django/tests/expressions/tests.py

from __future__ import unicode_literals

import datetime
import uuid
from copy import deepcopy

from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
from django.db import DatabaseError, connection, models, transaction
from django.db.models import TimeField, UUIDField
from django.db.models.aggregates import (
    Avg, Count, Max, Min, StdDev, Sum, Variance,
)
from django.db.models.expressions import (
    Case, Col, ExpressionWrapper, F, Func, OrderBy, Random, RawSQL, Ref, Value,
    When,
)
from django.db.models.functions import (
    Coalesce, Concat, Length, Lower, Substr, Upper,
)
from django.test import TestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature
from django.test.utils import Approximate
from django.utils import six

from .models import UUID, Company, Employee, Experiment, Number, Time


class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
    @classmethod
    def setUpTestData(cls):
        Company.objects.create(
            name="Example Inc.", num_employees=2300, num_chairs=5,
            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Joe", lastname="Smith", salary=10)
        )
        Company.objects.create(
            name="Foobar Ltd.", num_employees=3, num_chairs=4,
            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Frank", lastname="Meyer", salary=20)
        )
        Company.objects.create(
            name="Test GmbH", num_employees=32, num_chairs=1,
            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Max", lastname="Mustermann", salary=30)
        )

    def setUp(self):
        self.company_query = Company.objects.values(
            "name", "num_employees", "num_chairs"
        ).order_by(
            "name", "num_employees", "num_chairs"
        )

    def test_annotate_values_aggregate(self):
        companies = Company.objects.annotate(
            salaries=F('ceo__salary'),
        ).values('num_employees', 'salaries').aggregate(
            result=Sum(
                F('salaries') + F('num_employees'),
                output_field=models.IntegerField()
            ),
        )
        self.assertEqual(companies['result'], 2395)

    def test_annotate_values_filter(self):
        companies = Company.objects.annotate(
            foo=RawSQL('%s', ['value']),
        ).filter(foo='value').order_by('name')
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            companies, [
                '<Company: Example Inc.>',
                '<Company: Foobar Ltd.>',
                '<Company: Test GmbH>',
            ],
        )

    def test_filter_inter_attribute(self):
        # We can filter on attribute relationships on same model obj, e.g.
        # find companies where the number of employees is greater
        # than the number of chairs.
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            self.company_query.filter(num_employees__gt=F("num_chairs")), [
                {
                    "num_chairs": 5,
                    "name": "Example Inc.",
                    "num_employees": 2300,
                },
                {
                    "num_chairs": 1,
                    "name": "Test GmbH",
                    "num_employees": 32
                },
            ],
            lambda o: o
        )

    def test_update(self):
        # We can set one field to have the value of another field
        # Make sure we have enough chairs
        self.company_query.update(num_chairs=F("num_employees"))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            self.company_query, [
                {
                    "num_chairs": 2300,
                    "name": "Example Inc.",
                    "num_employees": 2300
                },
                {
                    "num_chairs": 3,
                    "name": "Foobar Ltd.",
                    "num_employees": 3
                },
                {
                    "num_chairs": 32,
                    "name": "Test GmbH",
                    "num_employees": 32
                }
            ],
            lambda o: o
        )

    def test_arithmetic(self):
        # We can perform arithmetic operations in expressions
        # Make sure we have 2 spare chairs
        self.company_query.update(num_chairs=F("num_employees") + 2)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            self.company_query, [
                {
                    'num_chairs': 2302,
                    'name': 'Example Inc.',
                    'num_employees': 2300
                },
                {
                    'num_chairs': 5,
                    'name': 'Foobar Ltd.',
                    'num_employees': 3
                },
                {
                    'num_chairs': 34,
                    'name': 'Test GmbH',
                    'num_employees': 32
                }
            ],
            lambda o: o,
        )

    def test_order_of_operations(self):
        # Law of order of operations is followed
        self. company_query.update(
            num_chairs=F('num_employees') + 2 * F('num_employees')
        )
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            self.company_query, [
                {
                    'num_chairs': 6900,
                    'name': 'Example Inc.',
                    'num_employees': 2300
                },
                {
                    'num_chairs': 9,
                    'name': 'Foobar Ltd.',
                    'num_employees': 3
                },
                {
                    'num_chairs': 96,
                    'name': 'Test GmbH',
                    'num_employees': 32
                }
            ],
            lambda o: o,
        )

