django/django/core/validators.py

"""
A library of validators that return None and raise ValidationError when the
provided data isn't valid.

Validators may be callable classes, and they may have an 'always_test'
attribute. If an 'always_test' attribute exists (regardless of value), the
validator will *always* be run, regardless of whether its associated
form field is required.
"""

import urllib2
from django.conf import settings
from django.utils.translation import gettext, gettext_lazy, ngettext
from django.utils.functional import Promise, lazy
import re

_datere = r'\d{4}-\d{1,2}-\d{1,2}'
_timere = r'(?:[01]?[0-9]|2[0-3]):[0-5][0-9](?::[0-5][0-9])?'
alnum_re = re.compile(r'^\w+$')
alnumurl_re = re.compile(r'^[-\w/]+$')
ansi_date_re = re.compile('^%s$' % _datere)
ansi_time_re = re.compile('^%s$' % _timere)
ansi_datetime_re = re.compile('^%s %s$' % (_datere, _timere))
email_re = re.compile(
    r"(^[-!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{}|~0-9A-Z]+(\.[-!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{}|~0-9A-Z]+)*"  # dot-atom
    r'|^"([\001-\010\013\014\016-\037!#-\[\]-\177]|\\[\001-011\013\014\016-\177])*"' # quoted-string
    r')@(?:[A-Z0-9-]+\.)+[A-Z]{2,6}$', re.IGNORECASE)  # domain
decimal_re = re.compile(r'^-?(?P<digits>\d+)(\.(?P<decimals>\d+))?$')
integer_re = re.compile(r'^-?\d+$')
ip4_re = re.compile(r'^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$')
phone_re = re.compile(r'^[A-PR-Y0-9]{3}-[A-PR-Y0-9]{3}-[A-PR-Y0-9]{4}$', re.IGNORECASE)
slug_re = re.compile(r'^[-\w]+$')
url_re = re.compile(r'^https?://\S+$')

lazy_inter = lazy(lambda a,b: str(a) % b, str)

class ValidationError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, message):
        "ValidationError can be passed a string or a list."
        if isinstance(message, list):
            self.messages = message
        else:
            assert isinstance(message, (basestring, Promise)), ("%s should be a string" % repr(message))
            self.messages = [message]
    def __str__(self):
        # This is needed because, without a __str__(), printing an exception
        # instance would result in this:
        # AttributeError: ValidationError instance has no attribute 'args'
        # See http://www.python.org/doc/current/tut/node10.html#handling
        return str(self.messages)

class CriticalValidationError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, message):
        "ValidationError can be passed a string or a list."
        if isinstance(message, list):
            self.messages = message
        else:
            assert isinstance(message, (basestring, Promise)), ("'%s' should be a string" % message)
            self.messages = [message]
    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.messages)

def isAlphaNumeric(field_data, all_data):
    if not alnum_re.search(field_data):
        raise ValidationError, gettext("This value must contain only letters, numbers and underscores.")

def isAlphaNumericURL(field_data, all_data):
    if not alnumurl_re.search(field_data):
        raise ValidationError, gettext("This value must contain only letters, numbers, underscores, dashes or slashes.")

def isSlug(field_data, all_data):
    if not slug_re.search(field_data):
        raise ValidationError, gettext("This value must contain only letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens.")

def isLowerCase(field_data, all_data):
    if field_data.lower() != field_data:
        raise ValidationError, gettext("Uppercase letters are not allowed here.")

def isUpperCase(field_data, all_data):
    if field_data.upper() != field_data:
        raise ValidationError, gettext("Lowercase letters are not allowed here.")

def isCommaSeparatedIntegerList(field_data, all_data):
    for supposed_int in field_data.split(','):
        try:
            int(supposed_int)
        except ValueError:
            raise ValidationError, gettext("Enter only digits separated by commas.")

def isCommaSeparatedEmailList(field_data, all_data):
    """
    Checks that field_data is a string of e-mail addresses separated by commas.
    Blank field_data values will not throw a validation error, and whitespace
    is allowed around the commas.
    """
    for supposed_email in field_data.split(','):
        try:
            isValidEmail(supposed_email.strip(), '')
        except ValidationError:
            raise ValidationError, gettext("Enter valid e-mail addresses separated by commas.")

