======== GEOS API ======== .. module:: django.contrib.gis.geos :synopsis: GeoDjango's high-level interface to the GEOS library. Background ========== What is GEOS? ------------- `GEOS`__ stands for **Geometry Engine - Open Source**, and is a C++ library, ported from the `Java Topology Suite`__. GEOS implements the OpenGIS `Simple Features for SQL`__ spatial predicate functions and spatial operators. GEOS, now an OSGeo project, was initially developed and maintained by `Refractions Research`__ of Victoria, Canada. __ https://trac.osgeo.org/geos/ __ https://sourceforge.net/projects/jts-topo-suite/ __ https://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sfs __ http://www.refractions.net/ Features -------- GeoDjango implements a high-level Python wrapper for the GEOS library, its features include: * A BSD-licensed interface to the GEOS geometry routines, implemented purely in Python using ``ctypes``. * Loosely-coupled to GeoDjango. For example, :class:`GEOSGeometry` objects may be used outside of a Django project/application. In other words, no need to have :envvar:`DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE` set or use a database, etc. * Mutability: :class:`GEOSGeometry` objects may be modified. * Cross-platform and tested; compatible with Windows, Linux, Solaris, and macOS platforms. .. _geos-tutorial: Tutorial ======== This section contains a brief introduction and tutorial to using :class:`GEOSGeometry` objects. Creating a Geometry ------------------- :class:`GEOSGeometry` objects may be created in a few ways. The first is to simply instantiate the object on some spatial input -- the following are examples of creating the same geometry from WKT, HEX, WKB, and GeoJSON:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSGeometry >>> pnt = GEOSGeometry('POINT(5 23)') # WKT >>> pnt = GEOSGeometry('010100000000000000000014400000000000003740') # HEX >>> pnt = GEOSGeometry(buffer('\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14@\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x007@')) >>> pnt = GEOSGeometry('{ "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 5.000000, 23.000000 ] }') # GeoJSON Another option is to use the constructor for the specific geometry type that you wish to create. For example, a :class:`Point` object may be created by passing in the X and Y coordinates into its constructor:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import Point >>> pnt = Point(5, 23) All these constructors take the keyword argument ``srid``. For example:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSGeometry, LineString, Point >>> print(GEOSGeometry('POINT (0 0)', srid=4326)) SRID=4326;POINT (0 0) >>> print(LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), srid=4326)) SRID=4326;LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1) >>> print(Point(0, 0, srid=32140)) SRID=32140;POINT (0 0) Finally, there is the :func:`fromfile` factory method which returns a :class:`GEOSGeometry` object from a file:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import fromfile >>> pnt = fromfile('/path/to/pnt.wkt') >>> pnt = fromfile(open('/path/to/pnt.wkt')) .. _geos-exceptions-in-logfile: .. admonition:: My logs are filled with GEOS-related errors You find many ``TypeError`` or ``AttributeError`` exceptions filling your Web server's log files. This generally means that you are creating GEOS objects at the top level of some of your Python modules. Then, due to a race condition in the garbage collector, your module is garbage collected before the GEOS object. To prevent this, create :class:`GEOSGeometry` objects inside the local scope of your functions/methods. Geometries are Pythonic ----------------------- :class:`GEOSGeometry` objects are 'Pythonic', in other words components may be accessed, modified, and iterated over using standard Python conventions. For example, you can iterate over the coordinates in a :class:`Point`:: >>> pnt = Point(5, 23) >>> [coord for coord in pnt] [5.0, 23.0] With any geometry object, the :attr:`GEOSGeometry.coords` property may be used to get the geometry coordinates as a Python tuple:: >>> pnt.coords (5.0, 23.0) You can get/set geometry components using standard Python indexing techniques. However, what is returned depends on the geometry type of the object. For example, indexing on a :class:`LineString` returns a coordinate tuple:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import LineString >>> line = LineString((0, 0), (0, 50), (50, 50), (50, 0), (0, 0)) >>> line[0] (0.0, 0.0) >>> line[-2] (50.0, 0.0) Whereas indexing on a :class:`Polygon` will return the ring (a :class:`LinearRing` object) corresponding to the index:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import Polygon >>> poly = Polygon( ((0.0, 0.0), (0.0, 50.0), (50.0, 50.0), (50.0, 0.0), (0.0, 0.0)) ) >>> poly[0] >>> poly[0][-2] # second-to-last coordinate of external ring (50.0, 0.0) In addition, coordinates/components of the geometry may added or modified, just like a Python list:: >>> line[0] = (1.0, 1.0) >>> line.pop() (0.0, 0.0) >>> line.append((1.0, 1.0)) >>> line.coords ((1.0, 