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========================
Django 5.0 release notes
========================
*December 4, 2023*
Welcome to Django 5.0!
These release notes cover the :ref:`new features <whats-new-5.0>`, as well as
some :ref:`backwards incompatible changes <backwards-incompatible-5.0>` you'll
want to be aware of when upgrading from Django 4.2 or earlier. We've
:ref:`begun the deprecation process for some features
<deprecated-features-5.0>`.
See the :doc:`/howto/upgrade-version` guide if you're updating an existing
project.
Python compatibility
====================
Django 5.0 supports Python 3.10, 3.11, and 3.12. We **highly recommend** and
only officially support the latest release of each series.
The Django 4.2.x series is the last to support Python 3.8 and 3.9.
Third-party library support for older version of Django
=======================================================
Following the release of Django 5.0, we suggest that third-party app authors
drop support for all versions of Django prior to 4.2. At that time, you should
be able to run your package's tests using ``python -Wd`` so that deprecation
warnings appear. After making the deprecation warning fixes, your app should be
compatible with Django 5.0.
.. _whats-new-5.0:
What's new in Django 5.0
========================
Facet filters in the admin
--------------------------
Facet counts are now shown for applied filters in the admin changelist when
toggled on via the UI. This behavior can be changed via the new
:attr:`.ModelAdmin.show_facets` attribute. For more information see
:ref:`facet-filters`.
Simplified templates for form field rendering
---------------------------------------------
Django 5.0 introduces the concept of a field group, and field group templates.
This simplifies rendering of the related elements of a Django form field such
as its label, widget, help text, and errors.
For example, the template below:
.. code-block:: html+django
<form>
...
<div>
{{ form.name.label_tag }}
{% if form.name.help_text %}
<div class="helptext" id="{{ form.name.auto_id }}_helptext">
{{ form.name.help_text|safe }}
</div>
{% endif %}
{{ form.name.errors }}
{{ form.name }}
<div class="row">
<div class="col">
{{ form.email.label_tag }}
{% if form.email.help_text %}
<div class="helptext" id="{{ form.email.auto_id }}_helptext">
{{ form.email.help_text|safe }}
</div>
{% endif %}
{{ form.email.errors }}
{{ form.email }}
</div>
<div class="col">
{{ form.password.label_tag }}
{% if form.password.help_text %}
<div class="helptext" id="{{ form.password.auto_id }}_helptext">
{{ form.password.help_text|safe }}
</div>
{% endif %}
{{ form.password.errors }}
{{ form.password }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
...
</form>
Can now be simplified to:
.. code-block:: html+django
<form>
...
<div>
{{ form.name.as_field_group }}
<div class="row">
<div class="col">{{ form.email.as_field_group }}</div>
<div class="col">{{ form.password.as_field_group }}</div>
</div>
</div>
...
</form>
:meth:`~django.forms.BoundField.as_field_group` renders fields with the
``"django/forms/field.html"`` template by default and can be customized on a
per-project, per-field, or per-request basis. See
:ref:`reusable-field-group-templates`.
Database-computed default values
--------------------------------
The new :attr:`Field.db_default <django.db.models.Field.db_default>` parameter
sets a database-computed default value. For example::
from django.db import models
from django.db.models.functions import Now, Pi
class MyModel(models.Model):
age = models.IntegerField(db_default=18)
created = models.DateTimeField(db_default=Now())
circumference = models.FloatField(db_default=2 * Pi())
Database generated model field
------------------------------
The new :class:`~django.db.models.GeneratedField` allows creation of database
generated columns. This field can be used on all supported database backends
to create a field that is always computed from other fields. For example::
from django.db import models
from django.db.models import F
class Square(models.Model):
side = models.IntegerField()
area = models.GeneratedField(
expression=F("side") * F("side"),
output_field=models.BigIntegerField(),
db_persist=True,
)
More options for declaring field choices
----------------------------------------
:attr:`.Field.choices` *(for model fields)* and :attr:`.ChoiceField.choices`
*(for form fields)* allow for more flexibility when declaring their values. In
previous versions of Django, ``choices`` should either be a list of 2-tuples,
or an :ref:`field-choices-enum-types` subclass, but the latter required
accessing the ``.choices`` attribute to provide the values in the expected
form::
from django.db import models
Medal = models.TextChoices("Medal", "GOLD SILVER BRONZE")
SPORT_CHOICES = [
("Martial Arts", [("judo", "Judo"), ("karate", "Karate")]),
("Racket", [("badminton", "Badminton"), ("tennis", "Tennis")]),
("unknown", "Unknown"),
]
class Winner(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(...)