    def test_parenthesis_priority(self):
        # Law of order of operations can be overridden by parentheses
        self.company_query.update(
            num_chairs=((F('num_employees') + 2) * F('num_employees'))
        )
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            self.company_query, [
                {
                    'num_chairs': 5294600,
                    'name': 'Example Inc.',
                    'num_employees': 2300
                },
                {
                    'num_chairs': 15,
                    'name': 'Foobar Ltd.',
                    'num_employees': 3
                },
                {
                    'num_chairs': 1088,
                    'name': 'Test GmbH',
                    'num_employees': 32
                }
            ],
            lambda o: o,
        )

    def test_update_with_fk(self):
        # ForeignKey can become updated with the value of another ForeignKey.
        self.assertEqual(
            Company.objects.update(point_of_contact=F('ceo')),
            3
        )
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Company.objects.all(), [
                "Joe Smith",
                "Frank Meyer",
                "Max Mustermann",
            ],
            lambda c: six.text_type(c.point_of_contact),
            ordered=False
        )

    def test_update_with_none(self):
        Number.objects.create(integer=1, float=1.0)
        Number.objects.create(integer=2)
        Number.objects.filter(float__isnull=False).update(float=Value(None))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Number.objects.all(), [
                None,
                None,
            ],
            lambda n: n.float,
            ordered=False
        )

    def test_filter_with_join(self):
        # F Expressions can also span joins
        Company.objects.update(point_of_contact=F('ceo'))
        c = Company.objects.all()[0]
        c.point_of_contact = Employee.objects.create(firstname="Guido", lastname="van Rossum")
        c.save()

        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Company.objects.filter(ceo__firstname=F("point_of_contact__firstname")), [
                "Foobar Ltd.",
                "Test GmbH",
            ],
            lambda c: c.name,
            ordered=False
        )

        Company.objects.exclude(
            ceo__firstname=F("point_of_contact__firstname")
        ).update(name="foo")
        self.assertEqual(
            Company.objects.exclude(
                ceo__firstname=F('point_of_contact__firstname')
            ).get().name,
            "foo",
        )

        with transaction.atomic():
            with self.assertRaises(FieldError):
                Company.objects.exclude(
                    ceo__firstname=F('point_of_contact__firstname')
                ).update(name=F('point_of_contact__lastname'))

    def test_object_update(self):
        # F expressions can be used to update attributes on single objects
        test_gmbh = Company.objects.get(name="Test GmbH")
        self.assertEqual(test_gmbh.num_employees, 32)
        test_gmbh.num_employees = F("num_employees") + 4
        test_gmbh.save()
        test_gmbh = Company.objects.get(pk=test_gmbh.pk)
        self.assertEqual(test_gmbh.num_employees, 36)

    def test_new_object_save(self):
        # We should be able to use Funcs when inserting new data
        test_co = Company(
            name=Lower(Value("UPPER")), num_employees=32, num_chairs=1,
            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Just", lastname="Doit", salary=30),
        )
        test_co.save()
        test_co.refresh_from_db()
        self.assertEqual(test_co.name, "upper")

    def test_new_object_create(self):
        test_co = Company.objects.create(
            name=Lower(Value("UPPER")), num_employees=32, num_chairs=1,
            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Just", lastname="Doit", salary=30),
        )
        test_co.refresh_from_db()
        self.assertEqual(test_co.name, "upper")

    def test_object_create_with_aggregate(self):
        # Aggregates are not allowed when inserting new data
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, 'Aggregate functions are not allowed in this query'):
            Company.objects.create(
                name='Company', num_employees=Max(Value(1)), num_chairs=1,
                ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Just", lastname="Doit", salary=30),
            )

    def test_object_update_fk(self):
        # F expressions cannot be used to update attributes which are foreign
        # keys, or attributes which involve joins.
        test_gmbh = Company.objects.get(name="Test GmbH")

        def test():
            test_gmbh.point_of_contact = F("ceo")
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            test()

        test_gmbh.point_of_contact = test_gmbh.ceo
        test_gmbh.save()
        test_gmbh.name = F("ceo__last_name")
        with self.assertRaises(FieldError):
            test_gmbh.save()

