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django/docs/ref/django-admin.txt
Shai Berger 42cd8c390d Fixed #33986 -- Hardened binary lookup in template commands. 
Made template commands look up formatters before writing files.
This makes sure files included in the template are not identified
as executable formatter commands, even in case the template is
rendered into the system path (as might easily happen on Windows,
where the current directory is on the system path by default).

While at it, Warned about trusting custom templates for
startapp/startproject.

Thanks Trung Pham of Viettel Cyber Security for reporting the issue,
Django Security Team for discussions, and Adam Johnson and
Carlton Gibson for reviews.
2022-09-07 11:08:43 +02:00

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==================================
``django-admin`` and ``manage.py``
==================================
``django-admin`` is Django's command-line utility for administrative tasks.
This document outlines all it can do.
In addition, ``manage.py`` is automatically created in each Django project. It
does the same thing as ``django-admin`` but also sets the
:envvar:`DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE` environment variable so that it points to your
project's ``settings.py`` file.
The ``django-admin`` script should be on your system path if you installed
Django via ``pip``. If it's not in your path, ensure you have your virtual
environment activated.
Generally, when working on a single Django project, it's easier to use
``manage.py`` than ``django-admin``. If you need to switch between multiple
Django settings files, use ``django-admin`` with
:envvar:`DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE` or the :option:`--settings` command line
option.
The command-line examples throughout this document use ``django-admin`` to
be consistent, but any example can use ``manage.py`` or ``python -m django``
just as well.
Usage
=====
.. console::
$ django-admin <command> [options]
$ manage.py <command> [options]
$ python -m django <command> [options]
``command`` should be one of the commands listed in this document.
``options``, which is optional, should be zero or more of the options available
for the given command.
Getting runtime help
--------------------
.. django-admin:: help
Run ``django-admin help`` to display usage information and a list of the
commands provided by each application.
Run ``django-admin help --commands`` to display a list of all available
commands.
Run ``django-admin help <command>`` to display a description of the given
command and a list of its available options.
App names
---------
Many commands take a list of "app names." An "app name" is the basename of
the package containing your models. For example, if your :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`
contains the string ``'mysite.blog'``, the app name is ``blog``.
Determining the version
-----------------------
.. django-admin:: version
Run ``django-admin version`` to display the current Django version.
The output follows the schema described in :pep:`440`::
1.4.dev17026
1.4a1
1.4
Displaying debug output
-----------------------
.. program:: None
Use :option:`--verbosity`, where it is supported, to specify the amount of
notification and debug information that ``django-admin`` prints to the console.
Available commands
==================
``check``
---------
.. django-admin:: check [app_label [app_label ...]]
Uses the :doc:`system check framework </ref/checks>` to inspect the entire
Django project for common problems.
By default, all apps will be checked. You can check a subset of apps by
providing a list of app labels as arguments::
django-admin check auth admin myapp
.. django-admin-option:: --tag TAGS, -t TAGS
The system check framework performs many different types of checks that are
:ref:`categorized with tags <system-check-builtin-tags>`. You can use these
tags to restrict the checks performed to just those in a particular category.
For example, to perform only models and compatibility checks, run::
django-admin check --tag models --tag compatibility
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database to run checks requiring database access::
django-admin check --database default --database other
By default, these checks will not be run.
.. django-admin-option:: --list-tags
Lists all available tags.
.. django-admin-option:: --deploy
Activates some additional checks that are only relevant in a deployment setting.
You can use this option in your local development environment, but since your
local development settings module may not have many of your production settings,
you will probably want to point the ``check`` command at a different settings
module, either by setting the :envvar:`DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE` environment
variable, or by passing the ``--settings`` option::
django-admin check --deploy --settings=production_settings
Or you could run it directly on a production or staging deployment to verify
that the correct settings are in use (omitting ``--settings``). You could even
make it part of your integration test suite.
.. django-admin-option:: --fail-level {CRITICAL,ERROR,WARNING,INFO,DEBUG}
Specifies the message level that will cause the command to exit with a non-zero
status. Default is ``ERROR``.
``compilemessages``
-------------------
.. django-admin:: compilemessages
Compiles ``.po`` files created by :djadmin:`makemessages` to ``.mo`` files for
use with the built-in gettext support. See :doc:`/topics/i18n/index`.
.. django-admin-option:: --locale LOCALE, -l LOCALE
Specifies the locale(s) to process. If not provided, all locales are processed.
.. django-admin-option:: --exclude EXCLUDE, -x EXCLUDE
Specifies the locale(s) to exclude from processing. If not provided, no locales
are excluded.
.. django-admin-option:: --use-fuzzy, -f
Includes `fuzzy translations`_ into compiled files.
Example usage::
django-admin compilemessages --locale=pt_BR
django-admin compilemessages --locale=pt_BR --locale=fr -f
django-admin compilemessages -l pt_BR
django-admin compilemessages -l pt_BR -l fr --use-fuzzy
django-admin compilemessages --exclude=pt_BR
django-admin compilemessages --exclude=pt_BR --exclude=fr
django-admin compilemessages -x pt_BR
django-admin compilemessages -x pt_BR -x fr
.. _fuzzy translations: https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/html_node/Fuzzy-Entries.html
.. django-admin-option:: --ignore PATTERN, -i PATTERN
Ignores directories matching the given :mod:`glob`-style pattern. Use
multiple times to ignore more.
Example usage::
django-admin compilemessages --ignore=cache --ignore=outdated/*/locale
``createcachetable``
--------------------
.. django-admin:: createcachetable
Creates the cache tables for use with the database cache backend using the
information from your settings file. See :doc:`/topics/cache` for more
information.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database in which the cache table(s) will be created. Defaults to
``default``.
.. django-admin-option:: --dry-run
Prints the SQL that would be run without actually running it, so you can
customize it or use the migrations framework.
``dbshell``
-----------
.. django-admin:: dbshell
Runs the command-line client for the database engine specified in your
:setting:`ENGINE <DATABASE-ENGINE>` setting, with the connection parameters
specified in your :setting:`USER`, :setting:`PASSWORD`, etc., settings.
* For PostgreSQL, this runs the ``psql`` command-line client.
* For MySQL, this runs the ``mysql`` command-line client.
* For SQLite, this runs the ``sqlite3`` command-line client.
* For Oracle, this runs the ``sqlplus`` command-line client.
This command assumes the programs are on your ``PATH`` so that a call to
the program name (``psql``, ``mysql``, ``sqlite3``, ``sqlplus``) will find the
program in the right place. There's no way to specify the location of the
program manually.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database onto which to open a shell. Defaults to ``default``.
.. django-admin-option:: -- ARGUMENTS
Any arguments following a ``--`` divider will be passed on to the underlying
command-line client. For example, with PostgreSQL you can use the ``psql``
command's ``-c`` flag to execute a raw SQL query directly:
.. console::
$ django-admin dbshell -- -c 'select current_user'
current_user
--------------
postgres
(1 row)
On MySQL/MariaDB, you can do this with the ``mysql`` command's ``-e`` flag:
.. console::
$ django-admin dbshell -- -e "select user()"
+----------------------+
| user() |
+----------------------+
| djangonaut@localhost |
+----------------------+
.. note::
Be aware that not all options set in the :setting:`OPTIONS` part of your
database configuration in :setting:`DATABASES` are passed to the
command-line client, e.g. ``'isolation_level'``.
``diffsettings``
----------------
.. django-admin:: diffsettings
Displays differences between the current settings file and Django's default
settings (or another settings file specified by :option:`--default`).
Settings that don't appear in the defaults are followed by ``"###"``. For
example, the default settings don't define :setting:`ROOT_URLCONF`, so
:setting:`ROOT_URLCONF` is followed by ``"###"`` in the output of
``diffsettings``.
.. django-admin-option:: --all
Displays all settings, even if they have Django's default value. Such settings
are prefixed by ``"###"``.
.. django-admin-option:: --default MODULE
The settings module to compare the current settings against. Leave empty to
compare against Django's default settings.
.. django-admin-option:: --output {hash,unified}
Specifies the output format. Available values are ``hash`` and ``unified``.