medal = models.CharField(..., choices=Medal.choices)
sport = models.CharField(..., choices=SPORT_CHOICES)
Django 5.0 adds support for accepting a mapping or a callable instead of an
iterable, and also no longer requires ``.choices`` to be used directly to
expand :ref:`enumeration types <field-choices-enum-types>`::
from django.db import models
Medal = models.TextChoices("Medal", "GOLD SILVER BRONZE")
SPORT_CHOICES = { # Using a mapping instead of a list of 2-tuples.
"Martial Arts": {"judo": "Judo", "karate": "Karate"},
"Racket": {"badminton": "Badminton", "tennis": "Tennis"},
"unknown": "Unknown",
}
def get_scores():
return [(i, str(i)) for i in range(10)]
class Winner(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(...)
medal = models.CharField(..., choices=Medal) # Using `.choices` not required.
sport = models.CharField(..., choices=SPORT_CHOICES)
score = models.IntegerField(choices=get_scores) # A callable is allowed.
Under the hood the provided ``choices`` are normalized into a list of 2-tuples
as the canonical form whenever the ``choices`` value is updated. For more
information, please check the :ref:`model field reference on choices
<field-choices>`.
Minor features
--------------
:mod:`django.contrib.admin`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* The new :meth:`.AdminSite.get_log_entries` method allows customizing the
queryset for the site's listed log entries.
* The ``django.contrib.admin.AllValuesFieldListFilter``,
``ChoicesFieldListFilter``, ``RelatedFieldListFilter``, and
``RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter`` admin filters now handle multi-valued query
parameters.
* ``XRegExp`` is upgraded from version 3.2.0 to 5.1.1.
* The new :meth:`.AdminSite.get_model_admin` method returns an admin class for
the given model class.
* Properties in :attr:`.ModelAdmin.list_display` now support ``boolean``
attribute.
* jQuery is upgraded from version 3.6.4 to 3.7.1.
:mod:`django.contrib.auth`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* The default iteration count for the PBKDF2 password hasher is increased from
600,000 to 720,000.
* The new asynchronous functions are now provided, using an
``a`` prefix: :func:`django.contrib.auth.aauthenticate`,
:func:`~.django.contrib.auth.aget_user`,
:func:`~.django.contrib.auth.alogin`, :func:`~.django.contrib.auth.alogout`,
and :func:`~.django.contrib.auth.aupdate_session_auth_hash`.
* ``AuthenticationMiddleware`` now adds an :meth:`.HttpRequest.auser`
asynchronous method that returns the currently logged-in user.
* The new :func:`django.contrib.auth.hashers.acheck_password` asynchronous
function and :meth:`.AbstractBaseUser.acheck_password` method allow
asynchronous checking of user passwords.
:mod:`django.contrib.contenttypes`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* :meth:`.QuerySet.prefetch_related` now supports prefetching
:class:`~django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey` with
non-homogeneous set of results.
:mod:`django.contrib.gis`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* The new
:class:`ClosestPoint() <django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.ClosestPoint>`
function returns a 2-dimensional point on the geometry that is closest to
another geometry.
* :ref:`GIS aggregates <gis-aggregation-functions>` now support the ``filter``
argument.
* Support for GDAL 3.7 and GEOS 3.12 is added.
* The new :meth:`.GEOSGeometry.equals_identical` method allows point-wise
equivalence checking of geometries.
:mod:`django.contrib.messages`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* The new :meth:`.MessagesTestMixin.assertMessages` assertion method allows
testing :mod:`~django.contrib.messages` added to a
:class:`response <django.http.HttpResponse>`.