def isValidIPAddress4(field_data, all_data):
    if not ip4_re.search(field_data):
        raise ValidationError, gettext("Please enter a valid IP address.")

def isNotEmpty(field_data, all_data):
    if field_data.strip() == '':
        raise ValidationError, gettext("Empty values are not allowed here.")

def isOnlyDigits(field_data, all_data):
    if not field_data.isdigit():
        raise ValidationError, gettext("Non-numeric characters aren't allowed here.")

def isNotOnlyDigits(field_data, all_data):
    if field_data.isdigit():
        raise ValidationError, gettext("This value can't be comprised solely of digits.")

def isInteger(field_data, all_data):
    # This differs from isOnlyDigits because this accepts the negative sign
    if not integer_re.search(field_data):
        raise ValidationError, gettext("Enter a whole number.")

def isOnlyLetters(field_data, all_data):
    if not field_data.isalpha():
        raise ValidationError, gettext("Only alphabetical characters are allowed here.")

def _isValidDate(date_string):
    """
    A helper function used by isValidANSIDate and isValidANSIDatetime to
    check if the date is valid.  The date string is assumed to already be in
    YYYY-MM-DD format.
    """
    from datetime import date
    # Could use time.strptime here and catch errors, but datetime.date below
    # produces much friendlier error messages.
    year, month, day = map(int, date_string.split('-'))
    # This check is needed because strftime is used when saving the date
    # value to the database, and strftime requires that the year be >=1900.
    if year < 1900:
        raise ValidationError, gettext('Year must be 1900 or later.')
    try:
        date(year, month, day)
    except ValueError, e:
        msg = gettext('Invalid date: %s') % gettext(str(e))
        raise ValidationError, msg    

def isValidANSIDate(field_data, all_data):
    if not ansi_date_re.search(field_data):
        raise ValidationError, gettext('Enter a valid date in YYYY-MM-DD format.')
    _isValidDate(field_data)

def isValidANSITime(field_data, all_data):
    if not ansi_time_re.search(field_data):
        raise ValidationError, gettext('Enter a valid time in HH:MM format.')

def isValidANSIDatetime(field_data, all_data):
    if not ansi_datetime_re.search(field_data):
        raise ValidationError, gettext('Enter a valid date/time in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM format.')
    _isValidDate(field_data.split()[0])

def isValidEmail(field_data, all_data):
    if not email_re.search(field_data):
        raise ValidationError, gettext('Enter a valid e-mail address.')

def isValidImage(field_data, all_data):
    """
    Checks that the file-upload field data contains a valid image (GIF, JPG,
    PNG, possibly others -- whatever the Python Imaging Library supports).
    """
    from PIL import Image
    from cStringIO import StringIO
    try:
        content = field_data['content']
    except TypeError:
        raise ValidationError, gettext("No file was submitted. Check the encoding type on the form.")
    try:
        Image.open(StringIO(content))
    except IOError: # Python Imaging Library doesn't recognize it as an image
        raise ValidationError, gettext("Upload a valid image. The file you uploaded was either not an image or a corrupted image.")

def isValidImageURL(field_data, all_data):
    uc = URLMimeTypeCheck(('image/jpeg', 'image/gif', 'image/png'))
    try:
        uc(field_data, all_data)
    except URLMimeTypeCheck.InvalidContentType:
        raise ValidationError, gettext("The URL %s does not point to a valid image.") % field_data

def isValidPhone(field_data, all_data):
    if not phone_re.search(field_data):
        raise ValidationError, gettext('Phone numbers must be in XXX-XXX-XXXX format. "%s" is invalid.') % field_data

def isValidQuicktimeVideoURL(field_data, all_data):
    "Checks that the given URL is a video that can be played by QuickTime (qt, mpeg)"
    uc = URLMimeTypeCheck(('video/quicktime', 'video/mpeg',))
    try:
        uc(field_data, all_data)
    except URLMimeTypeCheck.InvalidContentType:
        raise ValidationError, gettext("The URL %s does not point to a valid QuickTime video.") % field_data

def isValidURL(field_data, all_data):
    if not url_re.search(field_data):
        raise ValidationError, gettext("A valid URL is required.")