``hash`` is the default mode that displays the output that's described above.
``unified`` displays the output similar to ``diff -u``. Default settings are
prefixed with a minus sign, followed by the changed setting prefixed with a
plus sign.
``dumpdata``
------------
.. django-admin:: dumpdata [app_label[.ModelName] [app_label[.ModelName] ...]]
Outputs to standard output all data in the database associated with the named
application(s).
If no application name is provided, all installed applications will be dumped.
The output of ``dumpdata`` can be used as input for :djadmin:`loaddata`.
Note that ``dumpdata`` uses the default manager on the model for selecting the
records to dump. If you're using a :ref:`custom manager <custom-managers>` as
the default manager and it filters some of the available records, not all of the
objects will be dumped.
.. django-admin-option:: --all, -a
Uses Django's base manager, dumping records which might otherwise be filtered
or modified by a custom manager.
.. django-admin-option:: --format FORMAT
Specifies the serialization format of the output. Defaults to JSON. Supported
formats are listed in :ref:`serialization-formats`.
.. django-admin-option:: --indent INDENT
Specifies the number of indentation spaces to use in the output. Defaults to
``None`` which displays all data on single line.
.. django-admin-option:: --exclude EXCLUDE, -e EXCLUDE
Prevents specific applications or models (specified in the form of
``app_label.ModelName``) from being dumped. If you specify a model name, then
only that model will be excluded, rather than the entire application. You can
also mix application names and model names.
If you want to exclude multiple applications, pass ``--exclude`` more than
once::
django-admin dumpdata --exclude=auth --exclude=contenttypes
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database from which data will be dumped. Defaults to ``default``.
.. django-admin-option:: --natural-foreign
Uses the ``natural_key()`` model method to serialize any foreign key and
many-to-many relationship to objects of the type that defines the method. If
you're dumping ``contrib.auth`` ``Permission`` objects or
``contrib.contenttypes`` ``ContentType`` objects, you should probably use this
flag. See the :ref:`natural keys <topics-serialization-natural-keys>`
documentation for more details on this and the next option.
.. django-admin-option:: --natural-primary
Omits the primary key in the serialized data of this object since it can be
calculated during deserialization.
.. django-admin-option:: --pks PRIMARY_KEYS
Outputs only the objects specified by a comma separated list of primary keys.
This is only available when dumping one model. By default, all the records of
the model are output.
.. django-admin-option:: --output OUTPUT, -o OUTPUT
Specifies a file to write the serialized data to. By default, the data goes to
standard output.
When this option is set and ``--verbosity`` is greater than 0 (the default), a
progress bar is shown in the terminal.
Fixtures compression
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The output file can be compressed with one of the ``bz2``, ``gz``, ``lzma``, or
``xz`` formats by ending the filename with the corresponding extension.
For example, to output the data as a compressed JSON file::
django-admin dumpdata -o mydata.json.gz
``flush``
---------
.. django-admin:: flush
Removes all data from the database and re-executes any post-synchronization
handlers. The table of which migrations have been applied is not cleared.
If you would rather start from an empty database and rerun all migrations, you
should drop and recreate the database and then run :djadmin:`migrate` instead.
.. django-admin-option:: --noinput, --no-input
Suppresses all user prompts.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database to flush. Defaults to ``default``.
``inspectdb``
-------------
.. django-admin:: inspectdb [table [table ...]]
Introspects the database tables in the database pointed-to by the
:setting:`NAME` setting and outputs a Django model module (a ``models.py``
file) to standard output.
You may choose what tables or views to inspect by passing their names as
arguments. If no arguments are provided, models are created for views only if
the :option:`--include-views` option is used. Models for partition tables are
created on PostgreSQL if the :option:`--include-partitions` option is used.
Use this if you have a legacy database with which you'd like to use Django.
The script will inspect the database and create a model for each table within
it.
As you might expect, the created models will have an attribute for every field
in the table. Note that ``inspectdb`` has a few special cases in its field-name
output:
* If ``inspectdb`` cannot map a column's type to a model field type, it'll
use ``TextField`` and will insert the Python comment
``'This field type is a guess.'`` next to the field in the generated
model. The recognized fields may depend on apps listed in
:setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`. For example, :mod:`django.contrib.postgres` adds
recognition for several PostgreSQL-specific field types.
* If the database column name is a Python reserved word (such as
``'pass'``, ``'class'`` or ``'for'``), ``inspectdb`` will append
``'_field'`` to the attribute name. For example, if a table has a column
``'for'``, the generated model will have a field ``'for_field'``, with
the ``db_column`` attribute set to ``'for'``. ``inspectdb`` will insert
the Python comment
``'Field renamed because it was a Python reserved word.'`` next to the
field.
This feature is meant as a shortcut, not as definitive model generation. After
you run it, you'll want to look over the generated models yourself to make
customizations. In particular, you'll need to rearrange models' order, so that
models that refer to other models are ordered properly.
Django doesn't create database defaults when a
:attr:`~django.db.models.Field.default` is specified on a model field.
Similarly, database defaults aren't translated to model field defaults or
detected in any fashion by ``inspectdb``.
By default, ``inspectdb`` creates unmanaged models. That is, ``managed = False``
in the model's ``Meta`` class tells Django not to manage each table's creation,
modification, and deletion. If you do want to allow Django to manage the
table's lifecycle, you'll need to change the
:attr:`~django.db.models.Options.managed` option to ``True`` (or remove
it because ``True`` is its default value).
Database-specific notes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Oracle
^^^^^^
* Models are created for materialized views if :option:`--include-views` is
used.
PostgreSQL
^^^^^^^^^^
* Models are created for foreign tables.
* Models are created for materialized views if
:option:`--include-views` is used.
* Models are created for partition tables if
:option:`--include-partitions` is used.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database to introspect. Defaults to ``default``.
.. django-admin-option:: --include-partitions
If this option is provided, models are also created for partitions.
Only support for PostgreSQL is implemented.
.. django-admin-option:: --include-views
If this option is provided, models are also created for database views.
``loaddata``
------------
.. django-admin:: loaddata fixture [fixture ...]
Searches for and loads the contents of the named fixture into the database.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database into which the data will be loaded. Defaults to
``default``.
.. django-admin-option:: --ignorenonexistent, -i
Ignores fields and models that may have been removed since the fixture was
originally generated.
.. django-admin-option:: --app APP_LABEL
Specifies a single app to look for fixtures in rather than looking in all apps.
.. django-admin-option:: --format FORMAT
Specifies the :ref:`serialization format <serialization-formats>` (e.g.,
``json`` or ``xml``) for fixtures :ref:`read from stdin
<loading-fixtures-stdin>`.
.. django-admin-option:: --exclude EXCLUDE, -e EXCLUDE
Excludes loading the fixtures from the given applications and/or models (in the
form of ``app_label`` or ``app_label.ModelName``). Use the option multiple
times to exclude more than one app or model.
What's a "fixture"?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A *fixture* is a collection of files that contain the serialized contents of
the database. Each fixture has a unique name, and the files that comprise the
fixture can be distributed over multiple directories, in multiple applications.
Django will search in three locations for fixtures:
1. In the ``fixtures`` directory of every installed application
2. In any directory named in the :setting:`FIXTURE_DIRS` setting
3. In the literal path named by the fixture
Django will load any and all fixtures it finds in these locations that match
the provided fixture names.
If the named fixture has a file extension, only fixtures of that type
will be loaded. For example::
django-admin loaddata mydata.json
would only load JSON fixtures called ``mydata``. The fixture extension
must correspond to the registered name of a
:ref:`serializer <serialization-formats>` (e.g., ``json`` or ``xml``).
If you omit the extensions, Django will search all available fixture types
for a matching fixture. For example::
django-admin loaddata mydata
would look for any fixture of any fixture type called ``mydata``. If a fixture
directory contained ``mydata.json``, that fixture would be loaded
as a JSON fixture.
The fixtures that are named can include directory components. These
directories will be included in the search path. For example::
django-admin loaddata foo/bar/mydata.json
would search ``<app_label>/fixtures/foo/bar/mydata.json`` for each installed
application, ``<dirname>/foo/bar/mydata.json`` for each directory in
:setting:`FIXTURE_DIRS`, and the literal path ``foo/bar/mydata.json``.
