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django/docs/ref/contrib/sitemaps.txt
Claude Paroz 626bdf648a Updated a bunch of hyperlinks in documentation
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=====================
The sitemap framework
=====================
.. module:: django.contrib.sitemaps
:synopsis: A framework for generating Google sitemap XML files.
Django comes with a high-level sitemap-generating framework that makes
creating sitemap_ XML files easy.
.. _sitemap: http://www.sitemaps.org/
Overview
========
A sitemap is an XML file on your Web site that tells search-engine indexers how
frequently your pages change and how "important" certain pages are in relation
to other pages on your site. This information helps search engines index your
site.
The Django sitemap framework automates the creation of this XML file by letting
you express this information in Python code.
It works much like Django's :doc:`syndication framework
</ref/contrib/syndication>`. To create a sitemap, just write a
:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class and point to it in your
:doc:`URLconf </topics/http/urls>`.
Installation
============
To install the sitemap app, follow these steps:
1. Add ``'django.contrib.sitemaps'`` to your :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`
setting.
2. Make sure ``'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader'``
is in your :setting:`TEMPLATE_LOADERS` setting. It's in there by default,
so you'll only need to change this if you've changed that setting.
3. Make sure you've installed the
:mod:`sites framework <django.contrib.sites>`.
(Note: The sitemap application doesn't install any database tables. The only
reason it needs to go into :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` is so that the
:func:`~django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader` template
loader can find the default templates.)
Initialization
==============
.. function:: views.sitemap(request, sitemaps, section=None, template_name='sitemap.xml', mimetype='application/xml')
To activate sitemap generation on your Django site, add this line to your
:doc:`URLconf </topics/http/urls>`::
(r'^sitemap\.xml$', 'django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap', {'sitemaps': sitemaps})
This tells Django to build a sitemap when a client accesses :file:`/sitemap.xml`.
The name of the sitemap file is not important, but the location is. Search
engines will only index links in your sitemap for the current URL level and
below. For instance, if :file:`sitemap.xml` lives in your root directory, it may
reference any URL in your site. However, if your sitemap lives at
:file:`/content/sitemap.xml`, it may only reference URLs that begin with
:file:`/content/`.
The sitemap view takes an extra, required argument: ``{'sitemaps': sitemaps}``.
``sitemaps`` should be a dictionary that maps a short section label (e.g.,
``blog`` or ``news``) to its :class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class
(e.g., ``BlogSitemap`` or ``NewsSitemap``). It may also map to an *instance* of
a :class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class (e.g.,
``BlogSitemap(some_var)``).
Sitemap classes
===============
A :class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class is a simple Python
class that represents a "section" of entries in your sitemap. For example,
one :class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class could represent
all the entries of your Weblog, while another could represent all of the
events in your events calendar.
In the simplest case, all these sections get lumped together into one
:file:`sitemap.xml`, but it's also possible to use the framework to generate a
sitemap index that references individual sitemap files, one per section. (See
`Creating a sitemap index`_ below.)
:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` classes must subclass
``django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap``. They can live anywhere in your codebase.
A simple example
================
Let's assume you have a blog system, with an ``Entry`` model, and you want your
sitemap to include all the links to your individual blog entries. Here's how
your sitemap class might look::
from django.contrib.sitemaps import Sitemap
from blog.models import Entry
class BlogSitemap(Sitemap):
changefreq = "never"
priority = 0.5
def items(self):
return Entry.objects.filter(is_draft=False)
def lastmod(self, obj):
return obj.pub_date
Note:
* :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq` and :attr:`~Sitemap.priority` are class
attributes corresponding to ``<changefreq>`` and ``<priority>`` elements,
respectively. They can be made callable as functions, as
:attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod` was in the example.
* :attr:`~Sitemap.items()` is simply a method that returns a list of
objects. The objects returned will get passed to any callable methods
corresponding to a sitemap property (:attr:`~Sitemap.location`,
:attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod`, :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq`, and
:attr:`~Sitemap.priority`).
* :attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod` should return a Python ``datetime`` object.
