple of ``(lhs_string, lhs_params)``. In some cases you may
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wish to compile ``lhs`` directly in your ``as_sql`` methods using
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``qn.compile(self.lhs)``.
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.. method:: process_rhs(qn, connection)
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Behaves the same as ``process_lhs`` but acts on the right-hand side.
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Transform reference
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: Transform
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In addition to implementing the query expression API Transforms have the
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following methods and attributes.
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.. attribute:: lhs
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The ``lhs`` (left-hand-side) of a transform contains the value to be
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transformed. The ``lhs`` implements the query expression API.
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.. attribute:: lookup_name
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This class level attribute is used when registering lookups. It determines
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the name used in queries to trigger this lookup. For example, ``year``
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or ``dayofweek``. This should not contain the string ``__``.
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.. _lookup-registration-api:
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Registering and fetching lookups
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The lookup registration API is explained below.
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.. classmethod:: register_lookup(lookup)
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Registers the Lookup or Transform for the class. For example
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``DateField.register_lookup(YearExact)`` will register ``YearExact`` for
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all ``DateFields`` in the project, but also for fields that are instances
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of a subclass of ``DateField`` (for example ``DateTimeField``). You can
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register a Lookup or a Transform using the same class method.
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.. method:: get_lookup(lookup_name)
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Django uses ``get_lookup(lookup_name)`` to fetch lookups. The
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implementation of ``get_lookup()`` looks for a subclass which is registered
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for the current class with the correct ``lookup_name``.
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.. method:: get_transform(lookup_name)
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Django uses ``get_transform(lookup_name)`` to fetch transforms. The
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implementation of ``get_transform()`` looks for a subclass which is registered
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for the current class with the correct ``transform_name``.
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The lookup registration API is available for ``Transform`` and ``Field`` classes.
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