When fixture files are processed, the data is saved to the database as is.
Model defined :meth:`~django.db.models.Model.save` methods are not called, and
any :data:`~django.db.models.signals.pre_save` or
:data:`~django.db.models.signals.post_save` signals will be called with
``raw=True`` since the instance only contains attributes that are local to the
model. You may, for example, want to disable handlers that access
related fields that aren't present during fixture loading and would otherwise
raise an exception::
from django.db.models.signals import post_save
from .models import MyModel
def my_handler(**kwargs):
# disable the handler during fixture loading
if kwargs['raw']:
return
...
post_save.connect(my_handler, sender=MyModel)
You could also write a decorator to encapsulate this logic::
from functools import wraps
def disable_for_loaddata(signal_handler):
"""
Decorator that turns off signal handlers when loading fixture data.
"""
@wraps(signal_handler)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
if kwargs['raw']:
return
signal_handler(*args, **kwargs)
return wrapper
@disable_for_loaddata
def my_handler(**kwargs):
...
Just be aware that this logic will disable the signals whenever fixtures are
deserialized, not just during ``loaddata``.
Note that the order in which fixture files are processed is undefined. However,
all fixture data is installed as a single transaction, so data in
one fixture can reference data in another fixture. If the database backend
supports row-level constraints, these constraints will be checked at the
end of the transaction.
The :djadmin:`dumpdata` command can be used to generate input for ``loaddata``.
Compressed fixtures
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fixtures may be compressed in ``zip``, ``gz``, ``bz2``, ``lzma``, or ``xz``
format. For example::
django-admin loaddata mydata.json
would look for any of ``mydata.json``, ``mydata.json.zip``, ``mydata.json.gz``,
``mydata.json.bz2``, ``mydata.json.lzma``, or ``mydata.json.xz``. The first
file contained within a compressed archive is used.
Note that if two fixtures with the same name but different
fixture type are discovered (for example, if ``mydata.json`` and
``mydata.xml.gz`` were found in the same fixture directory), fixture
installation will be aborted, and any data installed in the call to
``loaddata`` will be removed from the database.
.. admonition:: MySQL with MyISAM and fixtures
The MyISAM storage engine of MySQL doesn't support transactions or
constraints, so if you use MyISAM, you won't get validation of fixture
data, or a rollback if multiple transaction files are found.
Database-specific fixtures
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If you're in a multi-database setup, you might have fixture data that
you want to load onto one database, but not onto another. In this
situation, you can add a database identifier into the names of your fixtures.
For example, if your :setting:`DATABASES` setting has a 'users' database
defined, name the fixture ``mydata.users.json`` or
``mydata.users.json.gz`` and the fixture will only be loaded when you
specify you want to load data into the ``users`` database.
.. _loading-fixtures-stdin:
Loading fixtures from ``stdin``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
You can use a dash as the fixture name to load input from ``sys.stdin``. For
example::
django-admin loaddata --format=json -
When reading from ``stdin``, the :option:`--format <loaddata --format>` option
is required to specify the :ref:`serialization format <serialization-formats>`
of the input (e.g., ``json`` or ``xml``).
Loading from ``stdin`` is useful with standard input and output redirections.
For example::
django-admin dumpdata --format=json --database=test app_label.ModelName | django-admin loaddata --format=json --database=prod -
``makemessages``
----------------
.. django-admin:: makemessages
Runs over the entire source tree of the current directory and pulls out all
strings marked for translation. It creates (or updates) a message file in the
conf/locale (in the Django tree) or locale (for project and application)
directory. After making changes to the messages files you need to compile them
with :djadmin:`compilemessages` for use with the builtin gettext support. See
the :ref:`i18n documentation <how-to-create-language-files>` for details.
This command doesn't require configured settings. However, when settings aren't
configured, the command can't ignore the :setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` and
:setting:`STATIC_ROOT` directories or include :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS`.
.. django-admin-option:: --all, -a
Updates the message files for all available languages.
.. django-admin-option:: --extension EXTENSIONS, -e EXTENSIONS
Specifies a list of file extensions to examine (default: ``html``, ``txt``,
``py`` or ``js`` if :option:`--domain` is ``js``).
Example usage::
django-admin makemessages --locale=de --extension xhtml
Separate multiple extensions with commas or use ``-e`` or ``--extension``
multiple times::
django-admin makemessages --locale=de --extension=html,txt --extension xml
.. django-admin-option:: --locale LOCALE, -l LOCALE
Specifies the locale(s) to process.
.. django-admin-option:: --exclude EXCLUDE, -x EXCLUDE
Specifies the locale(s) to exclude from processing. If not provided, no locales
are excluded.
Example usage::
django-admin makemessages --locale=pt_BR
django-admin makemessages --locale=pt_BR --locale=fr
django-admin makemessages -l pt_BR
django-admin makemessages -l pt_BR -l fr
django-admin makemessages --exclude=pt_BR
django-admin makemessages --exclude=pt_BR --exclude=fr
django-admin makemessages -x pt_BR
django-admin makemessages -x pt_BR -x fr
.. django-admin-option:: --domain DOMAIN, -d DOMAIN
Specifies the domain of the messages files. Supported options are:
* ``django`` for all ``*.py``, ``*.html`` and ``*.txt`` files (default)
* ``djangojs`` for ``*.js`` files
.. django-admin-option:: --symlinks, -s
Follows symlinks to directories when looking for new translation strings.
Example usage::
django-admin makemessages --locale=de --symlinks
.. django-admin-option:: --ignore PATTERN, -i PATTERN
Ignores files or directories matching the given :mod:`glob`-style pattern. Use
multiple times to ignore more.
These patterns are used by default: ``'CVS'``, ``'.*'``, ``'*~'``, ``'*.pyc'``.
Example usage::
django-admin makemessages --locale=en_US --ignore=apps/* --ignore=secret/*.html
.. django-admin-option:: --no-default-ignore
Disables the default values of ``--ignore``.
.. django-admin-option:: --no-wrap
Disables breaking long message lines into several lines in language files.
.. django-admin-option:: --no-location
Suppresses writing '``#: filename:line``’ comment lines in language files.
Using this option makes it harder for technically skilled translators to
understand each message's context.
.. django-admin-option:: --add-location [{full,file,never}]
Controls ``#: filename:line`` comment lines in language files. If the option
is:
* ``full`` (the default if not given): the lines include both file name and
line number.
* ``file``: the line number is omitted.
* ``never``: the lines are suppressed (same as :option:`--no-location`).
Requires ``gettext`` 0.19 or newer.
.. django-admin-option:: --keep-pot
Prevents deleting the temporary ``.pot`` files generated before creating the
``.po`` file. This is useful for debugging errors which may prevent the final
language files from being created.
.. seealso::
See :ref:`customizing-makemessages` for instructions on how to customize
the keywords that :djadmin:`makemessages` passes to ``xgettext``.
``makemigrations``
------------------
.. django-admin:: makemigrations [app_label [app_label ...]]
Creates new migrations based on the changes detected to your models.
Migrations, their relationship with apps and more are covered in depth in
:doc:`the migrations documentation</topics/migrations>`.
Providing one or more app names as arguments will limit the migrations created
to the app(s) specified and any dependencies needed (the table at the other end
of a ``ForeignKey``, for example).
To add migrations to an app that doesn't have a ``migrations`` directory, run
``makemigrations`` with the app's ``app_label``.
.. django-admin-option:: --noinput, --no-input
Suppresses all user prompts. If a suppressed prompt cannot be resolved
automatically, the command will exit with error code 3.
.. django-admin-option:: --empty
Outputs an empty migration for the specified apps, for manual editing. This is
for advanced users and should not be used unless you are familiar with the
migration format, migration operations, and the dependencies between your
migrations.
.. django-admin-option:: --dry-run
Shows what migrations would be made without actually writing any migrations
files to disk. Using this option along with ``--verbosity 3`` will also show
the complete migrations files that would be written.
.. django-admin-option:: --merge
Enables fixing of migration conflicts.