:mod:`django.contrib.postgres`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* The new :attr:`~.ExclusionConstraint.violation_error_code` attribute of
:class:`~django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint` allows
customizing the ``code`` of ``ValidationError`` raised during
:ref:`model validation <validating-objects>`.
Asynchronous views
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Under ASGI, ``http.disconnect`` events are now handled. This allows views to
perform any necessary cleanup if a client disconnects before the response is
generated. See :ref:`async-handling-disconnect` for more details.
Decorators
~~~~~~~~~~
* The following decorators now support wrapping asynchronous view functions:
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.cache.cache_control`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.cache.never_cache`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.common.no_append_slash`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.csrf.csrf_exempt`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.csrf.csrf_protect`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.csrf.ensure_csrf_cookie`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.csrf.requires_csrf_token`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.debug.sensitive_variables`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.debug.sensitive_post_parameters`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.gzip.gzip_page`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.http.condition`
* ``conditional_page()``
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.http.etag`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.http.last_modified`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.http.require_http_methods`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.http.require_GET`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.http.require_POST`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.http.require_safe`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.vary.vary_on_cookie`
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.vary.vary_on_headers`
* ``xframe_options_deny()``
* ``xframe_options_sameorigin()``
* ``xframe_options_exempt()``
Error Reporting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* :func:`~django.views.decorators.debug.sensitive_variables` and
:func:`~django.views.decorators.debug.sensitive_post_parameters` can now be
used with asynchronous functions.
File Storage
~~~~~~~~~~~~
* :meth:`.File.open` now passes all positional (``*args``) and keyword
arguments (``**kwargs``) to Python's built-in :func:`python:open`.
Forms
~~~~~
* The new :attr:`~django.forms.URLField.assume_scheme` argument for
:class:`~django.forms.URLField` allows specifying a default URL scheme.
* In order to improve accessibility, the following changes are made:
* Form fields now include the ``aria-describedby`` HTML attribute to enable
screen readers to associate form fields with their help text.
* Invalid form fields now include the ``aria-invalid="true"`` HTML attribute.
Internationalization
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Support and translations for the Uyghur language are now available.
Migrations
~~~~~~~~~~
* Serialization of functions decorated with :func:`functools.cache` or
:func:`functools.lru_cache` is now supported without the need to write a
custom serializer.
Models
~~~~~~
* The new ``create_defaults`` argument of :meth:`.QuerySet.update_or_create`
and :meth:`.QuerySet.aupdate_or_create` methods allows specifying a different
field values for the create operation.
* The new ``violation_error_code`` attribute of
:class:`~django.db.models.BaseConstraint`,
:class:`~django.db.models.CheckConstraint`, and
:class:`~django.db.models.UniqueConstraint` allows customizing the ``code``
of ``ValidationError`` raised during
:ref:`model validation <validating-objects>`.
* The :ref:`force_insert <ref-models-force-insert>` argument of
:meth:`.Model.save` now allows specifying a tuple of parent classes that must
be forced to be inserted.
* :meth:`.QuerySet.bulk_create` and :meth:`.QuerySet.abulk_create` methods now
set the primary key on each model instance when the ``update_conflicts``
parameter is enabled (if the database supports it).
* The new :attr:`.UniqueConstraint.nulls_distinct` attribute allows customizing
the treatment of ``NULL`` values on PostgreSQL 15+.
* The new :func:`~django.shortcuts.aget_object_or_404` and
:func:`~django.shortcuts.aget_list_or_404` asynchronous shortcuts allow
asynchronous getting objects.
* The new :func:`~django.db.models.aprefetch_related_objects` function allows
asynchronous prefetching of model instances.
* :meth:`.QuerySet.aiterator` now supports previous calls to
``prefetch_related()``.
* On MariaDB 10.7+, ``UUIDField`` is now created as ``UUID`` column rather than
``CHAR(32)`` column. See the migration guide above for more details on
:ref:`migrating-uuidfield`.
* Django now supports `oracledb`_ version 1.3.2 or higher. Support for
``cx_Oracle`` is deprecated as of this release and will be removed in Django
6.0.