def isValidHTML(field_data, all_data):
    import urllib, urllib2
    try:
        u = urllib2.urlopen('http://validator.w3.org/check', urllib.urlencode({'fragment': field_data, 'output': 'xml'}))
    except:
        # Validator or Internet connection is unavailable. Fail silently.
        return
    html_is_valid = (u.headers.get('x-w3c-validator-status', 'Invalid') == 'Valid')
    if html_is_valid:
        return
    from xml.dom.minidom import parseString
    error_messages = [e.firstChild.wholeText for e in parseString(u.read()).getElementsByTagName('messages')[0].getElementsByTagName('msg')]
    raise ValidationError, gettext("Valid HTML is required. Specific errors are:\n%s") % "\n".join(error_messages)

def isWellFormedXml(field_data, all_data):
    from xml.dom.minidom import parseString
    try:
        parseString(field_data)
    except Exception, e: # Naked except because we're not sure what will be thrown
        raise ValidationError, gettext("Badly formed XML: %s") % str(e)

def isWellFormedXmlFragment(field_data, all_data):
    isWellFormedXml('<root>%s</root>' % field_data, all_data)

def isExistingURL(field_data, all_data):
    try:
        headers = {
            "Accept" : "text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5",
            "Accept-Language" : "en-us,en;q=0.5",
            "Accept-Charset": "ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7",
            "Connection" : "close",
            "User-Agent": settings.URL_VALIDATOR_USER_AGENT
            }
        req = urllib2.Request(field_data,None, headers)
        u = urllib2.urlopen(req)
    except ValueError:
        raise ValidationError, _("Invalid URL: %s") % field_data
    except urllib2.HTTPError, e:
        # 401s are valid; they just mean authorization is required.
        # 301 and 302 are redirects; they just mean look somewhere else.
        if str(e.code) not in ('401','301','302'):
            raise ValidationError, _("The URL %s is a broken link.") % field_data
    except: # urllib2.URLError, httplib.InvalidURL, etc.
        raise ValidationError, _("The URL %s is a broken link.") % field_data
        
def isValidUSState(field_data, all_data):
    "Checks that the given string is a valid two-letter U.S. state abbreviation"
    states = ['AA', 'AE', 'AK', 'AL', 'AP', 'AR', 'AS', 'AZ', 'CA', 'CO', 'CT', 'DC', 'DE', 'FL', 'FM', 'GA', 'GU', 'HI', 'IA', 'ID', 'IL', 'IN', 'KS', 'KY', 'LA', 'MA', 'MD', 'ME', 'MH', 'MI', 'MN', 'MO', 'MP', 'MS', 'MT', 'NC', 'ND', 'NE', 'NH', 'NJ', 'NM', 'NV', 'NY', 'OH', 'OK', 'OR', 'PA', 'PR', 'PW', 'RI', 'SC', 'SD', 'TN', 'TX', 'UT', 'VA', 'VI', 'VT', 'WA', 'WI', 'WV', 'WY']
    if field_data.upper() not in states:
        raise ValidationError, gettext("Enter a valid U.S. state abbreviation.")

def hasNoProfanities(field_data, all_data):
    """
    Checks that the given string has no profanities in it. This does a simple
    check for whether each profanity exists within the string, so 'fuck' will
    catch 'motherfucker' as well. Raises a ValidationError such as:
        Watch your mouth! The words "f--k" and "s--t" are not allowed here.
    """
    field_data = field_data.lower() # normalize
    words_seen = [w for w in settings.PROFANITIES_LIST if w in field_data]
    if words_seen:
        from django.utils.text import get_text_list
        plural = len(words_seen) > 1
        raise ValidationError, ngettext("Watch your mouth! The word %s is not allowed here.",
            "Watch your mouth! The words %s are not allowed here.", plural) % \
            get_text_list(['"%s%s%s"' % (i[0], '-'*(len(i)-2), i[-1]) for i in words_seen], 'and')

class AlwaysMatchesOtherField(object):
    def __init__(self, other_field_name, error_message=None):
        self.other = other_field_name
        self.error_message = error_message or lazy_inter(gettext_lazy("This field must match the '%s' field."), self.other)
        self.always_test = True