    def test_object_update_unsaved_objects(self):
        # F expressions cannot be used to update attributes on objects which do
        # not yet exist in the database
        test_gmbh = Company.objects.get(name="Test GmbH")
        acme = Company(
            name="The Acme Widget Co.", num_employees=12, num_chairs=5,
            ceo=test_gmbh.ceo
        )
        acme.num_employees = F("num_employees") + 16
        msg = (
            'Failed to insert expression "Col(expressions_company, '
            'expressions.Company.num_employees) + Value(16)" on '
            'expressions.Company.num_employees. F() expressions can only be '
            'used to update, not to insert.'
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
            acme.save()

        acme.num_employees = 12
        acme.name = Lower(F('name'))
        msg = (
            'Failed to insert expression "Lower(Col(expressions_company, '
            'expressions.Company.name))" on expressions.Company.name. F() '
            'expressions can only be used to update, not to insert.'
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
            acme.save()

    def test_ticket_11722_iexact_lookup(self):
        Employee.objects.create(firstname="John", lastname="Doe")
        Employee.objects.create(firstname="Test", lastname="test")

        queryset = Employee.objects.filter(firstname__iexact=F('lastname'))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(queryset, ["<Employee: Test test>"])

    @skipIfDBFeature('has_case_insensitive_like')
    def test_ticket_16731_startswith_lookup(self):
        Employee.objects.create(firstname="John", lastname="Doe")
        e2 = Employee.objects.create(firstname="Jack", lastname="Jackson")
        e3 = Employee.objects.create(firstname="Jack", lastname="jackson")
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Employee.objects.filter(lastname__startswith=F('firstname')),
            [e2], lambda x: x)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Employee.objects.filter(lastname__istartswith=F('firstname')).order_by('pk'),
            [e2, e3], lambda x: x)

    def test_ticket_18375_join_reuse(self):
        # Test that reverse multijoin F() references and the lookup target
        # the same join. Pre #18375 the F() join was generated first, and the
        # lookup couldn't reuse that join.
        qs = Employee.objects.filter(
            company_ceo_set__num_chairs=F('company_ceo_set__num_employees'))
        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)

    def test_ticket_18375_kwarg_ordering(self):
        # The next query was dict-randomization dependent - if the "gte=1"
        # was seen first, then the F() will reuse the join generated by the
        # gte lookup, if F() was seen first, then it generated a join the
        # other lookups could not reuse.
        qs = Employee.objects.filter(
            company_ceo_set__num_chairs=F('company_ceo_set__num_employees'),
            company_ceo_set__num_chairs__gte=1)
        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)

    def test_ticket_18375_kwarg_ordering_2(self):
        # Another similar case for F() than above. Now we have the same join
        # in two filter kwargs, one in the lhs lookup, one in F. Here pre
        # #18375 the amount of joins generated was random if dict
        # randomization was enabled, that is the generated query dependent
        # on which clause was seen first.
        qs = Employee.objects.filter(
            company_ceo_set__num_employees=F('pk'),
            pk=F('company_ceo_set__num_employees')
        )
        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)

    def test_ticket_18375_chained_filters(self):
        # Test that F() expressions do not reuse joins from previous filter.
        qs = Employee.objects.filter(
            company_ceo_set__num_employees=F('pk')
        ).filter(
            company_ceo_set__num_employees=F('company_ceo_set__num_employees')
        )
        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 2)


class ExpressionsTests(TestCase):

    def test_F_object_deepcopy(self):
        """
        Make sure F objects can be deepcopied (#23492)
        """
        f = F("foo")
        g = deepcopy(f)
        self.assertEqual(f.name, g.name)

    def test_f_reuse(self):
        f = F('id')
        n = Number.objects.create(integer=-1)
        c = Company.objects.create(
            name="Example Inc.", num_employees=2300, num_chairs=5,
            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Joe", lastname="Smith")
        )
        c_qs = Company.objects.filter(id=f)
        self.assertEqual(c_qs.get(), c)
        # Reuse the same F-object for another queryset
        n_qs = Number.objects.filter(id=f)
        self.assertEqual(n_qs.get(), n)
        # The original query still works correctly
        self.assertEqual(c_qs.get(), c)

    def test_patterns_escape(self):
        """
        Test that special characters (e.g. %, _ and \) stored in database are
        properly escaped when using a pattern lookup with an expression
        refs #16731
        """
        Employee.objects.bulk_create([
            Employee(firstname="%Joh\\nny", lastname="%Joh\\n"),
            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="%John"),
            Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="Claud_"),
            Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="Claude"),
            Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="Claude%"),
            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="Joh\\n"),
            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="John"),
            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="_ohn"),
        ])

