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736 lines
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736 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
=======
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Widgets
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=======
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.. module:: django.forms.widgets
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:synopsis: Django's built-in form widgets.
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.. currentmodule:: django.forms
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A widget is Django's representation of a HTML input element. The widget
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handles the rendering of the HTML, and the extraction of data from a GET/POST
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dictionary that corresponds to the widget.
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.. tip::
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Widgets should not be confused with the :doc:`form fields </ref/forms/fields>`.
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Form fields deal with the logic of input validation and are used directly
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in templates. Widgets deal with rendering of HTML form input elements on
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the web page and extraction of raw submitted data. However, widgets do
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need to be :ref:`assigned <widget-to-field>` to form fields.
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.. _widget-to-field:
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Specifying widgets
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------------------
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Whenever you specify a field on a form, Django will use a default widget
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that is appropriate to the type of data that is to be displayed. To find
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which widget is used on which field, see the documentation about
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:ref:`built-in fields`.
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However, if you want to use a different widget for a field, you can
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just use the :attr:`~Field.widget` argument on the field definition. For
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example::
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from django import forms
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class CommentForm(forms.Form):
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name = forms.CharField()
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url = forms.URLField()
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comment = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
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This would specify a form with a comment that uses a larger :class:`Textarea`
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widget, rather than the default :class:`TextInput` widget.
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Setting arguments for widgets
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-----------------------------
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Many widgets have optional extra arguments; they can be set when defining the
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widget on the field. In the following example, the
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:attr:`~django.forms.extras.widgets.SelectDateWidget.years` attribute is set
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for a :class:`~django.forms.extras.widgets.SelectDateWidget`::
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from django.forms.fields import DateField, ChoiceField, MultipleChoiceField
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from django.forms.widgets import RadioSelect, CheckboxSelectMultiple
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from django.forms.extras.widgets import SelectDateWidget
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BIRTH_YEAR_CHOICES = ('1980', '1981', '1982')
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FAVORITE_COLORS_CHOICES = (('blue', 'Blue'),
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('green', 'Green'),
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('black', 'Black'))
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class SimpleForm(forms.Form):
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birth_year = DateField(widget=SelectDateWidget(years=BIRTH_YEAR_CHOICES))
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favorite_colors = forms.MultipleChoiceField(required=False,
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widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple, choices=FAVORITE_COLORS_CHOICES)
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See the :ref:`built-in widgets` for more information about which widgets
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are available and which arguments they accept.
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Widgets inheriting from the Select widget
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-----------------------------------------
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Widgets inheriting from the :class:`Select` widget deal with choices. They
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present the user with a list of options to choose from. The different widgets
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present this choice differently; the :class:`Select` widget itself uses a
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``<select>`` HTML list representation, while :class:`RadioSelect` uses radio
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buttons.
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:class:`Select` widgets are used by default on :class:`ChoiceField` fields. The
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choices displayed on the widget are inherited from the :class:`ChoiceField` and
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changing :attr:`ChoiceField.choices` will update :attr:`Select.choices`. For
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example::
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>>> from django import forms
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>>> CHOICES = (('1', 'First',), ('2', 'Second',))
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>>> choice_field = forms.ChoiceField(widget=forms.RadioSelect, choices=CHOICES)
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>>> choice_field.choices
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[('1', 'First'), ('2', 'Second')]
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>>> choice_field.widget.choices
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[('1', 'First'), ('2', 'Second')]
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>>> choice_field.widget.choices = ()
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>>> choice_field.choices = (('1', 'First and only',),)
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>>> choice_field.widget.choices
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[('1', 'First and only')]
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Widgets which offer a :attr:`~Select.choices` attribute can however be used
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with fields which are not based on choice -- such as a :class:`CharField` --
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but it is recommended to use a :class:`ChoiceField`-based field when the
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choices are inherent to the model and not just the representational widget.
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Customizing widget instances
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----------------------------
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When Django renders a widget as HTML, it only renders very minimal markup -
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Django doesn't add class names, or any other widget-specific attributes. This
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means, for example, that all :class:`TextInput` widgets will appear the same
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on your Web pages.