Pagination
~~~~~~~~~~
* The new :attr:`django.core.paginator.Paginator.error_messages` argument
allows customizing the error messages raised by :meth:`.Paginator.page`.
Signals
~~~~~~~
* The new :meth:`.Signal.asend` and :meth:`.Signal.asend_robust` methods allow
asynchronous signal dispatch. Signal receivers may be synchronous or
asynchronous, and will be automatically adapted to the correct calling style.
Templates
~~~~~~~~~
* The new :tfilter:`escapeseq` template filter applies :tfilter:`escape` to
each element of a sequence.
Tests
~~~~~
* :class:`~django.test.Client` and :class:`~django.test.AsyncClient` now
provide asynchronous methods, using an ``a`` prefix:
:meth:`~django.test.Client.asession`, :meth:`~django.test.Client.alogin`,
:meth:`~django.test.Client.aforce_login`, and
:meth:`~django.test.Client.alogout`.
* :class:`~django.test.AsyncClient` now supports the ``follow`` parameter.
* The new :option:`test --durations` option allows showing the duration of the
slowest tests on Python 3.12+.
Validators
~~~~~~~~~~
* The new ``offset`` argument of
:class:`~django.core.validators.StepValueValidator` allows specifying an
offset for valid values.
.. _backwards-incompatible-5.0:
Backwards incompatible changes in 5.0
=====================================
Database backend API
--------------------
This section describes changes that may be needed in third-party database
backends.
* ``DatabaseFeatures.supports_expression_defaults`` should be set to ``False``
if the database doesn't support using database functions as defaults.
* ``DatabaseFeatures.supports_default_keyword_in_insert`` should be set to
``False`` if the database doesn't support the ``DEFAULT`` keyword in
``INSERT`` queries.
* ``DatabaseFeatures.supports_default_keyword_in_bulk_insert`` should be set to
``False`` if the database doesn't support the ``DEFAULT`` keyword in bulk
``INSERT`` queries.
:mod:`django.contrib.gis`
-------------------------
* Support for GDAL 2.2 and 2.3 is removed.
* Support for GEOS 3.6 and 3.7 is removed.
:mod:`django.contrib.sitemaps`
------------------------------
* The ``django.contrib.sitemaps.ping_google()`` function and the
``ping_google`` management command are removed as the Google
Sitemaps ping endpoint is deprecated and will be removed in January 2024.
* The ``django.contrib.sitemaps.SitemapNotFound`` exception class is removed.
Dropped support for MySQL < 8.0.11
----------------------------------
Support for pre-releases of MySQL 8.0.x series is removed. Django 5.0 supports
MySQL 8.0.11 and higher.
Using ``create_defaults__exact`` may now be required with ``QuerySet.update_or_create()``
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:meth:`.QuerySet.update_or_create` now supports the parameter
``create_defaults``. As a consequence, any models that have a field named
``create_defaults`` that are used with an ``update_or_create()`` should specify
the field in the lookup with ``create_defaults__exact``.
.. _migrating-uuidfield:
Migrating existing ``UUIDField`` on MariaDB 10.7+
-------------------------------------------------
On MariaDB 10.7+, ``UUIDField`` is now created as ``UUID`` column rather than
``CHAR(32)`` column. As a consequence, any ``UUIDField`` created in
Django < 5.0 should be replaced with a ``UUIDField`` subclass backed by
``CHAR(32)``::
class Char32UUIDField(models.UUIDField):
def db_type(self, connection):
return "char(32)"
def get_db_prep_value(self, value, connection, prepared=False):
value = super().get_db_prep_value(value, connection, prepared)
if value is not None:
value = value.hex
return value
For example::
class MyModel(models.Model):
uuid = models.UUIDField(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
Should become::
class Char32UUIDField(models.UUIDField): ...
class MyModel(models.Model):
uuid = Char32UUIDField(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
Running the :djadmin:`makemigrations` command will generate a migration
containing a no-op ``AlterField`` operation.
Miscellaneous
-------------
* The ``instance`` argument of the undocumented
``BaseModelFormSet.save_existing()`` method is renamed to ``obj``.
* The undocumented ``django.contrib.admin.helpers.checkbox`` is removed.