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        if field_data != all_data[self.other]:
            raise ValidationError, self.error_message

class ValidateIfOtherFieldEquals(object):
    def __init__(self, other_field, other_value, validator_list):
        self.other_field, self.other_value = other_field, other_value
        self.validator_list = validator_list
        self.always_test = True

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        if self.other_field in all_data and all_data[self.other_field] == self.other_value:
            for v in self.validator_list:
                v(field_data, all_data)

class RequiredIfOtherFieldNotGiven(object):
    def __init__(self, other_field_name, error_message=gettext_lazy("Please enter something for at least one field.")):
        self.other, self.error_message = other_field_name, error_message
        self.always_test = True

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        if not all_data.get(self.other, False) and not field_data:
            raise ValidationError, self.error_message

class RequiredIfOtherFieldsGiven(object):
    def __init__(self, other_field_names, error_message=gettext_lazy("Please enter both fields or leave them both empty.")):
        self.other, self.error_message = other_field_names, error_message
        self.always_test = True

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        for field in self.other:
            if all_data.get(field, False) and not field_data:
                raise ValidationError, self.error_message

class RequiredIfOtherFieldGiven(RequiredIfOtherFieldsGiven):
    "Like RequiredIfOtherFieldsGiven, but takes a single field name instead of a list."
    def __init__(self, other_field_name, error_message=gettext_lazy("Please enter both fields or leave them both empty.")):
        RequiredIfOtherFieldsGiven.__init__(self, [other_field_name], error_message)

class RequiredIfOtherFieldEquals(object):
    def __init__(self, other_field, other_value, error_message=None, other_label=None):
        self.other_field = other_field
        self.other_value = other_value
        other_label = other_label or other_value
        self.error_message = error_message or lazy_inter(gettext_lazy("This field must be given if %(field)s is %(value)s"), {
            'field': other_field, 'value': other_label})
        self.always_test = True

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        if self.other_field in all_data and all_data[self.other_field] == self.other_value and not field_data:
            raise ValidationError(self.error_message)

class RequiredIfOtherFieldDoesNotEqual(object):
    def __init__(self, other_field, other_value, other_label=None, error_message=None):
        self.other_field = other_field
        self.other_value = other_value
        other_label = other_label or other_value
        self.error_message = error_message or lazy_inter(gettext_lazy("This field must be given if %(field)s is not %(value)s"), {
            'field': other_field, 'value': other_label})
        self.always_test = True

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        if self.other_field in all_data and all_data[self.other_field] != self.other_value and not field_data:
            raise ValidationError(self.error_message)

class IsLessThanOtherField(object):
    def __init__(self, other_field_name, error_message):
        self.other, self.error_message = other_field_name, error_message

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        if field_data > all_data[self.other]:
            raise ValidationError, self.error_message

class UniqueAmongstFieldsWithPrefix(object):
    def __init__(self, field_name, prefix, error_message):
        self.field_name, self.prefix = field_name, prefix
        self.error_message = error_message or gettext_lazy("Duplicate values are not allowed.")

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        for field_name, value in all_data.items():
            if field_name != self.field_name and value == field_data:
                raise ValidationError, self.error_message

class NumberIsInRange(object):
    """
    Validator that tests if a value is in a range (inclusive).
    """
    def __init__(self, lower=None, upper=None, error_message=''):
        self.lower, self.upper = lower, upper
        if not error_message:
            if lower and upper:
                 self.error_message = gettext("This value must be between %(lower)s and %(upper)s.") % {'lower': lower, 'upper': upper}
            elif lower:
                self.error_message = gettext("This value must be at least %s.") % lower
            elif upper:
                self.error_message = gettext("This value must be no more than %s.") % upper
        else:
            self.error_message = error_message

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        # Try to make the value numeric. If this fails, we assume another 
        # validator will catch the problem.
        try:
            val = float(field_data)
        except ValueError:
            return
            