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There are two ways to customize widgets: :ref:`per widget instance
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<styling-widget-instances>` and :ref:`per widget class <styling-widget-classes>`.
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.. _styling-widget-instances:
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Styling widget instances
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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If you want to make one widget instance look different from another, you will
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need to specify additional attributes at the time when the widget object is
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instantiated and assigned to a form field (and perhaps add some rules to your
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CSS files).
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For example, take the following simple form::
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from django import forms
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class CommentForm(forms.Form):
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name = forms.CharField()
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url = forms.URLField()
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comment = forms.CharField()
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This form will include three default :class:`TextInput` widgets, with default
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rendering -- no CSS class, no extra attributes. This means that the input boxes
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provided for each widget will be rendered exactly the same::
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>>> f = CommentForm(auto_id=False)
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>>> f.as_table()
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<tr><th>Name:</th><td><input type="text" name="name" /></td></tr>
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<tr><th>Url:</th><td><input type="url" name="url"/></td></tr>
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<tr><th>Comment:</th><td><input type="text" name="comment" /></td></tr>
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On a real Web page, you probably don't want every widget to look the same. You
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might want a larger input element for the comment, and you might want the
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'name' widget to have some special CSS class. It is also possible to specify
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the 'type' attribute to take advantage of the new HTML5 input types. To do
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this, you use the :attr:`Widget.attrs` argument when creating the widget::
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class CommentForm(forms.Form):
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name = forms.CharField(
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widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class':'special'}))
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url = forms.URLField()
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comment = forms.CharField(
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widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'size':'40'}))
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Django will then include the extra attributes in the rendered output:
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>>> f = CommentForm(auto_id=False)
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>>> f.as_table()
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<tr><th>Name:</th><td><input type="text" name="name" class="special"/></td></tr>
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<tr><th>Url:</th><td><input type="url" name="url"/></td></tr>
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<tr><th>Comment:</th><td><input type="text" name="comment" size="40"/></td></tr>
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.. _styling-widget-classes:
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Styling widget classes
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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With widgets, it is possible to add media (``css`` and ``javascript``)
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and more deeply customize their appearance and behavior.
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In a nutshell, you will need to subclass the widget and either
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:ref:`define a class "Media" <media-as-a-static-definition>` as a member of the
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subclass, or :ref:`create a property "media" <dynamic-property>`, returning an
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instance of that class.
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These methods involve somewhat advanced Python programming and are described in
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detail in the :doc:`Form Media </topics/forms/media>` topic guide.
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.. _base-widget-classes:
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Base Widget classes
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-------------------
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Base widget classes :class:`Widget` and :class:`MultiWidget` are subclassed by
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all the :ref:`built-in widgets <built-in widgets>` and may serve as a
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foundation for custom widgets.
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.. class:: Widget(attrs=None)
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This abstract class cannot be rendered, but provides the basic attribute
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:attr:`~Widget.attrs`. You may also implement or override the
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:meth:`~Widget.render()` method on custom widgets.
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.. attribute:: Widget.attrs
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A dictionary containing HTML attributes to be set on the rendered
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widget.
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.. code-block:: python
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>>> name = forms.TextInput(attrs={'size': 10, 'title': 'Your name',})
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>>> name.render('name', 'A name')
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u'<input title="Your name" type="text" name="name" value="A name" size="10" />'
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.. method:: render(name, value, attrs=None)
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Returns HTML for the widget, as a Unicode string. This method must be
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implemented by the subclass, otherwise ``NotImplementedError`` will be
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raised.
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The 'value' given is not guaranteed to be valid input, therefore
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subclass implementations should program defensively.
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.. method:: value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name)
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Given a dictionary of data and this widget's name, returns the value
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of this widget. Returns ``None`` if a value wasn't provided.
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.. class:: MultiWidget(widgets, attrs=None)
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A widget that is composed of multiple widgets.
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:class:`~django.forms.MultiWidget` works hand in hand with the
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:class:`~django.forms.MultiValueField`.
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:class:`MultiWidget` has one required argument:
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.. attribute:: MultiWidget.widgets
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An iterable containing the widgets needed.
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And one required method:
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.. method:: decompress(value)
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This method takes a single "compressed" value from the field and
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returns a list of "decompressed" values. The input value can be
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assumed valid, but not necessarily non-empty.