.. django-admin-option:: --name NAME, -n NAME
Allows naming the generated migration(s) instead of using a generated name. The
name must be a valid Python :ref:`identifier <python:identifiers>`.
.. django-admin-option:: --no-header
Generate migration files without Django version and timestamp header.
.. django-admin-option:: --check
Makes ``makemigrations`` exit with a non-zero status when model changes without
migrations are detected.
.. django-admin-option:: --scriptable
.. versionadded:: 4.1
Diverts log output and input prompts to ``stderr``, writing only paths of
generated migration files to ``stdout``.
.. django-admin-option:: --update
.. versionadded:: 4.2
Merges model changes into the latest migration and optimize the resulting
operations.
``migrate``
-----------
.. django-admin:: migrate [app_label] [migration_name]
Synchronizes the database state with the current set of models and migrations.
Migrations, their relationship with apps and more are covered in depth in
:doc:`the migrations documentation</topics/migrations>`.
The behavior of this command changes depending on the arguments provided:
* No arguments: All apps have all of their migrations run.
* ``<app_label>``: The specified app has its migrations run, up to the most
recent migration. This may involve running other apps' migrations too, due
to dependencies.
* ``<app_label> <migrationname>``: Brings the database schema to a state where
the named migration is applied, but no later migrations in the same app are
applied. This may involve unapplying migrations if you have previously
migrated past the named migration. You can use a prefix of the migration
name, e.g. ``0001``, as long as it's unique for the given app name. Use the
name ``zero`` to migrate all the way back i.e. to revert all applied
migrations for an app.
.. warning::
When unapplying migrations, all dependent migrations will also be
unapplied, regardless of ``<app_label>``. You can use ``--plan`` to check
which migrations will be unapplied.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database to migrate. Defaults to ``default``.
.. django-admin-option:: --fake
Marks the migrations up to the target one (following the rules above) as
applied, but without actually running the SQL to change your database schema.
This is intended for advanced users to manipulate the
current migration state directly if they're manually applying changes;
be warned that using ``--fake`` runs the risk of putting the migration state
table into a state where manual recovery will be needed to make migrations
run correctly.
.. django-admin-option:: --fake-initial
Allows Django to skip an app's initial migration if all database tables with
the names of all models created by all
:class:`~django.db.migrations.operations.CreateModel` operations in that
migration already exist. This option is intended for use when first running
migrations against a database that preexisted the use of migrations. This
option does not, however, check for matching database schema beyond matching
table names and so is only safe to use if you are confident that your existing
schema matches what is recorded in your initial migration.
.. django-admin-option:: --plan
Shows the migration operations that will be performed for the given ``migrate``
command.
.. django-admin-option:: --run-syncdb
Allows creating tables for apps without migrations. While this isn't
recommended, the migrations framework is sometimes too slow on large projects
with hundreds of models.
.. django-admin-option:: --noinput, --no-input
Suppresses all user prompts. An example prompt is asking about removing stale
content types.
.. django-admin-option:: --check
Makes ``migrate`` exit with a non-zero status when unapplied migrations are
detected.
.. django-admin-option:: --prune
.. versionadded:: 4.1
Deletes nonexistent migrations from the ``django_migrations`` table. This is
useful when migration files replaced by a squashed migration have been removed.
See :ref:`migration-squashing` for more details.
``optimizemigration``
---------------------
.. versionadded:: 4.1
.. django-admin:: optimizemigration app_label migration_name
Optimizes the operations for the named migration and overrides the existing
file. If the migration contains functions that must be manually copied, the
command creates a new migration file suffixed with ``_optimized`` that is meant
to replace the named migration.
.. django-admin-option:: --check
Makes ``optimizemigration`` exit with a non-zero status when a migration can be
optimized.
``runserver``
-------------
.. django-admin:: runserver [addrport]
Starts a lightweight development web server on the local machine. By default,
the server runs on port 8000 on the IP address ``127.0.0.1``. You can pass in an
IP address and port number explicitly.
If you run this script as a user with normal privileges (recommended), you
might not have access to start a port on a low port number. Low port numbers
are reserved for the superuser (root).
This server uses the WSGI application object specified by the
:setting:`WSGI_APPLICATION` setting.
DO NOT USE THIS SERVER IN A PRODUCTION SETTING. It has not gone through
security audits or performance tests. (And that's how it's gonna stay. We're in
the business of making web frameworks, not web servers, so improving this
server to be able to handle a production environment is outside the scope of
Django.)
The development server automatically reloads Python code for each request, as
needed. You don't need to restart the server for code changes to take effect.
However, some actions like adding files don't trigger a restart, so you'll
have to restart the server in these cases.
If you're using Linux or MacOS and install both `pywatchman`_ and the
`Watchman`_ service, kernel signals will be used to autoreload the server
(rather than polling file modification timestamps each second). This offers
better performance on large projects, reduced response time after code changes,
more robust change detection, and a reduction in power usage. Django supports
``pywatchman`` 1.2.0 and higher.
.. admonition:: Large directories with many files may cause performance issues
When using Watchman with a project that includes large non-Python
directories like ``node_modules``, it's advisable to ignore this directory
for optimal performance. See the `watchman documentation`_ for information
on how to do this.
.. admonition:: Watchman timeout
.. envvar:: DJANGO_WATCHMAN_TIMEOUT
The default timeout of ``Watchman`` client is 5 seconds. You can change it
by setting the :envvar:`DJANGO_WATCHMAN_TIMEOUT` environment variable.
.. _Watchman: https://facebook.github.io/watchman/
.. _pywatchman: https://pypi.org/project/pywatchman/
.. _watchman documentation: https://facebook.github.io/watchman/docs/config#ignore_dirs
When you start the server, and each time you change Python code while the
server is running, the system check framework will check your entire Django
project for some common errors (see the :djadmin:`check` command). If any
errors are found, they will be printed to standard output. You can use the
``--skip-checks`` option to skip running system checks.
You can run as many concurrent servers as you want, as long as they're on
separate ports by executing ``django-admin runserver`` more than once.
Note that the default IP address, ``127.0.0.1``, is not accessible from other
machines on your network. To make your development server viewable to other
machines on the network, use its own IP address (e.g. ``192.168.2.1``) or
``0.0.0.0`` or ``::`` (with IPv6 enabled).
You can provide an IPv6 address surrounded by brackets
(e.g. ``[200a::1]:8000``). This will automatically enable IPv6 support.
A hostname containing ASCII-only characters can also be used.
If the :doc:`staticfiles</ref/contrib/staticfiles>` contrib app is enabled
(default in new projects) the :djadmin:`runserver` command will be overridden
with its own :ref:`runserver<staticfiles-runserver>` command.
Logging of each request and response of the server is sent to the
:ref:`django-server-logger` logger.
.. django-admin-option:: --noreload
Disables the auto-reloader. This means any Python code changes you make while
the server is running will *not* take effect if the particular Python modules
have already been loaded into memory.
.. django-admin-option:: --nothreading
Disables use of threading in the development server. The server is
multithreaded by default.
.. django-admin-option:: --ipv6, -6
Uses IPv6 for the development server. This changes the default IP address from
``127.0.0.1`` to ``::1``.
Examples of using different ports and addresses
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Port 8000 on IP address ``127.0.0.1``::
django-admin runserver
Port 8000 on IP address ``1.2.3.4``::
django-admin runserver 1.2.3.4:8000
Port 7000 on IP address ``127.0.0.1``::
django-admin runserver 7000
Port 7000 on IP address ``1.2.3.4``::
django-admin runserver 1.2.3.4:7000
Port 8000 on IPv6 address ``::1``::
django-admin runserver -6
Port 7000 on IPv6 address ``::1``::
django-admin runserver -6 7000
Port 7000 on IPv6 address ``2001:0db8:1234:5678::9``::
django-admin runserver [2001:0db8:1234:5678::9]:7000
Port 8000 on IPv4 address of host ``localhost``::
django-admin runserver localhost:8000
Port 8000 on IPv6 address of host ``localhost``::
django-admin runserver -6 localhost:8000
Serving static files with the development server
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
By default, the development server doesn't serve any static files for your site
(such as CSS files, images, things under :setting:`MEDIA_URL` and so forth). If
you want to configure Django to serve static media, read
:doc:`/howto/static-files/index`.