* Integer fields are now validated as 64-bit integers on SQLite to match the
behavior of ``sqlite3``.
* The undocumented ``Query.annotation_select_mask`` attribute is changed from a
set of strings to an ordered list of strings.
* ``ImageField.update_dimension_fields()`` is no longer called on the
``post_init`` signal if ``width_field`` and ``height_field`` are not set.
* :class:`~django.db.models.functions.Now` database function now uses
``LOCALTIMESTAMP`` instead of ``CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`` on Oracle.
* :attr:`.AdminSite.site_header` is now rendered in a ``<div>`` tag instead of
``<h1>``. Screen reader users rely on heading elements for navigation within
a page. Having two ``<h1>`` elements was confusing and the site header wasn't
helpful as it is repeated on all pages.
* In order to improve accessibility, the admin's main content area and header
content area are now rendered in a ``<main>`` and ``<header>`` tag instead of
``<div>``.
* On databases without native support for the SQL ``XOR`` operator, ``^`` as
the exclusive or (``XOR``) operator now returns rows that are matched by an
odd number of operands rather than exactly one operand. This is consistent
with the behavior of MySQL, MariaDB, and Python.
* The minimum supported version of ``asgiref`` is increased from 3.6.0 to
3.7.0.
* The minimum supported version of ``selenium`` is increased from 3.8.0 to
4.8.0.
* The ``AlreadyRegistered`` and ``NotRegistered`` exceptions are moved from
``django.contrib.admin.sites`` to ``django.contrib.admin.exceptions``.
* The minimum supported version of SQLite is increased from 3.21.0 to 3.27.0.
* Support for ``cx_Oracle`` < 8.3 is removed.
* Executing SQL queries before the app registry has been fully populated now
raises :exc:`RuntimeWarning`.
* :exc:`~django.core.exceptions.BadRequest` is raised for non-UTF-8 encoded
requests with the :mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded` content type.
See :rfc:`1866` for more details.
* The minimum supported version of ``colorama`` is increased to 0.4.6.
* The minimum supported version of ``docutils`` is increased to 0.19.
.. _deprecated-features-5.0:
Features deprecated in 5.0
==========================
Miscellaneous
-------------
* The ``DjangoDivFormRenderer`` and ``Jinja2DivFormRenderer`` transitional form
renderers are deprecated.
* Passing positional arguments ``name`` and ``violation_error_message`` to
:class:`~django.db.models.BaseConstraint` is deprecated in favor of
keyword-only arguments.
* ``request`` is added to the signature of :meth:`.ModelAdmin.lookup_allowed`.
Support for ``ModelAdmin`` subclasses that do not accept this argument is
deprecated.
* The ``get_joining_columns()`` method of ``ForeignObject`` and
``ForeignObjectRel`` is deprecated. Starting with Django 6.0,
``django.db.models.sql.datastructures.Join`` will no longer fallback to
``get_joining_columns()``. Subclasses should implement
``get_joining_fields()`` instead.
* The ``ForeignObject.get_reverse_joining_columns()`` method is deprecated.
* The default scheme for ``forms.URLField`` will change from ``"http"`` to
``"https"`` in Django 6.0. Set :setting:`FORMS_URLFIELD_ASSUME_HTTPS`
transitional setting to ``True`` to opt into assuming ``"https"`` during the
Django 5.x release cycle.
* ``FORMS_URLFIELD_ASSUME_HTTPS`` transitional setting is deprecated.
* Support for calling ``format_html()`` without passing args or kwargs will be
removed.
* Support for ``cx_Oracle`` is deprecated in favor of `oracledb`_ 1.3.2+ Python
driver.
* ``DatabaseOperations.field_cast_sql()`` is deprecated in favor of
``DatabaseOperations.lookup_cast()``. Starting with Django 6.0,
``BuiltinLookup.process_lhs()`` will no longer call ``field_cast_sql()``.
Third-party database backends should implement ``lookup_cast()`` instead.
* The ``django.db.models.enums.ChoicesMeta`` metaclass is renamed to
``ChoicesType``.
* The ``Prefetch.get_current_queryset()`` method is deprecated.