        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__contains=F('lastname')),
            ["<Employee: %Joh\\nny %Joh\\n>", "<Employee: Jean-Claude Claude>", "<Employee: Johnny John>"],
            ordered=False)

        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__startswith=F('lastname')),
            ["<Employee: %Joh\\nny %Joh\\n>", "<Employee: Johnny John>"],
            ordered=False)

        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__endswith=F('lastname')),
            ["<Employee: Jean-Claude Claude>"],
            ordered=False)

    def test_insensitive_patterns_escape(self):
        """
        Test that special characters (e.g. %, _ and \) stored in database are
        properly escaped when using a case insensitive pattern lookup with an
        expression -- refs #16731
        """
        Employee.objects.bulk_create([
            Employee(firstname="%Joh\\nny", lastname="%joh\\n"),
            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="%john"),
            Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="claud_"),
            Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="claude"),
            Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="claude%"),
            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="joh\\n"),
            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="john"),
            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="_ohn"),
        ])

        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__icontains=F('lastname')),
            ["<Employee: %Joh\\nny %joh\\n>", "<Employee: Jean-Claude claude>", "<Employee: Johnny john>"],
            ordered=False)

        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__istartswith=F('lastname')),
            ["<Employee: %Joh\\nny %joh\\n>", "<Employee: Johnny john>"],
            ordered=False)

        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__iendswith=F('lastname')),
            ["<Employee: Jean-Claude claude>"],
            ordered=False)


class ExpressionsNumericTests(TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        Number(integer=-1).save()
        Number(integer=42).save()
        Number(integer=1337).save()
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.update(float=F('integer')), 3)

    def test_fill_with_value_from_same_object(self):
        """
        We can fill a value in all objects with an other value of the
        same object.
        """
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Number.objects.all(),
            [
                '<Number: -1, -1.000>',
                '<Number: 42, 42.000>',
                '<Number: 1337, 1337.000>'
            ],
            ordered=False
        )

    def test_increment_value(self):
        """
        We can increment a value of all objects in a query set.
        """
        self.assertEqual(
            Number.objects.filter(integer__gt=0)
                  .update(integer=F('integer') + 1),
            2)

        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Number.objects.all(),
            [
                '<Number: -1, -1.000>',
                '<Number: 43, 42.000>',
                '<Number: 1338, 1337.000>'
            ],
            ordered=False
        )

    def test_filter_not_equals_other_field(self):
        """
        We can filter for objects, where a value is not equals the value
        of an other field.
        """
        self.assertEqual(
            Number.objects.filter(integer__gt=0)
                  .update(integer=F('integer') + 1),
            2)
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            Number.objects.exclude(float=F('integer')),
            [
                '<Number: 43, 42.000>',
                '<Number: 1338, 1337.000>'
            ],
            ordered=False
        )

    def test_complex_expressions(self):
        """
        Complex expressions of different connection types are possible.
        """
        n = Number.objects.create(integer=10, float=123.45)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.filter(pk=n.pk).update(
            float=F('integer') + F('float') * 2), 1)

        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=n.pk).integer, 10)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=n.pk).float, Approximate(256.900, places=3))

    def test_incorrect_field_expression(self):
        with six.assertRaisesRegex(self, FieldError, "Cannot resolve keyword u?'nope' into field.*"):
            list(Employee.objects.filter(firstname=F('nope')))


class ExpressionOperatorTests(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.n = Number.objects.create(integer=42, float=15.5)

    def test_lefthand_addition(self):
        # LH Addition of floats and integers
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(
            integer=F('integer') + 15,
            float=F('float') + 42.7
        )

        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 57)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(58.200, places=3))

    def test_lefthand_subtraction(self):
        # LH Subtraction of floats and integers
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer') - 15, float=F('float') - 42.7)

        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 27)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(-27.200, places=3))

    def test_lefthand_multiplication(self):
        # Multiplication of floats and integers
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer') * 15, float=F('float') * 42.7)

        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 630)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(661.850, places=3))

    def test_lefthand_division(self):
        # LH Division of floats and integers
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer') / 2, float=F('float') / 42.7)

        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 21)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(0.363, places=3))

    def test_lefthand_modulo(self):
        # LH Modulo arithmetic on integers
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer') % 20)

        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 2)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(15.500, places=3))

    def test_lefthand_bitwise_and(self):
        # LH Bitwise ands on integers
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer').bitand(56))