``sendtestemail``
-----------------
.. django-admin:: sendtestemail [email [email ...]]
Sends a test email (to confirm email sending through Django is working) to the
recipient(s) specified. For example::
django-admin sendtestemail foo@example.com bar@example.com
There are a couple of options, and you may use any combination of them
together:
.. django-admin-option:: --managers
Mails the email addresses specified in :setting:`MANAGERS` using
:meth:`~django.core.mail.mail_managers()`.
.. django-admin-option:: --admins
Mails the email addresses specified in :setting:`ADMINS` using
:meth:`~django.core.mail.mail_admins()`.
``shell``
---------
.. django-admin:: shell
Starts the Python interactive interpreter.
.. django-admin-option:: --interface {ipython,bpython,python}, -i {ipython,bpython,python}
Specifies the shell to use. By default, Django will use IPython_ or bpython_ if
either is installed. If both are installed, specify which one you want like so:
IPython::
django-admin shell -i ipython
bpython::
django-admin shell -i bpython
If you have a "rich" shell installed but want to force use of the "plain"
Python interpreter, use ``python`` as the interface name, like so::
django-admin shell -i python
.. _IPython: https://ipython.org/
.. _bpython: https://bpython-interpreter.org/
.. django-admin-option:: --nostartup
Disables reading the startup script for the "plain" Python interpreter. By
default, the script pointed to by the :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` environment
variable or the ``~/.pythonrc.py`` script is read.
.. django-admin-option:: --command COMMAND, -c COMMAND
Lets you pass a command as a string to execute it as Django, like so::
django-admin shell --command="import django; print(django.__version__)"
You can also pass code in on standard input to execute it. For example:
.. code-block:: console
$ django-admin shell <<EOF
> import django
> print(django.__version__)
> EOF
On Windows, the REPL is output due to implementation limits of
:func:`select.select` on that platform.
``showmigrations``
------------------
.. django-admin:: showmigrations [app_label [app_label ...]]
Shows all migrations in a project. You can choose from one of two formats:
.. django-admin-option:: --list, -l
Lists all of the apps Django knows about, the migrations available for each
app, and whether or not each migration is applied (marked by an ``[X]`` next to
the migration name). For a ``--verbosity`` of 2 and above, the applied
datetimes are also shown.
Apps without migrations are also listed, but have ``(no migrations)`` printed
under them.
This is the default output format.
.. django-admin-option:: --plan, -p
Shows the migration plan Django will follow to apply migrations. Like
``--list``, applied migrations are marked by an ``[X]``. For a ``--verbosity``
of 2 and above, all dependencies of a migration will also be shown.
``app_label``\s arguments limit the output, however, dependencies of provided
apps may also be included.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database to examine. Defaults to ``default``.
``sqlflush``
------------
.. django-admin:: sqlflush
Prints the SQL statements that would be executed for the :djadmin:`flush`
command.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database for which to print the SQL. Defaults to ``default``.
``sqlmigrate``
--------------
.. django-admin:: sqlmigrate app_label migration_name
Prints the SQL for the named migration. This requires an active database
connection, which it will use to resolve constraint names; this means you must
generate the SQL against a copy of the database you wish to later apply it on.
Note that ``sqlmigrate`` doesn't colorize its output.
.. django-admin-option:: --backwards
Generates the SQL for unapplying the migration. By default, the SQL created is
for running the migration in the forwards direction.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database for which to generate the SQL. Defaults to ``default``.
``sqlsequencereset``
--------------------
.. django-admin:: sqlsequencereset app_label [app_label ...]
Prints the SQL statements for resetting sequences for the given app name(s).
Sequences are indexes used by some database engines to track the next available
number for automatically incremented fields.
Use this command to generate SQL which will fix cases where a sequence is out
of sync with its automatically incremented field data.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database for which to print the SQL. Defaults to ``default``.
``squashmigrations``
--------------------
.. django-admin:: squashmigrations app_label [start_migration_name] migration_name
Squashes the migrations for ``app_label`` up to and including ``migration_name``
down into fewer migrations, if possible. The resulting squashed migrations
can live alongside the unsquashed ones safely. For more information,
please read :ref:`migration-squashing`.
When ``start_migration_name`` is given, Django will only include migrations
starting from and including this migration. This helps to mitigate the
squashing limitation of :class:`~django.db.migrations.operations.RunPython` and
:class:`django.db.migrations.operations.RunSQL` migration operations.
.. django-admin-option:: --no-optimize
Disables the optimizer when generating a squashed migration. By default, Django
will try to optimize the operations in your migrations to reduce the size of
the resulting file. Use this option if this process is failing or creating
incorrect migrations, though please also file a Django bug report about the
behavior, as optimization is meant to be safe.
.. django-admin-option:: --noinput, --no-input
Suppresses all user prompts.
.. django-admin-option:: --squashed-name SQUASHED_NAME
Sets the name of the squashed migration. When omitted, the name is based on the
first and last migration, with ``_squashed_`` in between.
.. django-admin-option:: --no-header
Generate squashed migration file without Django version and timestamp header.
``startapp``
------------
.. django-admin:: startapp name [directory]
Creates a Django app directory structure for the given app name in the current
directory or the given destination.
By default, :source:`the new directory <django/conf/app_template>` contains a
``models.py`` file and other app template files. If only the app name is given,
the app directory will be created in the current working directory.
If the optional destination is provided, Django will use that existing
directory rather than creating a new one. You can use '.' to denote the current
working directory.
For example::
django-admin startapp myapp /Users/jezdez/Code/myapp
.. _custom-app-and-project-templates:
.. django-admin-option:: --template TEMPLATE
Provides the path to a directory with a custom app template file, or a path to
an uncompressed archive (``.tar``) or a compressed archive (``.tar.gz``,
``.tar.bz2``, ``.tar.xz``, ``.tar.lzma``, ``.tgz``, ``.tbz2``, ``.txz``,
``.tlz``, ``.zip``) containing the app template files.
For example, this would look for an app template in the given directory when
creating the ``myapp`` app::
django-admin startapp --template=/Users/jezdez/Code/my_app_template myapp
Django will also accept URLs (``http``, ``https``, ``ftp``) to compressed
archives with the app template files, downloading and extracting them on the
fly.
For example, taking advantage of GitHub's feature to expose repositories as
zip files, you can use a URL like::
django-admin startapp --template=https://github.com/githubuser/django-app-template/archive/main.zip myapp
.. django-admin-option:: --extension EXTENSIONS, -e EXTENSIONS
Specifies which file extensions in the app template should be rendered with the
template engine. Defaults to ``py``.
.. django-admin-option:: --name FILES, -n FILES
Specifies which files in the app template (in addition to those matching
``--extension``) should be rendered with the template engine. Defaults to an
empty list.
.. django-admin-option:: --exclude DIRECTORIES, -x DIRECTORIES
Specifies which directories in the app template should be excluded, in addition
to ``.git`` and ``__pycache__``. If this option is not provided, directories
named ``__pycache__`` or starting with ``.`` will be excluded.
The :class:`template context <django.template.Context>` used for all matching
files is:
- Any option passed to the ``startapp`` command (among the command's supported
options)
- ``app_name`` -- the app name as passed to the command
- ``app_directory`` -- the full path of the newly created app
- ``camel_case_app_name`` -- the app name in camel case format
- ``docs_version`` -- the version of the documentation: ``'dev'`` or ``'1.x'``
- ``django_version`` -- the version of Django, e.g. ``'2.0.3'``
.. _render_warning:
.. warning::
When the app template files are rendered with the Django template
engine (by default all ``*.py`` files), Django will also replace all
stray template variables contained. For example, if one of the Python files
contains a docstring explaining a particular feature related
to template rendering, it might result in an incorrect example.
To work around this problem, you can use the :ttag:`templatetag`
template tag to "escape" the various parts of the template syntax.
In addition, to allow Python template files that contain Django template
language syntax while also preventing packaging systems from trying to
byte-compile invalid ``*.py`` files, template files ending with ``.py-tpl``
will be renamed to ``.py``.
