===================== Writing documentation ===================== We place high importance on the consistency and readability of documentation. After all, Django was created in a journalism environment! So we treat our documentation like we treat our code: we aim to improve it as often as possible. Documentation changes generally come in two forms: * General improvements: typo corrections, error fixes and better explanations through clearer writing and more examples. * New features: documentation of features that have been added to the framework since the last release. This section explains how writers can craft their documentation changes in the most useful and least error-prone ways. The Django documentation process ================================ Though Django's documentation is intended to be read as HTML at https://docs.djangoproject.com/, we edit it as a collection of plain text files written in the reStructuredText markup language for maximum flexibility. We work from the development version of the repository because it has the latest-and-greatest documentation, just as it has the latest-and-greatest code. We also backport documentation fixes and improvements, at the discretion of the merger, to the last release branch. This is because it's advantageous to have the docs for the last release be up-to-date and correct (see :ref:`differences-between-doc-versions`). Django's documentation uses the Sphinx__ documentation system, which in turn is based on docutils__. The basic idea is that lightly-formatted plain-text documentation is transformed into HTML, PDF, and any other output format. __ https://www.sphinx-doc.org/ __ https://docutils.sourceforge.io/ Sphinx includes a ``sphinx-build`` command for turning reStructuredText into other formats, e.g., HTML and PDF. This command is configurable, but the Django documentation includes a ``Makefile`` that provides a shorter ``make html`` command. How the documentation is organized ================================== The documentation is organized into several categories: * :doc:`Tutorials ` take the reader by the hand through a series of steps to create something. The important thing in a tutorial is to help the reader achieve something useful, preferably as early as possible, in order to give them confidence. Explain the nature of the problem we're solving, so that the reader understands what we're trying to achieve. Don't feel that you need to begin with explanations of how things work - what matters is what the reader does, not what you explain. It can be helpful to refer back to what you've done and explain afterward. * :doc:`Topic guides ` aim to explain a concept or subject at a fairly high level. Link to reference material rather than repeat it. Use examples and don't be reluctant to explain things that seem very basic to you - it might be the explanation someone else needs. Providing background context helps a newcomer connect the topic to things that they already know. * :doc:`Reference guides ` contain technical references for APIs. They describe the functioning of Django's internal machinery and instruct in its use. Keep reference material tightly focused on the subject. Assume that the reader already understands the basic concepts involved but needs to know or be reminded of how Django does it. Reference guides aren't the place for general explanation. If you find yourself explaining basic concepts, you may want to move that material to a topic guide. * :doc:`How-to guides ` are recipes that take the reader through steps in key subjects. What matters most in a how-to guide is what a user wants to achieve. A how-to should always be result-oriented rather than focused on internal details of how Django implements whatever is being discussed. These guides are more advanced than tutorials and assume some knowledge about how Django works. Assume that the reader has followed the tutorials and don't hesitate to refer the reader back to the appropriate tutorial rather than repeat the same material. How to start contributing documentation ======================================= Clone the Django repository to your local machine ------------------------------------------------- If you'd like to start contributing to our docs, get the development version of Django from the source code repository (see :ref:`installing-development-version`): .. console:: $ git clone https://github.com/django/django.git If you're planning to submit these changes, you might find it useful to make a fork of the Django repository and clone this fork instead. Set up a virtual environment and install dependencies ----------------------------------------------------- Create and activate a virtual environment, then install the dependencies: .. code-block:: shell $ python -m venv .venv $ source .venv/bin/activate $ python -m pip install -r docs/requirements.txt Build the documentation locally ------------------------------- We can build HTML output from the ``docs`` directory: .. console:: $ cd docs $ make html Your locally-built documentation will be accessible at ``_build/html/index.html`` and it can be viewed in any web browser, though it will be themed differently than the documentation at `docs.djangoproject.com `_. This is OK! If your changes look good on your local machine, they'll look good on the website. Making edits to the documentation --------------------------------- The source files are ``.txt`` files located in the ``docs/`` directory. These files are written in the reStructuredText markup language. To learn the markup, see the :ref:`reStructuredText reference `. To edit this page, for example, we would edit the file :source:`docs/internals/contributing/writing-documentation.txt` and rebuild the HTML with ``make html``. .. _documentation-spelling-check: Spelling check -------------- Before you commit your docs, it's a good idea to run the spelling checker. You'll need to install :pypi:`sphinxcontrib-spelling` first. Then from the ``docs`` directory, run ``make spelling``. Wrong words (if any) along with the file and line number where they occur will be saved to ``_build/spelling/output.txt``. If you encounter false-positives (error output that actually is correct), do one of the following: * Surround inline code or brand/technology names with double grave accents (``). * Find synonyms that the spell checker recognizes. * If, and only if, you are sure the word you are using is correct - add it to ``docs/spelling_wordlist`` (please keep the list in alphabetical order). .. _documentation-link-check: Link check ---------- Links in documentation can become broken or changed such that they are no longer the canonical link. Sphinx provides a builder that can check whether the links in the documentation are working. From the ``docs`` directory, run ``make linkcheck``. Output is printed to the terminal, but can also be found in ``_build/linkcheck/output.txt`` and ``_build/linkcheck/output.json``. Entries that have a status of "working" are fine, those that are "unchecked" or "ignored" have been skipped because they either cannot be checked or have matched ignore rules in the configuration. Entries that have a status of "broken" need to be fixed. Those that have a status of "redirected" may need to be updated to point to the canonical location, e.g. the scheme has changed ``http://`` → ``https://``. In certain cases, we do not want to update a "redirected" link, e.g. a rewrite to always point to the latest or stable version of the documentation, e.g. ``/en/stable/`` → ``/en/3.2/``. Writing style ============= When using pronouns in reference to a hypothetical person, such as "a user with a session cookie", gender-neutral pronouns (they/their/them) should be used. Instead of: * he or she... use they. * him or her... use them. * his or her... use their. * his or hers... use theirs. * himself or herself... use themselves. Try to avoid using words that minimize the difficulty involved in a task or operation, such as "easily", "simply", "just", "merely", "straightforward", and so on. People's experience may not match your expectations, and they may become frustrated when they do not find a step as "straightforward" or "simple" as it is implied to be. Commonly used terms =================== Here are some style guidelines on commonly used terms throughout the documentation: * **Django** -- when referring to the framework, capitalize Django. It is lowercase only in Python code and in the djangoproject.com logo. * **email** -- no hyphen. * **HTTP** -- the expected pronunciation is "Aitch Tee Tee Pee" and therefore should be preceded by "an" and not "a". * **MySQL**, **PostgreSQL**, **SQLite** * **SQL** -- when referring to SQL, the expected pronunciation should be "Ess Queue Ell" and not "sequel". Thus in a phrase like "Returns an SQL expression", "SQL" should be preceded by "an" and not "a". * **Python** -- when referring to the language, capitalize Python. * **realize**, **customize**, **initialize**, etc. -- use the American "ize" suffix, not "ise." * **subclass** -- it's a single word without a hyphen, both as a verb ("subclass that model") and as a noun ("create a subclass"). * **the web**, **web framework** -- it's not capitalized. * **website** -- use one word, without capitalization. Django-specific terminology =========================== * **model** -- it's not capitalized. * **template** -- it's not capitalized. * **URLconf** -- use three capitalized letters, with no space before "conf." * **view** -- it's not capitalized. Guidelines for reStructuredText files ===================================== These guidelines regulate