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This method **must be implemented** by the subclass, and since the
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value may be empty, the implementation must be defensive.
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The rationale behind "decompression" is that it is necessary to "split"
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the combined value of the form field into the values for each widget.
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An example of this is how :class:`SplitDateTimeWidget` turns a
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:class:`~datetime.datetime` value into a list with date and time split
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into two separate values::
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class SplitDateTimeWidget(MultiWidget):
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# ...
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def decompress(self, value):
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if value:
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return [value.date(), value.time().replace(microsecond=0)]
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return [None, None]
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.. tip::
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Note that :class:`~django.forms.MultiValueField` has a
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complementary method :meth:`~django.forms.MultiValueField.compress`
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with the opposite responsibility - to combine cleaned values of
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all member fields into one.
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Other methods that may be useful to override include:
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.. method:: render(name, value, attrs=None)
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Argument ``value`` is handled differently in this method from the
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subclasses of :class:`~Widget` because it has to figure out how to
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split a single value for display in multiple widgets.
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The ``value`` argument used when rendering can be one of two things:
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* A ``list``.
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* A single value (e.g., a string) that is the "compressed" representation
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of a ``list`` of values.
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If ``value`` is a list, the output of :meth:`~MultiWidget.render` will
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be a concatenation of rendered child widgets. If ``value`` is not a
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list, it will first be processed by the method
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:meth:`~MultiWidget.decompress()` to create the list and then rendered.
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When ``render()`` executes its HTML rendering, each value in the list
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is rendered with the corresponding widget -- the first value is
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rendered in the first widget, the second value is rendered in the
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second widget, etc.
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Unlike in the single value widgets, method :meth:`~MultiWidget.render`
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need not be implemented in the subclasses.
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.. method:: format_output(rendered_widgets)
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Given a list of rendered widgets (as strings), returns a Unicode string
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representing the HTML for the whole lot.
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This hook allows you to format the HTML design of the widgets any way
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you'd like.
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Here's an example widget which subclasses :class:`MultiWidget` to display
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a date with the day, month, and year in different select boxes. This widget
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is intended to be used with a :class:`~django.forms.DateField` rather than
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a :class:`~django.forms.MultiValueField`, thus we have implemented
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:meth:`~Widget.value_from_datadict`::
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from datetime import date
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from django.forms import widgets
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class DateSelectorWidget(widgets.MultiWidget):
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def __init__(self, attrs=None):
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# create choices for days, months, years
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# example below, the rest snipped for brevity.
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years = [(year, year) for year in (2011, 2012, 2013)]
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_widgets = (
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widgets.Select(attrs=attrs, choices=days),
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widgets.Select(attrs=attrs, choices=months),
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widgets.Select(attrs=attrs, choices=years),
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)
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super(DateSelectorWidget, self).__init__(_widgets, attrs)
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def decompress(self, value):
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if value:
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return [value.day, value.month, value.year]
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return [None, None, None]
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def format_output(self, rendered_widgets):
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return u''.join(rendered_widgets)
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def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name):
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datelist = [
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widget.value_from_datadict(data, files, name + '_%s' % i)
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for i, widget in enumerate(self.widgets)]
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try:
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D = date(day=int(datelist[0]), month=int(datelist[1]),
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year=int(datelist[2]))
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except ValueError:
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return ''
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else:
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return str(D)
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The constructor creates several :class:`Select` widgets in a tuple. The
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``super`` class uses this tuple to setup the widget.
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The :meth:`~MultiWidget.format_output` method is fairly vanilla here (in
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fact, it's the same as what's been implemented as the default for
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``MultiWidget``), but the idea is that you could add custom HTML between
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the widgets should you wish.
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The required method :meth:`~MultiWidget.decompress` breaks up a
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``datetime.date`` value into the day, month, and year values corresponding
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to each widget. Note how the method handles the case where ``value`` is
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``None``.
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The default implementation of :meth:`~Widget.value_from_datadict` returns
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a list of values corresponding to each ``Widget``. This is appropriate
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when using a ``MultiWidget`` with a :class:`~django.forms.MultiValueField`,
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but since we want to use this widget with a :class:`~django.forms.DateField`
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which takes a single value, we have overridden this method to combine the
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data of all the subwidgets into a ``datetime.date``. The method extracts
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data from the ``POST`` dictionary and constructs and validates the date.