        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 40)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(15.500, places=3))

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_bitwise_or')
    def test_lefthand_bitwise_or(self):
        # LH Bitwise or on integers
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer').bitor(48))

        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 58)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(15.500, places=3))

    def test_lefthand_power(self):
        # LH Powert arithmetic operation on floats and integers
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer') ** 2, float=F('float') ** 1.5)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 1764)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(61.02, places=2))

    def test_right_hand_addition(self):
        # Right hand operators
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=15 + F('integer'), float=42.7 + F('float'))

        # RH Addition of floats and integers
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 57)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(58.200, places=3))

    def test_right_hand_subtraction(self):
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=15 - F('integer'), float=42.7 - F('float'))

        # RH Subtraction of floats and integers
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, -27)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(27.200, places=3))

    def test_right_hand_multiplication(self):
        # RH Multiplication of floats and integers
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=15 * F('integer'), float=42.7 * F('float'))

        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 630)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(661.850, places=3))

    def test_right_hand_division(self):
        # RH Division of floats and integers
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=640 / F('integer'), float=42.7 / F('float'))

        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 15)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(2.755, places=3))

    def test_right_hand_modulo(self):
        # RH Modulo arithmetic on integers
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=69 % F('integer'))

        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 27)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(15.500, places=3))

    def test_righthand_power(self):
        # RH Powert arithmetic operation on floats and integers
        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=2 ** F('integer'), float=1.5 ** F('float'))
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 4398046511104)
        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(536.308, places=3))


class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):

    @classmethod
    def setUpTestData(cls):
        cls.sday = sday = datetime.date(2010, 6, 25)
        cls.stime = stime = datetime.datetime(2010, 6, 25, 12, 15, 30, 747000)
        midnight = datetime.time(0)

        delta0 = datetime.timedelta(0)
        delta1 = datetime.timedelta(microseconds=253000)
        delta2 = datetime.timedelta(seconds=44)
        delta3 = datetime.timedelta(hours=21, minutes=8)
        delta4 = datetime.timedelta(days=10)

        # Test data is set so that deltas and delays will be
        # strictly increasing.
        cls.deltas = []
        cls.delays = []
        cls.days_long = []

        # e0: started same day as assigned, zero duration
        end = stime + delta0
        e0 = Experiment.objects.create(
            name='e0', assigned=sday, start=stime, end=end,
            completed=end.date(), estimated_time=delta0,
        )
        cls.deltas.append(delta0)
        cls.delays.append(e0.start - datetime.datetime.combine(e0.assigned, midnight))
        cls.days_long.append(e0.completed - e0.assigned)

        # e1: started one day after assigned, tiny duration, data
        # set so that end time has no fractional seconds, which
        # tests an edge case on sqlite. This Experiment is only
        # included in the test data when the DB supports microsecond
        # precision.
        if connection.features.supports_microsecond_precision:
            delay = datetime.timedelta(1)
            end = stime + delay + delta1
            e1 = Experiment.objects.create(
                name='e1', assigned=sday, start=stime + delay, end=end,
                completed=end.date(), estimated_time=delta1,
            )
            cls.deltas.append(delta1)
            cls.delays.append(e1.start - datetime.datetime.combine(e1.assigned, midnight))
            cls.days_long.append(e1.completed - e1.assigned)

        # e2: started three days after assigned, small duration
        end = stime + delta2
        e2 = Experiment.objects.create(
            name='e2', assigned=sday - datetime.timedelta(3), start=stime,
            end=end, completed=end.date(), estimated_time=datetime.timedelta(hours=1),
        )
        cls.deltas.append(delta2)
        cls.delays.append(e2.start - datetime.datetime.combine(e2.assigned, midnight))
        cls.days_long.append(e2.completed - e2.assigned)

        # e3: started four days after assigned, medium duration
        delay = datetime.timedelta(4)
        end = stime + delay + delta3
        e3 = Experiment.objects.create(
            name='e3', assigned=sday, start=stime + delay, end=end,
            completed=end.date(), estimated_time=delta3,
        )
        cls.deltas.append(delta3)
        cls.delays.append(e3.start - datetime.datetime.combine(e3.assigned, midnight))
        cls.days_long.append(e3.completed - e3.assigned)