the format of our reST (reStructuredText) documentation: * In section titles, capitalize only initial words and proper nouns. * Wrap the documentation at 80 characters wide, unless a code example is significantly less readable when split over two lines, or for another good reason. * The main thing to keep in mind as you write and edit docs is that the more semantic markup you can add the better. So: .. code-block:: rst Add ``django.contrib.auth`` to your ``INSTALLED_APPS``... Isn't nearly as helpful as: .. code-block:: rst Add :mod:`django.contrib.auth` to your :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`... This is because Sphinx will generate proper links for the latter, which greatly helps readers. You can prefix the target with a ``~`` (that's a tilde) to get only the "last bit" of that path. So ``:mod:`~django.contrib.auth``` will display a link with the title "auth". * All Python code blocks should be formatted using the :pypi:`blacken-docs` auto-formatter. This will be run by ``pre-commit`` if that is configured. * Use :mod:`~sphinx.ext.intersphinx` to reference Python's and Sphinx' documentation. * Add ``.. code-block:: `` to literal blocks so that they get highlighted. Prefer relying on automatic highlighting using ``::`` (two colons). This has the benefit that if the code contains some invalid syntax, it won't be highlighted. Adding ``.. code-block:: python``, for example, will force highlighting despite invalid syntax. * To improve readability, use ``.. admonition:: Descriptive title`` rather than ``.. note::``. Use these boxes sparingly. * Use these heading styles: .. code-block:: rst === One === Two === Three ----- Four ~~~~ Five ^^^^ * Use :rst:role:`:rfc:` to reference RFC and try to link to the relevant section if possible. For example, use ``:rfc:`2324#section-2.3.2``` or ``:rfc:`Custom link text <2324#section-2.3.2>```. * Use :rst:role:`:pep:` to reference a Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) and try to link to the relevant section if possible. For example, use ``:pep:`20#easter-egg``` or ``:pep:`Easter Egg <20#easter-egg>```. * Use :rst:role:`:mimetype:` to refer to a MIME Type unless the value is quoted for a code example. * Use :rst:role:`:envvar:` to refer to an environment variable. You may also need to define a reference to the documentation for that environment variable using :rst:dir:`.. envvar:: `. .. versionchanged:: 4.2 All Python code blocks in the Django documentation were reformatted with :pypi:`blacken-docs`. Django-specific markup ====================== Besides :ref:`Sphinx's built-in markup `, Django's docs define some extra description units: * Settings: .. code-block:: rst .. setting:: INSTALLED_APPS To link to a setting, use ``:setting:`INSTALLED_APPS```. * Template tags: .. code-block:: rst .. templatetag:: regroup To link, use ``:ttag:`regroup```. * Template filters: .. code-block:: rst .. templatefilter:: linebreaksbr To link, use ``:tfilter:`linebreaksbr```. * Field lookups (i.e. ``Foo.objects.filter(bar__exact=whatever)``): .. code-block:: rst .. fieldlookup:: exact To link, use ``:lookup:`exact```. * ``django-admin`` commands: .. code-block:: rst .. django-admin:: migrate To link, use ``:djadmin:`migrate```. * ``django-admin`` command-line options: .. code-block:: rst .. django-admin-option:: --traceback To link, use ``:option:`command_name --traceback``` (or omit ``command_name`` for the options shared by all commands like ``--verbosity``). * Links to Trac tickets (typically reserved for patch release notes): .. code-block:: rst :ticket:`12345` Django's documentation uses a custom ``console`` directive for documenting command-line examples involving ``django-admin``, ``manage.py``, ``python``, etc.). In the HTML documentation, it renders a two-tab UI, with one tab showing a Unix-style command prompt and a second tab showing a Windows prompt. For example, you can replace this fragment: .. code-block:: rst use this command: .. code-block:: console $ python manage.py shell with this one: .. code-block:: rst use this command: .. console:: $ python manage.py shell Notice two things: * You usually will replace occurrences of the ``.. code-block:: console`` directive. * You don't need to change the actual content of the code example. You still write it assuming a Unix-y environment (i.e. a ``'$'`` prompt symbol, ``'/'`` as filesystem path components separator, etc.) The example above will render a code example block with two tabs. The first one will show: .. code-block:: console $ python manage.py shell (No changes from what ``.. code-block:: console`` would have rendered). The second one will show: .. code-block:: doscon ...