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If it is valid, we return the string, otherwise, we return an empty string
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which will cause ``form.is_valid`` to return ``False``.
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.. _built-in widgets:
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Built-in widgets
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----------------
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Django provides a representation of all the basic HTML widgets, plus some
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commonly used groups of widgets in the ``django.forms.widgets`` module,
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including :ref:`the input of text <text-widgets>`, :ref:`various checkboxes
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and selectors <selector-widgets>`, :ref:`uploading files <file-upload-widgets>`,
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and :ref:`handling of multi-valued input <composite-widgets>`.
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.. _text-widgets:
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Widgets handling input of text
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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These widgets make use of the HTML elements ``input`` and ``textarea``.
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``TextInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: TextInput
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Text input: ``<input type="text" ...>``
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``NumberInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: NumberInput
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.. versionadded:: 1.6
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Text input: ``<input type="number" ...>``
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Beware that not all browsers support entering localized numbers in
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``number`` input types. Django itself avoids using them for fields having
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their :attr:`~django.forms.Field.localize` property to ``True``.
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``EmailInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: EmailInput
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.. versionadded:: 1.6
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Text input: ``<input type="email" ...>``
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``URLInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: URLInput
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.. versionadded:: 1.6
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Text input: ``<input type="url" ...>``
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``PasswordInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: PasswordInput
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Password input: ``<input type='password' ...>``
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Takes one optional argument:
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.. attribute:: PasswordInput.render_value
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Determines whether the widget will have a value filled in when the
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form is re-displayed after a validation error (default is ``False``).
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``HiddenInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: HiddenInput
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Hidden input: ``<input type='hidden' ...>``
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Note that there also is a :class:`MultipleHiddenInput` widget that
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encapsulates a set of hidden input elements.
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``DateInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: DateInput
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Date input as a simple text box: ``<input type='text' ...>``
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Takes same arguments as :class:`TextInput`, with one more optional argument:
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.. attribute:: DateInput.format
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The format in which this field's initial value will be displayed.
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If no ``format`` argument is provided, the default format is the first
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format found in :setting:`DATE_INPUT_FORMATS` and respects
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:ref:`format-localization`.
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``DateTimeInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: DateTimeInput
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Date/time input as a simple text box: ``<input type='text' ...>``
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Takes same arguments as :class:`TextInput`, with one more optional argument:
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.. attribute:: DateTimeInput.format
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The format in which this field's initial value will be displayed.
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If no ``format`` argument is provided, the default format is the first
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format found in :setting:`DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS` and respects
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:ref:`format-localization`.
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``TimeInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: TimeInput
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Time input as a simple text box: ``<input type='text' ...>``
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Takes same arguments as :class:`TextInput`, with one more optional argument:
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.. attribute:: TimeInput.format
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The format in which this field's initial value will be displayed.
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If no ``format`` argument is provided, the default format is the first
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format found in :setting:`TIME_INPUT_FORMATS` and respects
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:ref:`format-localization`.
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``Textarea``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: Textarea
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Text area: ``<textarea>...</textarea>``
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.. _selector-widgets:
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Selector and checkbox widgets
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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``CheckboxInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: CheckboxInput
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Checkbox: ``<input type='checkbox' ...>``
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Takes one optional argument:
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.. attribute:: CheckboxInput.check_test
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A callable that takes the value of the CheckBoxInput and returns
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``True`` if the checkbox should be checked for that value.
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.. versionchanged:: 1.5
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Exceptions from ``check_test`` used to be silenced by its caller,
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this is no longer the case, they will propagate upwards.
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``Select``
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~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: Select
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Select widget: ``<select><option ...>...</select>``
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.. attribute:: Select.choices
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This attribute is optional when the form field does not have a
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``choices`` attribute. If it does, it will override anything you set
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here when the attribute is updated on the :class:`Field`.