        # Now validate
        if self.lower and self.upper and (val < self.lower or val > self.upper):
            raise ValidationError(self.error_message)
        elif self.lower and val < self.lower:
            raise ValidationError(self.error_message)
        elif self.upper and val > self.upper:
            raise ValidationError(self.error_message)

class IsAPowerOf(object):
    """
    >>> v = IsAPowerOf(2)
    >>> v(4, None)
    >>> v(8, None)
    >>> v(16, None)
    >>> v(17, None)
    django.core.validators.ValidationError: ['This value must be a power of 2.']
    """
    def __init__(self, power_of):
        self.power_of = power_of

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        from math import log
        val = log(int(field_data)) / log(self.power_of)
        if val != int(val):
            raise ValidationError, gettext("This value must be a power of %s.") % self.power_of

class IsValidDecimal(object):
    def __init__(self, max_digits, decimal_places):
        self.max_digits, self.decimal_places = max_digits, decimal_places

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        match = decimal_re.search(str(field_data))
        if not match:
            raise ValidationError, gettext("Please enter a valid decimal number.")
        
        digits = len(match.group('digits') or '')
        decimals = len(match.group('decimals') or '')
        
        if digits + decimals > self.max_digits:
            raise ValidationError, ngettext("Please enter a valid decimal number with at most %s total digit.",
                "Please enter a valid decimal number with at most %s total digits.", self.max_digits) % self.max_digits
        if digits > (self.max_digits - self.decimal_places):
            raise ValidationError, ngettext( "Please enter a valid decimal number with a whole part of at most %s digit.",
                "Please enter a valid decimal number with a whole part of at most %s digits.", str(self.max_digits-self.decimal_places)) % str(self.max_digits-self.decimal_places)
        if decimals > self.decimal_places:
            raise ValidationError, ngettext("Please enter a valid decimal number with at most %s decimal place.",
                "Please enter a valid decimal number with at most %s decimal places.", self.decimal_places) % self.decimal_places

def isValidFloat(field_data, all_data):
    data = str(field_data)
    try:
        float(data)
    except ValueError:
        raise ValidationError, gettext("Please enter a valid floating point number.")

class HasAllowableSize(object):
    """
    Checks that the file-upload field data is a certain size. min_size and
    max_size are measurements in bytes.
    """
    def __init__(self, min_size=None, max_size=None, min_error_message=None, max_error_message=None):
        self.min_size, self.max_size = min_size, max_size
        self.min_error_message = min_error_message or lazy_inter(gettext_lazy("Make sure your uploaded file is at least %s bytes big."), min_size)
        self.max_error_message = max_error_message or lazy_inter(gettext_lazy("Make sure your uploaded file is at most %s bytes big."), max_size)

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        try:
            content = field_data['content']
        except TypeError:
            raise ValidationError, gettext_lazy("No file was submitted. Check the encoding type on the form.")
        if self.min_size is not None and len(content) < self.min_size:
            raise ValidationError, self.min_error_message
        if self.max_size is not None and len(content) > self.max_size:
            raise ValidationError, self.max_error_message

class MatchesRegularExpression(object):
    """
    Checks that the field matches the given regular-expression. The regex
    should be in string format, not already compiled.
    """
    def __init__(self, regexp, error_message=gettext_lazy("The format for this field is wrong.")):
        self.regexp = re.compile(regexp)
        self.error_message = error_message

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        if not self.regexp.search(field_data):
            raise ValidationError(self.error_message)

class AnyValidator(object):
    """
    This validator tries all given validators. If any one of them succeeds,
    validation passes. If none of them succeeds, the given message is thrown
    as a validation error. The message is rather unspecific, so it's best to
    specify one on instantiation.
    """
    def __init__(self, validator_list=None, error_message=gettext_lazy("This field is invalid.")):
        if validator_list is None: validator_list = []
        self.validator_list = validator_list
        self.error_message = error_message
        for v in validator_list:
            if hasattr(v, 'always_test'):
                self.always_test = True