\> py manage.py shell .. _documenting-new-features: Documenting new features ======================== Our policy for new features is: All documentation of new features should be written in a way that clearly designates the features that are only available in the Django development version. Assume documentation readers are using the latest release, not the development version. Our preferred way for marking new features is by prefacing the features' documentation with: "``.. versionadded:: X.Y``", followed by a mandatory blank line and an optional description (indented). General improvements or other changes to the APIs that should be emphasized should use the "``.. versionchanged:: X.Y``" directive (with the same format as the ``versionadded`` mentioned above. These ``versionadded`` and ``versionchanged`` blocks should be "self-contained." In other words, since we only keep these annotations around for two releases, it's nice to be able to remove the annotation and its contents without having to reflow, reindent, or edit the surrounding text. For example, instead of putting the entire description of a new or changed feature in a block, do something like this: .. code-block:: rst .. class:: Author(first_name, last_name, middle_name=None) A person who writes books. ``first_name`` is ... ... ``middle_name`` is ... .. versionchanged:: A.B The ``middle_name`` argument was added. Put the changed annotation notes at the bottom of a section, not the top. Also, avoid referring to a specific version of Django outside a ``versionadded`` or ``versionchanged`` block. Even inside a block, it's often redundant to do so as these annotations render as "New in Django A.B:" and "Changed in Django A.B", respectively. If a function, attribute, etc. is added, it's also okay to use a ``versionadded`` annotation like this: .. code-block:: rst .. attribute:: Author.middle_name .. versionadded:: A.B An author's middle name. We can remove the ``.. versionadded:: A.B`` annotation without any indentation changes when the time comes. Minimizing images ================= Optimize image compression where possible. For PNG files, use OptiPNG and AdvanceCOMP's ``advpng``: .. code-block:: console $ cd docs $ optipng -o7 -zm1-9 -i0 -strip all `find . -type f -not -path "./_build/*" -name "*.png"` $ advpng -z4 `find . -type f -not -path "./_build/*" -name "*.png"` This is based on OptiPNG version 0.7.5. Older versions may complain about the ``-strip all`` option being lossy. An example ========== For a quick example of how it all fits together, consider this hypothetical example: * First, the ``ref/settings.txt`` document could have an overall layout like this: .. code-block:: rst ======== Settings ======== ... .. _available-settings: Available settings ================== ... .. _deprecated-settings: Deprecated settings =================== ... * Next, the ``topics/settings.txt`` document could contain something like this: .. code-block:: rst You can access a :ref:`listing of all available settings `. For a list of deprecated settings see :ref:`deprecated-settings`. You can find both in the :doc:`settings reference document `. We use the Sphinx :rst:role:`doc` cross-reference element when we want to link to another document as a whole and the :rst:role:`ref` element when we want to link to an arbitrary location in a document. * Next, notice how the settings are annotated: .. code-block:: rst .. setting:: ADMINS ADMINS ====== Default: ``[]`` (Empty list) A list of all the people who get code error notifications. When ``DEBUG=False`` and a view raises an exception, Django will email these people with the full exception information. Each member of the list should be a tuple of (Full name, email address). Example:: [("John", "john@example.com"), ("Mary", "mary@example.com")] Note that Django will email *all* of these people whenever an error happens. See :doc:`/howto/error-reporting` for more information. This marks up the following header as the "canonical" target for the setting ``ADMINS``. This means any time I talk about ``ADMINS``, I can reference it using ``:setting:`ADMINS```. That's basically how everything fits together. Translating documentation ========================= See :ref:`Localizing the Django documentation ` if you'd like to help translate the documentation into another language. .. _django-admin-manpage: ``django-admin`` man page ========================= Sphinx can generate a manual page for the :doc:`django-admin ` command. This is configured in ``docs/conf.py``. Unlike other documentation output, this man page should be included in the Django repository and the releases as ``docs/man/django-admin.1``. There isn't a need to update this file when updating the documentation, as it's updated once as part of the release process. To generate an updated version of the man page, run ``make man`` in the ``docs`` directory. The new man page will be written in ``docs/_build/man/django-admin.1``.