* There is no :attr:`~Sitemap.location` method in this example, but you
can provide it in order to specify the URL for your object. By default,
:attr:`~Sitemap.location()` calls ``get_absolute_url()`` on each object
and returns the result.
Sitemap class reference
=======================
.. class:: Sitemap
A ``Sitemap`` class can define the following methods/attributes:
.. attribute:: Sitemap.items
**Required.** A method that returns a list of objects. The framework
doesn't care what *type* of objects they are; all that matters is that
these objects get passed to the :attr:`~Sitemap.location()`,
:attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod()`, :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq()` and
:attr:`~Sitemap.priority()` methods.
.. attribute:: Sitemap.location
**Optional.** Either a method or attribute.
If it's a method, it should return the absolute path for a given object
as returned by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
If it's an attribute, its value should be a string representing an
absolute path to use for *every* object returned by
:attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
In both cases, "absolute path" means a URL that doesn't include the
protocol or domain. Examples:
* Good: :file:`'/foo/bar/'`
* Bad: :file:`'example.com/foo/bar/'`
* Bad: :file:`'http://example.com/foo/bar/'`
If :attr:`~Sitemap.location` isn't provided, the framework will call
the ``get_absolute_url()`` method on each object as returned by
:attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
To specify a protocol other than ``'http'``, use
:attr:`~Sitemap.protocol`.
.. attribute:: Sitemap.lastmod
**Optional.** Either a method or attribute.
If it's a method, it should take one argument -- an object as returned by
:attr:`~Sitemap.items()` -- and return that object's last-modified date/time, as a Python
``datetime.datetime`` object.
If it's an attribute, its value should be a Python ``datetime.datetime`` object
representing the last-modified date/time for *every* object returned by
:attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
.. versionadded:: 1.7
If all items in a sitemap have a :attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod`, the sitemap
generated by :func:`views.sitemap` will have a ``Last-Modified``
header equal to the latest ``lastmod``. You can activate the
:class:`~django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware` to make
Django respond appropriately to requests with an ``If-Modified-Since``
header which will prevent sending the sitemap if it hasn't changed.
.. attribute:: Sitemap.changefreq
**Optional.** Either a method or attribute.
If it's a method, it should take one argument -- an object as returned by
:attr:`~Sitemap.items()` -- and return that object's change frequency, as a Python string.
If it's an attribute, its value should be a string representing the change
frequency of *every* object returned by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
Possible values for :attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq`, whether you use a method or attribute, are:
* ``'always'``
* ``'hourly'``
* ``'daily'``
* ``'weekly'``
* ``'monthly'``
* ``'yearly'``
* ``'never'``
.. attribute:: Sitemap.priority
**Optional.** Either a method or attribute.
If it's a method, it should take one argument -- an object as returned by
:attr:`~Sitemap.items()` -- and return that object's priority, as either a string or float.
If it's an attribute, its value should be either a string or float representing
the priority of *every* object returned by :attr:`~Sitemap.items()`.
Example values for :attr:`~Sitemap.priority`: ``0.4``, ``1.0``. The default priority of a
page is ``0.5``. See the `sitemaps.org documentation`_ for more.
.. _sitemaps.org documentation: http://www.sitemaps.org/protocol.html#prioritydef
.. attribute:: Sitemap.protocol
**Optional.**
This attribute defines the protocol (``'http'`` or ``'https'``) of the
URLs in the sitemap. If it isn't set, the protocol with which the
sitemap was requested is used. If the sitemap is built outside the
context of a request, the default is ``'http'``.
Shortcuts
=========
The sitemap framework provides a couple convenience classes for common cases:
.. class:: FlatPageSitemap
The :class:`django.contrib.sitemaps.FlatPageSitemap` class looks at all
publicly visible :mod:`flatpages <django.contrib.flatpages>`
defined for the current :setting:`SITE_ID` (see the
:mod:`sites documentation <django.contrib.sites>`) and
creates an entry in the sitemap. These entries include only the
:attr:`~Sitemap.location` attribute -- not :attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod`,
:attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq` or :attr:`~Sitemap.priority`.