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        for v in self.validator_list:
            try:
                v(field_data, all_data)
                return
            except ValidationError, e:
                pass
        raise ValidationError(self.error_message)

class URLMimeTypeCheck(object):
    "Checks that the provided URL points to a document with a listed mime type"
    class CouldNotRetrieve(ValidationError):
        pass
    class InvalidContentType(ValidationError):
        pass

    def __init__(self, mime_type_list):
        self.mime_type_list = mime_type_list

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        import urllib2
        try:
            isValidURL(field_data, all_data)
        except ValidationError:
            raise
        try:
            info = urllib2.urlopen(field_data).info()
        except (urllib2.HTTPError, urllib2.URLError):
            raise URLMimeTypeCheck.CouldNotRetrieve, gettext("Could not retrieve anything from %s.") % field_data
        content_type = info['content-type']
        if content_type not in self.mime_type_list:
            raise URLMimeTypeCheck.InvalidContentType, gettext("The URL %(url)s returned the invalid Content-Type header '%(contenttype)s'.") % {
                'url': field_data, 'contenttype': content_type}

class RelaxNGCompact(object):
    "Validate against a Relax NG compact schema"
    def __init__(self, schema_path, additional_root_element=None):
        self.schema_path = schema_path
        self.additional_root_element = additional_root_element

    def __call__(self, field_data, all_data):
        import os, tempfile
        if self.additional_root_element:
            field_data = '<%(are)s>%(data)s\n</%(are)s>' % {
                'are': self.additional_root_element,
                'data': field_data
            }
        filename = tempfile.mktemp() # Insecure, but nothing else worked
        fp = open(filename, 'w')
        fp.write(field_data)
        fp.close()
        if not os.path.exists(settings.JING_PATH):
            raise Exception, "%s not found!" % settings.JING_PATH
        p = os.popen('%s -c %s %s' % (settings.JING_PATH, self.schema_path, filename))
        errors = [line.strip() for line in p.readlines()]
        p.close()
        os.unlink(filename)
        display_errors = []
        lines = field_data.split('\n')
        for error in errors:
            ignored, line, level, message = error.split(':', 3)
            # Scrape the Jing error messages to reword them more nicely.
            m = re.search(r'Expected "(.*?)" to terminate element starting on line (\d+)', message)
            if m:
                display_errors.append(_('Please close the unclosed %(tag)s tag from line %(line)s. (Line starts with "%(start)s".)') % \
                    {'tag':m.group(1).replace('/', ''), 'line':m.group(2), 'start':lines[int(m.group(2)) - 1][:30]})
                continue
            if message.strip() == 'text not allowed here':
                display_errors.append(_('Some text starting on line %(line)s is not allowed in that context. (Line starts with "%(start)s".)') % \
                    {'line':line, 'start':lines[int(line) - 1][:30]})
                continue
            m = re.search(r'\s*attribute "(.*?)" not allowed at this point; ignored', message)
            if m:
                display_errors.append(_('"%(attr)s" on line %(line)s is an invalid attribute. (Line starts with "%(start)s".)') % \
                    {'attr':m.group(1), 'line':line, 'start':lines[int(line) - 1][:30]})
                continue
            m = re.search(r'\s*unknown element "(.*?)"', message)
            if m:
                display_errors.append(_('"<%(tag)s>" on line %(line)s is an invalid tag. (Line starts with "%(start)s".)') % \
                    {'tag':m.group(1), 'line':line, 'start':lines[int(line) - 1][:30]})
                continue
            if message.strip() == 'required attributes missing':
                display_errors.append(_('A tag on line %(line)s is missing one or more required attributes. (Line starts with "%(start)s".)') % \
                    {'line':line, 'start':lines[int(line) - 1][:30]})
                continue
            m = re.search(r'\s*bad value for attribute "(.*?)"', message)
            if m:
                display_errors.append(_('The "%(attr)s" attribute on line %(line)s has an invalid value. (Line starts with "%(start)s".)') % \
                    {'attr':m.group(1), 'line':line, 'start':lines[int(line) - 1][:30]})
                continue
            # Failing all those checks, use the default error message.
            display_error = 'Line %s: %s [%s]' % (line, message, level.strip())
            display_errors.append(display_error)
        if len(display_errors) > 0:
            raise ValidationError, display_errors