* The ``get_prefetch_queryset()`` method of related managers and descriptors
is deprecated. Starting with Django 6.0, ``get_prefetcher()`` and
``prefetch_related_objects()`` will no longer fallback to
``get_prefetch_queryset()``. Subclasses should implement
``get_prefetch_querysets()`` instead.
.. _`oracledb`: https://oracle.github.io/python-oracledb/
Features removed in 5.0
=======================
These features have reached the end of their deprecation cycle and are removed
in Django 5.0.
See :ref:`deprecated-features-4.0` for details on these changes, including how
to remove usage of these features.
* The ``SERIALIZE`` test setting is removed.
* The undocumented ``django.utils.baseconv`` module is removed.
* The undocumented ``django.utils.datetime_safe`` module is removed.
* The default value of the ``USE_TZ`` setting is changed from ``False`` to
``True``.
* The default sitemap protocol for sitemaps built outside the context of a
request is changed from ``'http'`` to ``'https'``.
* The ``extra_tests`` argument for ``DiscoverRunner.build_suite()`` and
``DiscoverRunner.run_tests()`` is removed.
* The ``django.contrib.postgres.aggregates.ArrayAgg``, ``JSONBAgg``, and
``StringAgg`` aggregates no longer return ``[]``, ``[]``, and ``''``,
respectively, when there are no rows.
* The ``USE_L10N`` setting is removed.
* The ``USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ`` transitional setting is removed.
* Support for ``pytz`` timezones is removed.
* The ``is_dst`` argument is removed from:
* ``QuerySet.datetimes()``
* ``django.utils.timezone.make_aware()``
* ``django.db.models.functions.Trunc()``
* ``django.db.models.functions.TruncSecond()``
* ``django.db.models.functions.TruncMinute()``
* ``django.db.models.functions.TruncHour()``
* ``django.db.models.functions.TruncDay()``
* ``django.db.models.functions.TruncWeek()``
* ``django.db.models.functions.TruncMonth()``
* ``django.db.models.functions.TruncQuarter()``
* ``django.db.models.functions.TruncYear()``
* The ``django.contrib.gis.admin.GeoModelAdmin`` and ``OSMGeoAdmin`` classes
are removed.
* The undocumented ``BaseForm._html_output()`` method is removed.
* The ability to return a ``str``, rather than a ``SafeString``, when rendering
an ``ErrorDict`` and ``ErrorList`` is removed.
See :ref:`deprecated-features-4.1` for details on these changes, including how
to remove usage of these features.
* The ``SitemapIndexItem.__str__()`` method is removed.
* The ``CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED`` transitional setting is removed.
* The ``name`` argument of ``django.utils.functional.cached_property()`` is
removed.
* The ``opclasses`` argument of
``django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint`` is removed.
* The undocumented ability to pass ``errors=None`` to
``SimpleTestCase.assertFormError()`` and ``assertFormsetError()`` is removed.
* ``django.contrib.sessions.serializers.PickleSerializer`` is removed.
* The usage of ``QuerySet.iterator()`` on a queryset that prefetches related
objects without providing the ``chunk_size`` argument is no longer allowed.
* Passing unsaved model instances to related filters is no longer allowed.
* ``created=True`` is required in the signature of
``RemoteUserBackend.configure_user()`` subclasses.
* Support for logging out via ``GET`` requests in the
``django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView`` and
``django.contrib.auth.views.logout_then_login()`` is removed.
* The ``django.utils.timezone.utc`` alias to ``datetime.timezone.utc`` is
removed.
* Passing a response object and a form/formset name to
``SimpleTestCase.assertFormError()`` and ``assertFormSetError()`` is no
longer allowed.
* The ``django.contrib.gis.admin.OpenLayersWidget`` is removed.
+ The ``django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher`` is removed.
* The ``"django/forms/default.html"`` and
``"django/forms/formsets/default.html"`` templates are removed.
* The default form and formset rendering style is changed to the div-based.
* Passing ``nulls_first=False`` or ``nulls_last=False`` to ``Expression.asc()``
and ``Expression.desc()`` methods, and the ``OrderBy`` expression is no
longer allowed.
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