.. class:: GenericSitemap
The :class:`django.contrib.sitemaps.GenericSitemap` class allows you to
create a sitemap by passing it a dictionary which has to contain at least
a ``queryset`` entry. This queryset will be used to generate the items
of the sitemap. It may also have a ``date_field`` entry that
specifies a date field for objects retrieved from the ``queryset``.
This will be used for the :attr:`~Sitemap.lastmod` attribute in the
generated sitemap. You may also pass :attr:`~Sitemap.priority` and
:attr:`~Sitemap.changefreq` keyword arguments to the
:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.GenericSitemap` constructor to specify
these attributes for all URLs.
Example
-------
Here's an example of a :doc:`URLconf </topics/http/urls>` using both::
from django.conf.urls import patterns
from django.contrib.sitemaps import FlatPageSitemap, GenericSitemap
from blog.models import Entry
info_dict = {
'queryset': Entry.objects.all(),
'date_field': 'pub_date',
}
sitemaps = {
'flatpages': FlatPageSitemap,
'blog': GenericSitemap(info_dict, priority=0.6),
}
urlpatterns = patterns('',
# some generic view using info_dict
# ...
# the sitemap
(r'^sitemap\.xml$', 'django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap', {'sitemaps': sitemaps})
)
.. _URLconf: ../url_dispatch/
Sitemap for static views
========================
Often you want the search engine crawlers to index views which are neither
object detail pages nor flatpages. The solution is to explicitly list URL
names for these views in ``items`` and call
:func:`~django.core.urlresolvers.reverse` in the ``location`` method of
the sitemap. For example::
# sitemaps.py
from django.contrib import sitemaps
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
class StaticViewSitemap(sitemaps.Sitemap):
priority = 0.5
changefreq = 'daily'
def items(self):
return ['main', 'about', 'license']
def location(self, item):
return reverse(item)
# urls.py
from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
from .sitemaps import StaticViewSitemap
sitemaps = {
'static': StaticViewSitemap,
}
urlpatterns = patterns('',
url(r'^$', 'views.main', name='main'),
url(r'^about/$', 'views.about', name='about'),
url(r'^license/$', 'views.license', name='license'),
# ...
url(r'^sitemap\.xml$', 'django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap', {'sitemaps': sitemaps})
)
Creating a sitemap index
========================
.. function:: views.index(request, sitemaps, template_name='sitemap_index.xml', mimetype='application/xml', sitemap_url_name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap')
The sitemap framework also has the ability to create a sitemap index that
references individual sitemap files, one per each section defined in your
``sitemaps`` dictionary. The only differences in usage are:
* You use two views in your URLconf: :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index`
and :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap`.
* The :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap` view should take a
``section`` keyword argument.
Here's what the relevant URLconf lines would look like for the example above::
urlpatterns = patterns('django.contrib.sitemaps.views',
(r'^sitemap\.xml$', 'index', {'sitemaps': sitemaps}),
(r'^sitemap-(?P<section>.+)\.xml$', 'sitemap', {'sitemaps': sitemaps}),
)
This will automatically generate a :file:`sitemap.xml` file that references
both :file:`sitemap-flatpages.xml` and :file:`sitemap-blog.xml`. The
:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` classes and the ``sitemaps``
dict don't change at all.
You should create an index file if one of your sitemaps has more than 50,000
URLs. In this case, Django will automatically paginate the sitemap, and the
index will reflect that.