.. _trusted_code_warning:
.. warning::
The contents of custom app (or project) templates should always be
audited before use: Such templates define code that will become
part of your project, and this means that such code will be trusted
as much as any app you install, or code you write yourself.
Further, even rendering the templates is, effectively, executing
code that was provided as input to the management command. The
Django template language may provide wide access into the system,
so make sure any custom template you use is worthy of your trust.
``startproject``
----------------
.. django-admin:: startproject name [directory]
Creates a Django project directory structure for the given project name in
the current directory or the given destination.
By default, :source:`the new directory <django/conf/project_template>` contains
``manage.py`` and a project package (containing a ``settings.py`` and other
files).
If only the project name is given, both the project directory and project
package will be named ``<projectname>`` and the project directory
will be created in the current working directory.
If the optional destination is provided, Django will use that existing
directory as the project directory, and create ``manage.py`` and the project
package within it. Use '.' to denote the current working directory.
For example::
django-admin startproject myproject /Users/jezdez/Code/myproject_repo
.. django-admin-option:: --template TEMPLATE
Specifies a directory, file path, or URL of a custom project template. See the
:option:`startapp --template` documentation for examples and usage.
.. django-admin-option:: --extension EXTENSIONS, -e EXTENSIONS
Specifies which file extensions in the project template should be rendered with
the template engine. Defaults to ``py``.
.. django-admin-option:: --name FILES, -n FILES
Specifies which files in the project template (in addition to those matching
``--extension``) should be rendered with the template engine. Defaults to an
empty list.
.. django-admin-option:: --exclude DIRECTORIES, -x DIRECTORIES
Specifies which directories in the project template should be excluded, in
addition to ``.git`` and ``__pycache__``. If this option is not provided,
directories named ``__pycache__`` or starting with ``.`` will be excluded.
The :class:`template context <django.template.Context>` used is:
- Any option passed to the ``startproject`` command (among the command's
supported options)
- ``project_name`` -- the project name as passed to the command
- ``project_directory`` -- the full path of the newly created project
- ``secret_key`` -- a random key for the :setting:`SECRET_KEY` setting
- ``docs_version`` -- the version of the documentation: ``'dev'`` or ``'1.x'``
- ``django_version`` -- the version of Django, e.g. ``'2.0.3'``
Please also see the :ref:`rendering warning <render_warning>` and
:ref:`trusted code warning <trusted_code_warning>` as mentioned for
:djadmin:`startapp`.
``test``
--------
.. django-admin:: test [test_label [test_label ...]]
Runs tests for all installed apps. See :doc:`/topics/testing/index` for more
information.
.. django-admin-option:: --failfast
Stops running tests and reports the failure immediately after a test fails.
.. django-admin-option:: --testrunner TESTRUNNER
Controls the test runner class that is used to execute tests. This value
overrides the value provided by the :setting:`TEST_RUNNER` setting.
.. django-admin-option:: --noinput, --no-input
Suppresses all user prompts. A typical prompt is a warning about deleting an
existing test database.
Test runner options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The ``test`` command receives options on behalf of the specified
:option:`--testrunner`. These are the options of the default test runner:
:class:`~django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner`.
.. django-admin-option:: --keepdb
Preserves the test database between test runs. This has the advantage of
skipping both the create and destroy actions which can greatly decrease the
time to run tests, especially those in a large test suite. If the test database
does not exist, it will be created on the first run and then preserved for each
subsequent run. Unless the :setting:`MIGRATE <TEST_MIGRATE>` test setting is
``False``, any unapplied migrations will also be applied to the test database
before running the test suite.
.. django-admin-option:: --shuffle [SEED]
Randomizes the order of tests before running them. This can help detect tests
that aren't properly isolated. The test order generated by this option is a
deterministic function of the integer seed given. When no seed is passed, a
seed is chosen randomly and printed to the console. To repeat a particular test
order, pass a seed. The test orders generated by this option preserve Django's
:ref:`guarantees on test order <order-of-tests>`. They also keep tests grouped
by test case class.
The shuffled orderings also have a special consistency property useful when
narrowing down isolation issues. Namely, for a given seed and when running a
subset of tests, the new order will be the original shuffling restricted to the
smaller set. Similarly, when adding tests while keeping the seed the same, the
order of the original tests will be the same in the new order.
.. django-admin-option:: --reverse, -r
Sorts test cases in the opposite execution order. This may help in debugging
the side effects of tests that aren't properly isolated. :ref:`Grouping by test
class <order-of-tests>` is preserved when using this option. This can be used
in conjunction with ``--shuffle`` to reverse the order for a particular seed.
.. django-admin-option:: --debug-mode
Sets the :setting:`DEBUG` setting to ``True`` prior to running tests. This may
help troubleshoot test failures.
.. django-admin-option:: --debug-sql, -d
Enables :ref:`SQL logging <django-db-logger>` for failing tests. If
``--verbosity`` is ``2``, then queries in passing tests are also output.
.. django-admin-option:: --parallel [N]
.. envvar:: DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES
Runs tests in separate parallel processes. Since modern processors have
multiple cores, this allows running tests significantly faster.
Using ``--parallel`` without a value, or with the value ``auto``, runs one test
process per core according to :func:`multiprocessing.cpu_count()`. You can
override this by passing the desired number of processes, e.g.
``--parallel 4``, or by setting the :envvar:`DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES` environment
variable.
Django distributes test cases — :class:`unittest.TestCase` subclasses — to
subprocesses. If there are fewer test cases than configured processes, Django
will reduce the number of processes accordingly.
Each process gets its own database. You must ensure that different test cases
don't access the same resources. For instance, test cases that touch the
filesystem should create a temporary directory for their own use.
.. note::
If you have test classes that cannot be run in parallel, you can use
``SerializeMixin`` to run them sequentially. See :ref:`Enforce running test
classes sequentially <topics-testing-enforce-run-sequentially>`.
This option requires the third-party ``tblib`` package to display tracebacks
correctly:
.. code-block:: console
$ python -m pip install tblib
This feature isn't available on Windows. It doesn't work with the Oracle
database backend either.
If you want to use :mod:`pdb` while debugging tests, you must disable parallel
execution (``--parallel=1``). You'll see something like ``bdb.BdbQuit`` if you
don't.
.. warning::
When test parallelization is enabled and a test fails, Django may be
unable to display the exception traceback. This can make debugging
difficult. If you encounter this problem, run the affected test without
parallelization to see the traceback of the failure.
This is a known limitation. It arises from the need to serialize objects
in order to exchange them between processes. See
:ref:`python:pickle-picklable` for details.
.. option:: --tag TAGS
Runs only tests :ref:`marked with the specified tags <topics-tagging-tests>`.
May be specified multiple times and combined with :option:`test --exclude-tag`.
Tests that fail to load are always considered matching.
.. option:: --exclude-tag EXCLUDE_TAGS
Excludes tests :ref:`marked with the specified tags <topics-tagging-tests>`.
May be specified multiple times and combined with :option:`test --tag`.
.. django-admin-option:: -k TEST_NAME_PATTERNS
Runs test methods and classes matching test name patterns, in the same way as
:option:`unittest's -k option<unittest.-k>`. Can be specified multiple times.
.. django-admin-option:: --pdb
Spawns a ``pdb`` debugger at each test error or failure. If you have it
installed, ``ipdb`` is used instead.
.. django-admin-option:: --buffer, -b
Discards output (``stdout`` and ``stderr``) for passing tests, in the same way
as :option:`unittest's --buffer option<unittest.-b>`.
.. django-admin-option:: --no-faulthandler
Django automatically calls :func:`faulthandler.enable()` when starting the
tests, which allows it to print a traceback if the interpreter crashes. Pass
``--no-faulthandler`` to disable this behavior.
.. django-admin-option:: --timing
Outputs timings, including database setup and total run time.
``testserver``
--------------
.. django-admin:: testserver [fixture [fixture ...]]
Runs a Django development server (as in :djadmin:`runserver`) using data from
the given fixture(s).
For example, this command::
django-admin testserver mydata.json
...would perform the following steps:
#. Create a test database, as described in :ref:`the-test-database`.