        # e4: started 10 days after assignment, long duration
        end = stime + delta4
        e4 = Experiment.objects.create(
            name='e4', assigned=sday - datetime.timedelta(10), start=stime,
            end=end, completed=end.date(), estimated_time=delta4 - datetime.timedelta(1),
        )
        cls.deltas.append(delta4)
        cls.delays.append(e4.start - datetime.datetime.combine(e4.assigned, midnight))
        cls.days_long.append(e4.completed - e4.assigned)
        cls.expnames = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.all()]

    def test_multiple_query_compilation(self):
        # Ticket #21643
        queryset = Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=F('start') + datetime.timedelta(hours=1))
        q1 = str(queryset.query)
        q2 = str(queryset.query)
        self.assertEqual(q1, q2)

    def test_query_clone(self):
        # Ticket #21643 - Crash when compiling query more than once
        qs = Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=F('start') + datetime.timedelta(hours=1))
        qs2 = qs.all()
        list(qs)
        list(qs2)
        # Intentionally no assert

    def test_delta_add(self):
        for i in range(len(self.deltas)):
            delta = self.deltas[i]
            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=F('start') + delta)]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i])

            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=delta + F('start'))]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i])

            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(end__lte=F('start') + delta)]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i + 1])

    def test_delta_subtract(self):
        for i in range(len(self.deltas)):
            delta = self.deltas[i]
            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start__gt=F('end') - delta)]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i])

            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start__gte=F('end') - delta)]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i + 1])

    def test_exclude(self):
        for i in range(len(self.deltas)):
            delta = self.deltas[i]
            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.exclude(end__lt=F('start') + delta)]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[i:])

            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.exclude(end__lte=F('start') + delta)]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[i + 1:])

    def test_date_comparison(self):
        for i in range(len(self.days_long)):
            days = self.days_long[i]
            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(completed__lt=F('assigned') + days)]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i])

            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(completed__lte=F('assigned') + days)]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i + 1])

    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_mixed_date_datetime_comparisons")
    def test_mixed_comparisons1(self):
        for i in range(len(self.delays)):
            delay = self.delays[i]
            if not connection.features.supports_microsecond_precision:
                delay = datetime.timedelta(delay.days, delay.seconds)
            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(assigned__gt=F('start') - delay)]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i])

            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(assigned__gte=F('start') - delay)]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i + 1])

    def test_mixed_comparisons2(self):
        delays = [datetime.timedelta(delay.days) for delay in self.delays]
        for i in range(len(delays)):
            delay = delays[i]
            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start__lt=F('assigned') + delay)]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i])

            test_set = [
                e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start__lte=F('assigned') + delay + datetime.timedelta(1))
            ]
            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i + 1])

    def test_delta_update(self):
        for i in range(len(self.deltas)):
            delta = self.deltas[i]
            exps = Experiment.objects.all()
            expected_durations = [e.duration() for e in exps]
            expected_starts = [e.start + delta for e in exps]
            expected_ends = [e.end + delta for e in exps]

            Experiment.objects.update(start=F('start') + delta, end=F('end') + delta)
            exps = Experiment.objects.all()
            new_starts = [e.start for e in exps]
            new_ends = [e.end for e in exps]
            new_durations = [e.duration() for e in exps]
            self.assertEqual(expected_starts, new_starts)
            self.assertEqual(expected_ends, new_ends)
            self.assertEqual(expected_durations, new_durations)

    def test_invalid_operator(self):
        with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
            list(Experiment.objects.filter(start=F('start') * datetime.timedelta(0)))

    def test_durationfield_add(self):
        zeros = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start=F('start') + F('estimated_time'))]
        self.assertEqual(zeros, ['e0'])

        end_less = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=F('start') + F('estimated_time'))]
        self.assertEqual(end_less, ['e2'])

        delta_math = [
            e.name for e in
            Experiment.objects.filter(end__gte=F('start') + F('estimated_time') + datetime.timedelta(hours=1))
        ]
        self.assertEqual(delta_math, ['e4'])

