============ Applications ============ .. module:: django.apps .. versionadded:: 1.7 Django contains a registry of installed applications that stores configuration and provides introspection. It also maintains a list of available :doc:`models `. This registry is simply called :attr:`~django.apps.apps` and it's available in :mod:`django.apps`:: >>> from django.apps import apps >>> apps.get_app_config('admin').verbose_name 'Admin' Projects and applications ========================= Django has historically used the term **project** to describe an installation of Django. A project is defined primarily by a settings module. The term **application** describes a Python package that provides some set of features. Applications may be reused in various projects. .. note:: This terminology is somewhat confusing these days as it became common to use the phrase "web app" to describe what equates to a Django project. Applications include some combination of models, views, templates, template tags, static files, URLs, middleware, etc. They're generally wired into projects with the :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` setting and optionally with other mechanisms such as URLconfs, the :setting:`MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES` setting, or template inheritance. It is important to understand that a Django application is just a set of code that interacts with various parts of the framework. There's no such thing as an ``Application`` object. However, there's a few places where Django needs to interact with installed applications, mainly for configuration and also for introspection. That's why the application registry maintains metadata in an :class:`~django.apps.AppConfig` instance for each installed application. Configuring applications ======================== To configure an application, subclass :class:`~django.apps.AppConfig` and put the dotted path to that subclass in :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`. Django uses the default :class:`~django.apps.AppConfig` class when :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` simply contains the dotted path to an application module. For application authors ----------------------- If you're creating a pluggable app called "Rock ’n’ roll", here's how you would provide a proper name for the admin:: # rock_n_roll/apps.py from django.apps import AppConfig class RockNRollConfig(AppConfig): name = 'rock_n_roll' verbose_name = "Rock ’n’ roll" You would then tell your users to add ``'rock_n_roll.apps.RockNRollConfig'`` to their :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`. The recommended convention is to put the configuration class in a submodule of the application called ``apps``. However, this isn't enforced by Django. You must include the :attr:`~django.apps.AppConfig.name` attribute for Django to determine which application this configuration applies to. You can define any attributes documented in the :class:`~django.apps.AppConfig` API reference. For application users --------------------- If you're using "Rock ’n’ roll" in a project called ``anthology``, but you want it to show up as "Gypsy jazz" instead, you can provide your own configuration:: # anthology/apps.py from rock_n_roll.app import RockNRollConfig class GypsyJazzConfig(RockNRollConfig): verbose_name = "Gypsy jazz" # anthology/settings.py INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'anthology.apps.GypsyJazzConfig', # ... ] Again, defining project-specific configuration classes in a submodule called ``apps`` is a convention, not a requirement. Application configuration ========================= .. class:: AppConfig Application configuration objects store metadata for an application. Some attributes can be configured in :class:`~django.apps.AppConfig` subclasses. Others are set by Django and read-only. Configurable attributes ----------------------- .. attribute:: AppConfig.name Full Python path to the application, e.g. ``'django.contrib.admin'``. This attribute defines which application the configuration applies to. It must be set in all :class:`~django.apps.AppConfig` subclasses. It must be unique across a Django project. .. attribute:: AppConfig.label Short name for the application, e.g. ``'admin'`` This attribute allows relabelling an application when two applications have conflicting labels. It defaults to the last component of ``name``. It should be a valid Python identifier. It must be unique across a Django project. .. attribute:: AppConfig.verbose_name Human-readable name for the application, e.g. "Admin". This attribute defaults to ``label.title()``. Read-only attributes -------------------- .. attribute:: AppConfig.path Filesystem path to the application directory, e.g. ``'/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/django/contrib/admin'``. It may be ``None`` if the application isn't stored in a directory, for instance if it's loaded from an egg. .. attribute:: AppConfig.module Root module for the application, e.g. ````. .. attribute:: AppConfig.models_module Module containing the models, e.g. ````. It may be ``None`` if the application doesn't contain a ``models`` module. Methods ------- .. method:: AppConfig.get_models() Returns an iterable of :class:`~django.db.models.Model` classes. .. method:: AppConfig.get_model(model_name) Returns the :class:`~django.db.models.Model` with the given ``model_name``. Raises :exc:`~exceptions.LookupError` if no such model exists. ``model_name`` is case-insensitive. .. method:: AppConfig.ready() Subclasses can override this method to perform initialization tasks such as registering signals. It is called as soon as the registry is fully populated. You cannot import models in modules that define application configuration classes, but you can use :meth:`get_model` to access a model class by name, like this:: def ready(self): MyModel = self.get_model('MyModel') Application registry ==================== .. data:: apps The application registry provides the following public API. Methods that aren't listed below are considered private and may change without notice. .. method:: apps.ready() Returns ``True`` if the registry is fully populated. .. method:: apps.get_app_configs() Returns an iterable of :class:`~django.apps.AppConfig` instances. .. method:: apps.get_app_config(app_label) Returns an :class:`~django.apps.AppConfig` for the application with the given ``app_label``. Raises :exc:`~exceptions.LookupError` if no such application exists. .. method:: apps.is_installed(app_name) Checks whether an application with the given name exists in the registry. ``app_name`` is the full name of the app, e.g. 'django.contrib.admin'. Unlike :meth:`~django.apps.apps.get_app_config`, this method can be called safely at import time. If the registry is still being populated, it may return ``False``, even though the app will become available later. .. method:: apps.get_model(app_label, model_name) Returns the :class:`~django.db.models.Model` with the given ``app_label`` and ``model_name``. Raises :exc:`~exceptions.LookupError` if no such application or model exists. ``model_name`` is case-insensitive.