#. Populate the test database with fixture data from the given fixtures.
(For more on fixtures, see the documentation for :djadmin:`loaddata` above.)
#. Runs the Django development server (as in :djadmin:`runserver`), pointed at
this newly created test database instead of your production database.
This is useful in a number of ways:
* When you're writing :doc:`unit tests </topics/testing/overview>` of how your views
act with certain fixture data, you can use ``testserver`` to interact with
the views in a web browser, manually.
* Let's say you're developing your Django application and have a "pristine"
copy of a database that you'd like to interact with. You can dump your
database to a fixture (using the :djadmin:`dumpdata` command, explained
above), then use ``testserver`` to run your web application with that data.
With this arrangement, you have the flexibility of messing up your data
in any way, knowing that whatever data changes you're making are only
being made to a test database.
Note that this server does *not* automatically detect changes to your Python
source code (as :djadmin:`runserver` does). It does, however, detect changes to
templates.
.. django-admin-option:: --addrport ADDRPORT
Specifies a different port, or IP address and port, from the default of
``127.0.0.1:8000``. This value follows exactly the same format and serves
exactly the same function as the argument to the :djadmin:`runserver` command.
Examples:
To run the test server on port 7000 with ``fixture1`` and ``fixture2``::
django-admin testserver --addrport 7000 fixture1 fixture2
django-admin testserver fixture1 fixture2 --addrport 7000
(The above statements are equivalent. We include both of them to demonstrate
that it doesn't matter whether the options come before or after the fixture
arguments.)
To run on 1.2.3.4:7000 with a ``test`` fixture::
django-admin testserver --addrport 1.2.3.4:7000 test
.. django-admin-option:: --noinput, --no-input
Suppresses all user prompts. A typical prompt is a warning about deleting an
existing test database.
Commands provided by applications
=================================
Some commands are only available when the ``django.contrib`` application that
:doc:`implements </howto/custom-management-commands>` them has been
:setting:`enabled <INSTALLED_APPS>`. This section describes them grouped by
their application.
``django.contrib.auth``
-----------------------
``changepassword``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. django-admin:: changepassword [<username>]
This command is only available if Django's :doc:`authentication system
</topics/auth/index>` (``django.contrib.auth``) is installed.
Allows changing a user's password. It prompts you to enter a new password twice
for the given user. If the entries are identical, this immediately becomes the
new password. If you do not supply a user, the command will attempt to change
the password whose username matches the current user.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database to query for the user. Defaults to ``default``.
Example usage::
django-admin changepassword ringo
``createsuperuser``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. django-admin:: createsuperuser
.. envvar:: DJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD
This command is only available if Django's :doc:`authentication system
</topics/auth/index>` (``django.contrib.auth``) is installed.
Creates a superuser account (a user who has all permissions). This is
useful if you need to create an initial superuser account or if you need to
programmatically generate superuser accounts for your site(s).
When run interactively, this command will prompt for a password for
the new superuser account. When run non-interactively, you can provide
a password by setting the :envvar:`DJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD` environment
variable. Otherwise, no password will be set, and the superuser account will
not be able to log in until a password has been manually set for it.
In non-interactive mode, the
:attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.CustomUser.USERNAME_FIELD` and required
fields (listed in
:attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.CustomUser.REQUIRED_FIELDS`) fall back to
``DJANGO_SUPERUSER_<uppercase_field_name>`` environment variables, unless they
are overridden by a command line argument. For example, to provide an ``email``
field, you can use ``DJANGO_SUPERUSER_EMAIL`` environment variable.
.. django-admin-option:: --noinput, --no-input
Suppresses all user prompts. If a suppressed prompt cannot be resolved
automatically, the command will exit with error code 1.
.. django-admin-option:: --username USERNAME
.. django-admin-option:: --email EMAIL
The username and email address for the new account can be supplied by
using the ``--username`` and ``--email`` arguments on the command
line. If either of those is not supplied, ``createsuperuser`` will prompt for
it when running interactively.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database into which the superuser object will be saved.
You can subclass the management command and override ``get_input_data()`` if you
want to customize data input and validation. Consult the source code for
details on the existing implementation and the method's parameters. For example,
it could be useful if you have a ``ForeignKey`` in
:attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.CustomUser.REQUIRED_FIELDS` and want to
allow creating an instance instead of entering the primary key of an existing
instance.
``django.contrib.contenttypes``
-------------------------------
``remove_stale_contenttypes``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. django-admin:: remove_stale_contenttypes
This command is only available if Django's :doc:`contenttypes app
</ref/contrib/contenttypes>` (:mod:`django.contrib.contenttypes`) is installed.
Deletes stale content types (from deleted models) in your database. Any objects
that depend on the deleted content types will also be deleted. A list of
deleted objects will be displayed before you confirm it's okay to proceed with
the deletion.
.. django-admin-option:: --database DATABASE
Specifies the database to use. Defaults to ``default``.
.. django-admin-option:: --include-stale-apps
Deletes stale content types including ones from previously installed apps that
have been removed from :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`. Defaults to ``False``.
``django.contrib.gis``
----------------------
``ogrinspect``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This command is only available if :doc:`GeoDjango </ref/contrib/gis/index>`
(``django.contrib.gis``) is installed.
Please refer to its :djadmin:`description <ogrinspect>` in the GeoDjango
documentation.
``django.contrib.sessions``
---------------------------
``clearsessions``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. django-admin:: clearsessions
Can be run as a cron job or directly to clean out expired sessions.
``django.contrib.sitemaps``
---------------------------
``ping_google``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This command is only available if the :doc:`Sitemaps framework
</ref/contrib/sitemaps>` (``django.contrib.sitemaps``) is installed.
Please refer to its :djadmin:`description <ping_google>` in the Sitemaps
documentation.
``django.contrib.staticfiles``
------------------------------
``collectstatic``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This command is only available if the :doc:`static files application
</howto/static-files/index>` (``django.contrib.staticfiles``) is installed.
Please refer to its :djadmin:`description <collectstatic>` in the
:doc:`staticfiles </ref/contrib/staticfiles>` documentation.
``findstatic``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This command is only available if the :doc:`static files application
</howto/static-files/index>` (``django.contrib.staticfiles``) is installed.
Please refer to its :djadmin:`description <findstatic>` in the :doc:`staticfiles
</ref/contrib/staticfiles>` documentation.
Default options
===============
.. program:: None
Although some commands may allow their own custom options, every command
allows for the following options by default:
.. django-admin-option:: --pythonpath PYTHONPATH
Adds the given filesystem path to the Python `import search path`_. If this
isn't provided, ``django-admin`` will use the :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` environment
variable.
This option is unnecessary in ``manage.py``, because it takes care of setting
the Python path for you.
Example usage::
django-admin migrate --pythonpath='/home/djangoprojects/myproject'
.. _import search path: https://diveinto.org/python3/your-first-python-program.html#importsearchpath
.. django-admin-option:: --settings SETTINGS
Specifies the settings module to use. The settings module should be in Python
package syntax, e.g. ``mysite.settings``. If this isn't provided,
``django-admin`` will use the :envvar:`DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE` environment
variable.
This option is unnecessary in ``manage.py``, because it uses
``settings.py`` from the current project by default.
Example usage::
django-admin migrate --settings=mysite.settings
.. django-admin-option:: --traceback
Displays a full stack trace when a :exc:`~django.core.management.CommandError`
is raised. By default, ``django-admin`` will show an error message when a
``CommandError`` occurs and a full stack trace for any other exception.
This option is ignored by :djadmin:`runserver`.
Example usage::
django-admin migrate --traceback
.. django-admin-option:: --verbosity {0,1,2,3}, -v {0,1,2,3}
Specifies the amount of notification and debug information that a command
should print to the console.
* ``0`` means no output.
* ``1`` means normal output (default).
* ``2`` means verbose output.
* ``3`` means *very* verbose output.
This option is ignored by :djadmin:`runserver`.
Example usage::
django-admin migrate --verbosity 2
.. django-admin-option:: --no-color
Disables colorized command output. Some commands format their output to be
colorized. For example, errors will be printed to the console in red and SQL
statements will be syntax highlighted.