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``NullBooleanSelect``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: NullBooleanSelect
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Select widget with options 'Unknown', 'Yes' and 'No'
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``SelectMultiple``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: SelectMultiple
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Similar to :class:`Select`, but allows multiple selection:
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``<select multiple='multiple'>...</select>``
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``RadioSelect``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: RadioSelect
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Similar to :class:`Select`, but rendered as a list of radio buttons within
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``<li>`` tags:
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.. code-block:: html
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<ul>
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<li><input type='radio' ...></li>
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...
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</ul>
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For more granular control over the generated markup, you can loop over the
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radio buttons in the template. Assuming a form ``myform`` with a field
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``beatles`` that uses a ``RadioSelect`` as its widget:
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.. code-block:: html+django
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{% for radio in myform.beatles %}
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<div class="myradio">
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{{ radio }}
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</div>
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{% endfor %}
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This would generate the following HTML:
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.. code-block:: html
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<div class="myradio">
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<label><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="john" /> John</label>
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</div>
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<div class="myradio">
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<label><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="paul" /> Paul</label>
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</div>
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<div class="myradio">
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<label><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="george" /> George</label>
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</div>
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<div class="myradio">
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<label><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="ringo" /> Ringo</label>
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</div>
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That included the ``<label>`` tags. To get more granular, you can use each
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radio button's ``tag`` and ``choice_label`` attributes. For example, this template...
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.. code-block:: html+django
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{% for radio in myform.beatles %}
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<label>
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{{ radio.choice_label }}
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<span class="radio">{{ radio.tag }}</span>
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</label>
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{% endfor %}
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...will result in the following HTML:
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.. code-block:: html
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<label>
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John
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<span class="radio"><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="john" /></span>
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</label>
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<label>
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Paul
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<span class="radio"><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="paul" /></span>
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</label>
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<label>
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George
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<span class="radio"><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="george" /></span>
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</label>
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<label>
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Ringo
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<span class="radio"><input type="radio" name="beatles" value="ringo" /></span>
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</label>
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If you decide not to loop over the radio buttons -- e.g., if your template simply includes
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``{{ myform.beatles }}`` -- they'll be output in a ``<ul>`` with ``<li>`` tags, as above.
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``CheckboxSelectMultiple``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: CheckboxSelectMultiple
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Similar to :class:`SelectMultiple`, but rendered as a list of check
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buttons:
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.. code-block:: html
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<ul>
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<li><input type='checkbox' ...></li>
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...
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</ul>
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.. _file-upload-widgets:
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File upload widgets
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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``FileInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: FileInput
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File upload input: ``<input type='file' ...>``
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``ClearableFileInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: ClearableFileInput
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File upload input: ``<input type='file' ...>``, with an additional checkbox
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input to clear the field's value, if the field is not required and has
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initial data.
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.. _composite-widgets:
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Composite widgets
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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``MultipleHiddenInput``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: MultipleHiddenInput
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Multiple ``<input type='hidden' ...>`` widgets.
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A widget that handles multiple hidden widgets for fields that have a list
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of values.
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.. attribute:: MultipleHiddenInput.choices
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This attribute is optional when the form field does not have a
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``choices`` attribute. If it does, it will override anything you set
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here when the attribute is updated on the :class:`Field`.
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``SplitDateTimeWidget``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: SplitDateTimeWidget
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Wrapper (using :class:`MultiWidget`) around two widgets: :class:`DateInput`
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for the date, and :class:`TimeInput` for the time.
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``SplitDateTimeWidget`` has two optional attributes:
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.. attribute:: SplitDateTimeWidget.date_format
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Similar to :attr:`DateInput.format`
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.. attribute:: SplitDateTimeWidget.time_format
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Similar to :attr:`TimeInput.format`
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``SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget
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Similar to :class:`SplitDateTimeWidget`, but uses :class:`HiddenInput` for
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both date and time.
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.. currentmodule:: django.forms.extras.widgets
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``SelectDateWidget``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. class:: SelectDateWidget
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Wrapper around three :class:`~django.forms.Select` widgets: one each for
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month, day, and year. Note that this widget lives in a separate file from
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the standard widgets.
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Takes one optional argument:
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.. attribute:: SelectDateWidget.years
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An optional list/tuple of years to use in the "year" select box.
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The default is a list containing the current year and the next 9 years.
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