If you're not using the vanilla sitemap view -- for example, if it's wrapped
with a caching decorator -- you must name your sitemap view and pass
``sitemap_url_name`` to the index view::
from django.contrib.sitemaps import views as sitemaps_views
from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page
urlpatterns = patterns('',
url(r'^sitemap\.xml$',
cache_page(86400)(sitemaps_views.index),
{'sitemaps': sitemaps, 'sitemap_url_name': 'sitemaps'}),
url(r'^sitemap-(?P<section>.+)\.xml$',
cache_page(86400)(sitemaps_views.sitemap),
{'sitemaps': sitemaps}, name='sitemaps'),
)
Template customization
======================
If you wish to use a different template for each sitemap or sitemap index
available on your site, you may specify it by passing a ``template_name``
parameter to the ``sitemap`` and ``index`` views via the URLconf::
urlpatterns = patterns('django.contrib.sitemaps.views',
(r'^custom-sitemap\.xml$', 'index', {
'sitemaps': sitemaps,
'template_name': 'custom_sitemap.html'
}),
(r'^custom-sitemap-(?P<section>.+)\.xml$', 'sitemap', {
'sitemaps': sitemaps,
'template_name': 'custom_sitemap.html'
}),
)
These views return :class:`~django.template.response.TemplateResponse`
instances which allow you to easily customize the response data before
rendering. For more details, see the :doc:`TemplateResponse documentation
</ref/template-response>`.
Context variables
------------------
When customizing the templates for the
:func:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index` and
:func:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap` views, you can rely on the
following context variables.
Index
-----
The variable ``sitemaps`` is a list of absolute URLs to each of the sitemaps.
Sitemap
-------
The variable ``urlset`` is a list of URLs that should appear in the
sitemap. Each URL exposes attributes as defined in the
:class:`~django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap` class:
- ``changefreq``
- ``item``
- ``lastmod``
- ``location``
- ``priority``
The ``item`` attribute has been added for each URL to allow more flexible
customization of the templates, such as `Google news sitemaps`_. Assuming
Sitemap's :attr:`~Sitemap.items()` would return a list of items with
``publication_data`` and a ``tags`` field something like this would
generate a Google News compatible sitemap:
.. code-block:: xml+django
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<urlset
xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9"
xmlns:news="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-news/0.9">
{% spaceless %}
{% for url in urlset %}
<url>
<loc>{{ url.location }}</loc>
{% if url.lastmod %}<lastmod>{{ url.lastmod|date:"Y-m-d" }}</lastmod>{% endif %}
{% if url.changefreq %}<changefreq>{{ url.changefreq }}</changefreq>{% endif %}
{% if url.priority %}<priority>{{ url.priority }}</priority>{% endif %}
<news:news>
{% if url.item.publication_date %}<news:publication_date>{{ url.item.publication_date|date:"Y-m-d" }}</news:publication_date>{% endif %}
{% if url.item.tags %}<news:keywords>{{ url.item.tags }}</news:keywords>{% endif %}
</news:news>
</url>
{% endfor %}
{% endspaceless %}
</urlset>
.. _`Google news sitemaps`: https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/74288?hl=en
Pinging Google
==============
You may want to "ping" Google when your sitemap changes, to let it know to
reindex your site. The sitemaps framework provides a function to do just
that: :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.ping_google()`.
.. function:: ping_google
:func:`ping_google` takes an optional argument, ``sitemap_url``,
which should be the absolute path to your site's sitemap (e.g.,
:file:`'/sitemap.xml'`). If this argument isn't provided,
:func:`ping_google` will attempt to figure out your
sitemap by performing a reverse looking in your URLconf.
:func:`ping_google` raises the exception
``django.contrib.sitemaps.SitemapNotFound`` if it cannot determine your
sitemap URL.
.. admonition:: Register with Google first!
The :func:`ping_google` command only works if you have registered your
site with `Google Webmaster Tools`_.
.. _`Google Webmaster Tools`: http://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/
One useful way to call :func:`ping_google` is from a model's ``save()``
method::
from django.contrib.sitemaps import ping_google
class Entry(models.Model):
# ...
def save(self, force_insert=False, force_update=False):
super(Entry, self).save(force_insert, force_update)
try:
ping_google()
except Exception:
# Bare 'except' because we could get a variety
# of HTTP-related exceptions.
pass
A more efficient solution, however, would be to call :func:`ping_google` from a
cron script, or some other scheduled task. The function makes an HTTP request
to Google's servers, so you may not want to introduce that network overhead
each time you call ``save()``.
Pinging Google via ``manage.py``
--------------------------------
.. django-admin:: ping_google
Once the sitemaps application is added to your project, you may also
ping Google using the ``ping_google`` management command::
python manage.py ping_google [/sitemap.xml]
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