Example usage::
django-admin runserver --no-color
.. django-admin-option:: --force-color
Forces colorization of the command output if it would otherwise be disabled
as discussed in :ref:`syntax-coloring`. For example, you may want to pipe
colored output to another command.
.. django-admin-option:: --skip-checks
Skips running system checks prior to running the command. This option is only
available if the
:attr:`~django.core.management.BaseCommand.requires_system_checks` command
attribute is not an empty list or tuple.
Example usage::
django-admin migrate --skip-checks
Extra niceties
==============
.. _syntax-coloring:
Syntax coloring
---------------
.. envvar:: DJANGO_COLORS
The ``django-admin`` / ``manage.py`` commands will use pretty
color-coded output if your terminal supports ANSI-colored output. It
won't use the color codes if you're piping the command's output to
another program unless the :option:`--force-color` option is used.
Windows support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
On Windows 10, the `Windows Terminal`_ application, `VS Code`_, and PowerShell
(where virtual terminal processing is enabled) allow colored output, and are
supported by default.
Under Windows, the legacy ``cmd.exe`` native console doesn't support ANSI
escape sequences so by default there is no color output. In this case either of
two third-party libraries are needed:
* Install colorama_, a Python package that translates ANSI color codes into
Windows API calls. Django commands will detect its presence and will make use
of its services to color output just like on Unix-based platforms.
``colorama`` can be installed via pip::
...\> py -m pip install colorama
* Install `ANSICON`_, a third-party tool that allows ``cmd.exe`` to process
ANSI color codes. Django commands will detect its presence and will make use
of its services to color output just like on Unix-based platforms.
Other modern terminal environments on Windows, that support terminal colors,
but which are not automatically detected as supported by Django, may "fake" the
installation of ``ANSICON`` by setting the appropriate environmental variable,
``ANSICON="on"``.
.. _`Windows Terminal`: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/windows-terminal-preview/9n0dx20hk701
.. _`VS Code`: https://code.visualstudio.com
.. _ANSICON: http://adoxa.altervista.org/ansicon/
.. _colorama: https://pypi.org/project/colorama/
Custom colors
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The colors used for syntax highlighting can be customized. Django
ships with three color palettes:
* ``dark``, suited to terminals that show white text on a black
background. This is the default palette.
* ``light``, suited to terminals that show black text on a white
background.
* ``nocolor``, which disables syntax highlighting.
You select a palette by setting a :envvar:`DJANGO_COLORS` environment
variable to specify the palette you want to use. For example, to
specify the ``light`` palette under a Unix or OS/X BASH shell, you
would run the following at a command prompt::
export DJANGO_COLORS="light"
You can also customize the colors that are used. Django specifies a
number of roles in which color is used:
* ``error`` - A major error.
* ``notice`` - A minor error.
* ``success`` - A success.
* ``warning`` - A warning.
* ``sql_field`` - The name of a model field in SQL.
* ``sql_coltype`` - The type of a model field in SQL.
* ``sql_keyword`` - An SQL keyword.
* ``sql_table`` - The name of a model in SQL.
* ``http_info`` - A 1XX HTTP Informational server response.
* ``http_success`` - A 2XX HTTP Success server response.
* ``http_not_modified`` - A 304 HTTP Not Modified server response.
* ``http_redirect`` - A 3XX HTTP Redirect server response other than 304.
* ``http_not_found`` - A 404 HTTP Not Found server response.
* ``http_bad_request`` - A 4XX HTTP Bad Request server response other than 404.
* ``http_server_error`` - A 5XX HTTP Server Error response.
* ``migrate_heading`` - A heading in a migrations management command.
* ``migrate_label`` - A migration name.
Each of these roles can be assigned a specific foreground and
background color, from the following list:
* ``black``
* ``red``
* ``green``
* ``yellow``
* ``blue``
* ``magenta``
* ``cyan``
* ``white``
Each of these colors can then be modified by using the following
display options:
* ``bold``
* ``underscore``
* ``blink``
* ``reverse``
* ``conceal``
A color specification follows one of the following patterns:
* ``role=fg``
* ``role=fg/bg``
* ``role=fg,option,option``
* ``role=fg/bg,option,option``
where ``role`` is the name of a valid color role, ``fg`` is the
foreground color, ``bg`` is the background color and each ``option``
is one of the color modifying options. Multiple color specifications
are then separated by a semicolon. For example::
export DJANGO_COLORS="error=yellow/blue,blink;notice=magenta"
would specify that errors be displayed using blinking yellow on blue,
and notices displayed using magenta. All other color roles would be
left uncolored.
Colors can also be specified by extending a base palette. If you put
a palette name in a color specification, all the colors implied by that
palette will be loaded. So::
export DJANGO_COLORS="light;error=yellow/blue,blink;notice=magenta"
would specify the use of all the colors in the light color palette,
*except* for the colors for errors and notices which would be
overridden as specified.
Bash completion
---------------
If you use the Bash shell, consider installing the Django bash completion
script, which lives in :source:`extras/django_bash_completion` in the Django source
distribution. It enables tab-completion of ``django-admin`` and
``manage.py`` commands, so you can, for instance...
* Type ``django-admin``.
* Press [TAB] to see all available options.
* Type ``sql``, then [TAB], to see all available options whose names start
with ``sql``.
See :doc:`/howto/custom-management-commands` for how to add customized actions.
Black formatting
----------------
.. versionadded:: 4.1
The Python files created by :djadmin:`startproject`, :djadmin:`startapp`,
:djadmin:`optimizemigration`, :djadmin:`makemigrations`, and
:djadmin:`squashmigrations` are formatted using the ``black`` command if it is
present on your ``PATH``.
If you have ``black`` globally installed, but do not wish it used for the
current project, you can set the ``PATH`` explicitly::
PATH=path/to/venv/bin django-admin makemigrations
For commands using ``stdout`` you can pipe the output to ``black`` if needed::
django-admin inspectdb | black -
==========================================
Running management commands from your code
==========================================
.. function:: django.core.management.call_command(name, *args, **options)
To call a management command from code use ``call_command``.
``name``
the name of the command to call or a command object. Passing the name is
preferred unless the object is required for testing.
``*args``
a list of arguments accepted by the command. Arguments are passed to the
argument parser, so you can use the same style as you would on the command
line. For example, ``call_command('flush', '--verbosity=0')``.
``**options``
named options accepted on the command-line. Options are passed to the command
without triggering the argument parser, which means you'll need to pass the
correct type. For example, ``call_command('flush', verbosity=0)`` (zero must
be an integer rather than a string).
Examples::
from django.core import management
from django.core.management.commands import loaddata
management.call_command('flush', verbosity=0, interactive=False)
management.call_command('loaddata', 'test_data', verbosity=0)
management.call_command(loaddata.Command(), 'test_data', verbosity=0)
Note that command options that take no arguments are passed as keywords
with ``True`` or ``False``, as you can see with the ``interactive`` option above.
Named arguments can be passed by using either one of the following syntaxes::
# Similar to the command line
management.call_command('dumpdata', '--natural-foreign')
# Named argument similar to the command line minus the initial dashes and
# with internal dashes replaced by underscores
management.call_command('dumpdata', natural_foreign=True)
# `use_natural_foreign_keys` is the option destination variable
management.call_command('dumpdata', use_natural_foreign_keys=True)
Some command options have different names when using ``call_command()`` instead
of ``django-admin`` or ``manage.py``. For example, ``django-admin
createsuperuser --no-input`` translates to ``call_command('createsuperuser',
interactive=False)``. To find what keyword argument name to use for
``call_command()``, check the command's source code for the ``dest`` argument
passed to ``parser.add_argument()``.
Command options which take multiple options are passed a list::
management.call_command('dumpdata', exclude=['contenttypes', 'auth'])
The return value of the ``call_command()`` function is the same as the return
value of the ``handle()`` method of the command.
Output redirection
==================
Note that you can redirect standard output and error streams as all commands
support the ``stdout`` and ``stderr`` options. For example, you could write::
with open('/path/to/command_output', 'w') as f:
management.call_command('dumpdata', stdout=f)
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