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_temporal_subtraction')
    def test_date_subtraction(self):
        queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(
            completion_duration=ExpressionWrapper(
                F('completed') - F('assigned'), output_field=models.DurationField()
            )
        )

        at_least_5_days = {e.name for e in queryset.filter(completion_duration__gte=datetime.timedelta(days=5))}
        self.assertEqual(at_least_5_days, {'e3', 'e4'})

        less_than_5_days = {e.name for e in queryset.filter(completion_duration__lt=datetime.timedelta(days=5))}
        expected = {'e0', 'e2'}
        if connection.features.supports_microsecond_precision:
            expected.add('e1')
        self.assertEqual(less_than_5_days, expected)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_temporal_subtraction')
    def test_time_subtraction(self):
        if connection.features.supports_microsecond_precision:
            time = datetime.time(12, 30, 15, 2345)
            timedelta = datetime.timedelta(hours=1, minutes=15, seconds=15, microseconds=2345)
        else:
            time = datetime.time(12, 30, 15)
            timedelta = datetime.timedelta(hours=1, minutes=15, seconds=15)
        Time.objects.create(time=time)
        queryset = Time.objects.annotate(
            difference=ExpressionWrapper(
                F('time') - Value(datetime.time(11, 15, 0), output_field=models.TimeField()),
                output_field=models.DurationField(),
            )
        )
        self.assertEqual(queryset.get().difference, timedelta)

    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_temporal_subtraction')
    def test_datetime_subtraction(self):
        under_estimate = [
            e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(estimated_time__gt=F('end') - F('start'))
        ]
        self.assertEqual(under_estimate, ['e2'])

        over_estimate = [
            e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(estimated_time__lt=F('end') - F('start'))
        ]
        self.assertEqual(over_estimate, ['e4'])

    def test_duration_with_datetime(self):
        # Exclude e1 which has very high precision so we can test this on all
        # backends regardless of whether or not it supports
        # microsecond_precision.
        over_estimate = Experiment.objects.exclude(name='e1').filter(
            completed__gt=self.stime + F('estimated_time'),
        ).order_by('name')
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(over_estimate, ['e3', 'e4'], lambda e: e.name)


class ValueTests(TestCase):
    def test_update_TimeField_using_Value(self):
        Time.objects.create()
        Time.objects.update(time=Value(datetime.time(1), output_field=TimeField()))
        self.assertEqual(Time.objects.get().time, datetime.time(1))

    def test_update_UUIDField_using_Value(self):
        UUID.objects.create()
        UUID.objects.update(uuid=Value(uuid.UUID('12345678901234567890123456789012'), output_field=UUIDField()))
        self.assertEqual(UUID.objects.get().uuid, uuid.UUID('12345678901234567890123456789012'))


class ReprTests(TestCase):

    def test_expressions(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(Case(When(a=1))),
            "<Case: CASE WHEN <Q: (AND: ('a', 1))> THEN Value(None), ELSE Value(None)>"
        )
        self.assertEqual(repr(Col('alias', 'field')), "Col(alias, field)")
        self.assertEqual(repr(F('published')), "F(published)")
        self.assertEqual(repr(F('cost') + F('tax')), "<CombinedExpression: F(cost) + F(tax)>")
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(ExpressionWrapper(F('cost') + F('tax'), models.IntegerField())),
            "ExpressionWrapper(F(cost) + F(tax))"
        )
        self.assertEqual(repr(Func('published', function='TO_CHAR')), "Func(F(published), function=TO_CHAR)")
        self.assertEqual(repr(OrderBy(Value(1))), 'OrderBy(Value(1), descending=False)')
        self.assertEqual(repr(Random()), "Random()")
        self.assertEqual(repr(RawSQL('table.col', [])), "RawSQL(table.col, [])")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Ref('sum_cost', Sum('cost'))), "Ref(sum_cost, Sum(F(cost)))")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Value(1)), "Value(1)")

    def test_functions(self):
        self.assertEqual(repr(Coalesce('a', 'b')), "Coalesce(F(a), F(b))")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Concat('a', 'b')), "Concat(ConcatPair(F(a), F(b)))")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Length('a')), "Length(F(a))")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Lower('a')), "Lower(F(a))")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Substr('a', 1, 3)), "Substr(F(a), Value(1), Value(3))")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Upper('a')), "Upper(F(a))")

    def test_aggregates(self):
        self.assertEqual(repr(Avg('a')), "Avg(F(a))")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Count('a')), "Count(F(a), distinct=False)")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Count('*')), "Count('*', distinct=False)")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Max('a')), "Max(F(a))")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Min('a')), "Min(F(a))")
        self.assertEqual(repr(StdDev('a')), "StdDev(F(a), sample=False)")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Sum('a')), "Sum(F(a))")
        self.assertEqual(repr(Variance('a', sample=True)), "Variance(F(a), sample=True)")