1.0), (0.0, 50.0), (50.0, 50.0), (50.0, 0.0), (1.0, 1.0)) Geometries support set-like operators:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import LineString >>> ls1 = LineString((0, 0), (2, 2)) >>> ls2 = LineString((1, 1), (3, 3)) >>> print(ls1 | ls2) # equivalent to `ls1.union(ls2)` MULTILINESTRING ((0 0, 1 1), (1 1, 2 2), (2 2, 3 3)) >>> print(ls1 & ls2) # equivalent to `ls1.intersection(ls2)` LINESTRING (1 1, 2 2) >>> print(ls1 - ls2) # equivalent to `ls1.difference(ls2)` LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1) >>> print(ls1 ^ ls2) # equivalent to `ls1.sym_difference(ls2)` MULTILINESTRING ((0 0, 1 1), (2 2, 3 3)) .. admonition:: Equality operator doesn't check spatial equality The :class:`~GEOSGeometry` equality operator uses :meth:`~GEOSGeometry.equals_exact`, not :meth:`~GEOSGeometry.equals`, i.e. it requires the compared geometries to have the same coordinates in the same positions with the same SRIDs:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import LineString >>> ls1 = LineString((0, 0), (1, 1)) >>> ls2 = LineString((1, 1), (0, 0)) >>> ls3 = LineString((1, 1), (0, 0), srid=4326) >>> ls1.equals(ls2) True >>> ls1 == ls2 False >>> ls3 == ls2 # different SRIDs False Geometry Objects ================ ``GEOSGeometry`` ---------------- .. class:: GEOSGeometry(geo_input, srid=None) :param geo_input: Geometry input value (string or buffer) :param srid: spatial reference identifier :type srid: int This is the base class for all GEOS geometry objects. It initializes on the given ``geo_input`` argument, and then assumes the proper geometry subclass (e.g., ``GEOSGeometry('POINT(1 1)')`` will create a :class:`Point` object). The ``srid`` parameter, if given, is set as the SRID of the created geometry if ``geo_input`` doesn't have an SRID. If different SRIDs are provided through the ``geo_input`` and ``srid`` parameters, ``ValueError`` is raised:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSGeometry >>> GEOSGeometry('POINT EMPTY', srid=4326).ewkt 'SRID=4326;POINT EMPTY' >>> GEOSGeometry('SRID=4326;POINT EMPTY', srid=4326).ewkt 'SRID=4326;POINT EMPTY' >>> GEOSGeometry('SRID=1;POINT EMPTY', srid=4326) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: Input geometry already has SRID: 1. The following input formats, along with their corresponding Python types, are accepted: ======================= ========== Format Input Type ======================= ========== WKT / EWKT ``str`` HEX / HEXEWKB ``str`` WKB / EWKB ``buffer`` :rfc:`GeoJSON <7946>` ``str`` ======================= ========== For the GeoJSON format, the SRID is set based on the ``crs`` member. If ``crs`` isn't provided, the SRID defaults to 4326. .. classmethod:: GEOSGeometry.from_gml(gml_string) Constructs a :class:`GEOSGeometry` from the given GML string. Properties ~~~~~~~~~~ .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.coords Returns the coordinates of the geometry as a tuple. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.dims Returns the dimension of the geometry: * ``0`` for :class:`Point`\s and :class:`MultiPoint`\s * ``1`` for :class:`LineString`\s and :class:`MultiLineString`\s * ``2`` for :class:`Polygon`\s and :class:`MultiPolygon`\s * ``-1`` for empty :class:`GeometryCollection`\s * the maximum dimension of its elements for non-empty :class:`GeometryCollection`\s .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.empty Returns whether or not the set of points in the geometry is empty. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.geom_type Returns a string corresponding to the type of geometry. For example:: >>> pnt = GEOSGeometry('POINT(5 23)') >>> pnt.geom_type 'Point' .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.geom_typeid Returns the GEOS geometry type identification number. The following table shows the value for each geometry type: =========================== ======== Geometry ID =========================== ======== :class:`Point` 0 :class:`LineString` 1 :class:`LinearRing` 2 :class:`Polygon` 3 :class:`MultiPoint` 4 :class:`MultiLineString` 5 :class:`MultiPolygon` 6 :class:`GeometryCollection` 7 =========================== ======== .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.num_coords Returns the number of coordinates in the geometry. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.num_geom Returns the number of geometries in this geometry. In other words, will return 1 on anything but geometry collections. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.hasz Returns a boolean indicating whether the geometry is three-dimensional. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.ring Returns a boolean indicating whether the geometry is a ``LinearRing``. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.simple Returns a boolean indicating whether the geometry is 'simple'. A geometry is simple if and only if it does not intersect itself (except at boundary points). For example, a :class:`LineString` object is not simple if it intersects itself. Thus, :class:`LinearRing` and :class:`Polygon` objects are always simple because they do cannot intersect themselves, by definition. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.valid Returns a boolean indicating whether the geometry is valid. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.valid_reason Returns a string describing the reason why a geometry is invalid. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.srid Property that may be used to retrieve or set the SRID associated with the geometry. For example:: >>> pnt = Point(5, 23) >>> print(pnt.srid) None >>> pnt.srid = 4326 >>> pnt.srid 4326 Output Properties ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The properties in this section export the :class:`GEOSGeometry` object into a different. This output may be in the form of a string, buffer, or even another object. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.ewkt Returns the "extended" Well-Known Text of the geometry. This representation is specific to PostGIS and is a superset of the OGC WKT standard. [#fnogc]_ Essentially the SRID is prepended to the WKT representation, for example ``SRID=4326;POINT(5 23)``. .. note:: The output from this property does not include the 3dm, 3dz, and 4d information that PostGIS supports in its EWKT representations. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.hex Returns the WKB of this Geometry in hexadecimal form. Please note that the SRID value is not included in this representation because it is not a part of the OGC specification (use the :attr:`GEOSGeometry.hexewkb` property instead). .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.hexewkb Returns the EWKB of this Geometry in hexadecimal form. This is an extension of the WKB specification that includes the SRID value that are a part of this geometry. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.json Returns the GeoJSON representation of the geometry. Note that the result is not a complete GeoJSON structure but only the ``geometry`` key content of a GeoJSON structure. See also :doc:`/ref/contrib/gis/serializers`. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.geojson Alias for :attr:`GEOSGeometry.json`. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.kml Returns a `KML`__ (Keyhole Markup Language) representation of the geometry. This should only be used for geometries with an SRID of 4326 (WGS84), but this restriction is not enforced. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.ogr Returns an :class:`~django.contrib.gis.gdal.OGRGeometry` object corresponding to the GEOS geometry. .. _wkb: .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.wkb Returns the WKB (Well-Known Binary) representation of this Geometry as a Python buffer. SRID value is not included, use the :attr:`GEOSGeometry.ewkb` property instead. .. _ewkb: .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.ewkb Return the EWKB representation of this Geometry as a Python buffer. This is an extension of the WKB specification that includes any SRID value that are a part of this geometry. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.wkt Returns the Well-Known Text of the geometry (an OGC standard). __ https://developers.google.com/kml/documentation/ Spatial Predicate Methods ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ All of the following spatial predicate methods take another :class:`GEOSGeometry` instance (``other``) as a parameter, and return a boolean. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.contains(other) Returns ``True`` if :meth:`other.within(this) ` returns ``True``. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.covers(other) Returns ``True`` if this geometry covers the specified geometry. The ``covers`` predicate has the following equivalent definitions: * Every point of the other geometry is a point of this geometry. * The DE-9IM Intersection Matrix for the two geometries is ``T*****FF*``, ``*T****FF*``, ``***T**FF*``, or ``****T*FF*``. If either geometry is empty, returns ``False``. This predicate is similar to :meth:`GEOSGeometry.contains`, but is more inclusive (i.e. returns ``True`` for more cases). In particular, unlike :meth:`~GEOSGeometry.contains` it does not distinguish between points in the boundary and in the interior of geometries. For most situations, ``covers()`` should be preferred to :meth:`~GEOSGeometry.contains`. As an added benefit, ``covers()`` is more amenable to optimization and hence should outperform :meth:`~GEOSGeometry.contains`. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.crosses(other) Returns ``True`` if the DE-9IM intersection matrix for the two Geometries is ``T*T******`` (for a point and a curve,a point and an area or a line and an area) ``0********`` (for two curves). .. method:: GEOSGeometry.disjoint(other) Returns ``True`` if the DE-9IM intersection matrix for the two geometries is ``FF*FF****``. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.equals(other) Returns ``True`` if the DE-9IM intersection matrix for the two geometries is ``T*F**FFF*``. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.equals_exact(other, tolerance=0) Returns true if the two geometries are exactly equal, up to a specified tolerance. The ``tolerance`` value should be a floating point number representing the error tolerance in the comparison, e.g., ``poly1.equals_exact(poly2, 0.001)`` will compare equality to within one thousandth of a unit. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.intersects(other) Returns ``True`` if :meth:`GEOSGeometry.disjoint` is ``False``. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.overlaps(other) Returns true if the DE-9IM intersection matrix for the two geometries is ``T*T***T**`` (for two points or two surfaces) ``1*T***T**`` (for two curves). .. method:: GEOSGeometry.relate_pattern(other, pattern) Returns ``True`` if the elements in the DE-9IM intersection matrix for this geometry and the other matches the given ``pattern`` -- a string of nine characters from the alphabet: {``T``, ``F``, ``*``, ``0``}. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.touches(other) Returns ``True`` if the DE-9IM intersection matrix for the two geometries is ``FT*******``, ``F**T*****`` or ``F***T****``. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.within(other) Returns ``True`` if the DE-9IM intersection matrix for the two geometries is ``T*F**F***``. Topological Methods ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. method:: GEOSGeometry.buffer(width, quadsegs=8) Returns a :class:`GEOSGeometry` that represents all points whose distance from this geometry is less than or equal to the given ``width``. The optional ``quadsegs`` keyword sets the number of segments used to approximate a quarter circle (defaults is 8). .. method:: GEOSGeometry.buffer_with_style(width, quadsegs=8, end_cap_style=1, join_style=1, mitre_limit=5.0) Same as :meth:`buffer`, but allows customizing the style of the buffer. * ``end_cap_style`` can be round (``1``), flat (``2``), or square (``3``). * ``join_style`` can be round (``1``), mitre (``2``), or bevel (``3``). * Mitre ratio limit (``mitre_limit``) only affects mitered join style. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.difference(other) Returns a :class:`GEOSGeometry` representing the points making up this geometry that do not make up other. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.interpolate(distance) .. method:: GEOSGeometry.interpolate_normalized(distance) Given a distance (float), returns the point (or closest point) within the geometry (:class:`LineString` or :class:`MultiLineString`) at that distance. The normalized version takes the distance as a float between 0 (origin) and 1 (endpoint). Reverse of :meth:`GEOSGeometry.project`. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.intersection(other) Returns a :class:`GEOSGeometry` representing the points shared by this geometry and other. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.project(point) .. method:: GEOSGeometry.project_normalized(point) Returns the distance (float) from the origin of the geometry (:class:`LineString` or :class:`MultiLineString`) to the point projected on the geometry (that is to a point of the line the closest to the given point). The normalized version returns the distance as a float between 0 (origin) and 1 (endpoint). Reverse of :meth:`GEOSGeometry.interpolate`. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.relate(other) Returns the DE-9IM intersection matrix (a string) representing the topological relationship between this geometry and the other. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.simplify(tolerance=0.0, preserve_topology=False) Returns a new :class:`GEOSGeometry`, simplified to the specified tolerance using the Douglas-Peucker algorithm. A higher tolerance value implies fewer points in the output. If no tolerance is provided, it defaults to 0. By default, this function does not preserve topology. For example, :class:`Polygon` objects can be split, be collapsed into lines, or disappear. :class:`Polygon` holes can be created or disappear, and lines may cross. By specifying ``preserve_topology=True``, the result will have the same dimension and number of components as the input; this is significantly slower, however. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.sym_difference(other) Returns a :class:`GEOSGeometry` combining the points in this geometry not in other, and the points in other not in this geometry. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.union(other) Returns a :class:`GEOSGeometry` representing all the points in this geometry and the other. Topological Properties ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.boundary Returns the boundary as a newly allocated Geometry object. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.centroid Returns a :class:`Point` object representing the geometric center of the geometry. The point is not guaranteed to be on the interior of the geometry. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.convex_hull Returns the smallest :class:`Polygon` that contains all the points in the geometry. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.envelope Returns a :class:`Polygon` that represents the bounding envelope of this geometry. Note that it can also return a :class:`Point` if the input geometry is a point. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.point_on_surface Computes and returns a :class:`Point` guaranteed to be on the interior of this geometry. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.unary_union Computes the union of all the elements of this geometry. The result obeys the following contract: * Unioning a set of :class:`LineString`\s has the effect of fully noding and dissolving the linework. * Unioning a set of :class:`Polygon`\s will always return a :class:`Polygon` or :class:`MultiPolygon` geometry (unlike :meth:`GEOSGeometry.union`, which may return geometries of lower dimension if a topology collapse occurs). Other Properties & Methods ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.area This property returns the area of the Geometry. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.extent This property returns the extent of this geometry as a 4-tuple, consisting of ``(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax)``. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.clone() This method returns a :class:`GEOSGeometry` that is a clone of the original. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.distance(geom) Returns the distance between the closest points on this geometry and the given ``geom`` (another :class:`GEOSGeometry` object). .. note:: GEOS distance calculations are linear -- in other words, GEOS does not perform a spherical calculation even if the SRID specifies a geographic coordinate system. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.length Returns the length of this geometry (e.g., 0 for a :class:`Point`, the length of a :class:`LineString`, or the circumference of a :class:`Polygon`). .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.prepared Returns a GEOS ``PreparedGeometry`` for the contents of this geometry. ``PreparedGeometry`` objects are optimized for the contains, intersects, covers, crosses, disjoint, overlaps, touches and within operations. Refer to the :ref:`prepared-geometries` documentation for more information. .. attribute:: GEOSGeometry.srs Returns a :class:`~django.contrib.gis.gdal.SpatialReference` object corresponding to the SRID of the geometry or ``None``. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.transform(ct, clone=False) Transforms the geometry according to the given coordinate transformation parameter (``ct``), which may be an integer SRID, spatial reference WKT string, a PROJ string, a :class:`~django.contrib.gis.gdal.SpatialReference` object, or a :class:`~django.contrib.gis.gdal.CoordTransform` object. By default, the geometry is transformed in-place and nothing is returned. However if the ``clone`` keyword is set, then the geometry is not modified and a transformed clone of the geometry is returned instead. .. note:: Raises :class:`~django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSException` if GDAL is not available or if the geometry's SRID is ``None`` or less than 0. It doesn't impose any constraints on the geometry's SRID if called with a :class:`~django.contrib.gis.gdal.CoordTransform` object. .. method:: GEOSGeometry.normalize() Converts this geometry to canonical form:: >>> g = MultiPoint(Point(0, 0), Point(2, 2), Point(1, 1)) >>> print(g) MULTIPOINT (0 0, 2 2, 1 1) >>> g.normalize() >>> print(g) MULTIPOINT (2 2, 1 1, 0 0) ``Point`` --------- .. class:: Point(x=None, y=None, z=None, srid=None) ``Point`` objects are instantiated using arguments that represent the component coordinates of the point or with a single sequence coordinates. For example, the following are equivalent:: >>> pnt = Point(5, 23) >>> pnt = Point([5, 23]) Empty ``Point`` objects may be instantiated by passing no arguments or an empty sequence. The following are equivalent:: >>> pnt = Point() >>> pnt = Point([]) ``LineString`` -------------- .. class:: LineString(*args, **kwargs) ``LineString`` objects are instantiated using arguments that are either a sequence of coordinates or :class:`Point` objects. For example, the following are equivalent:: >>> ls = LineString((0, 0), (1, 1)) >>> ls = LineString(Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)) In addition, ``LineString`` objects may also be created by passing in a single sequence of coordinate or :class:`Point` objects:: >>> ls = LineString( ((0, 0), (1, 1)) ) >>> ls = LineString( [Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)] ) Empty ``LineString`` objects may be instantiated by passing no arguments or an empty sequence. The following are equivalent:: >>> ls = LineString() >>> ls = LineString([]) .. attribute:: closed Returns whether or not this ``LineString`` is closed. ``LinearRing`` -------------- .. class:: LinearRing(*args, **kwargs) ``LinearRing`` objects are constructed in the exact same way as :class:`LineString` objects, however the coordinates must be *closed*, in other words, the first coordinates must be the same as the last coordinates. For example:: >>> ls = LinearRing((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0)) Notice that ``(0, 0)`` is the first and last coordinate -- if they were not equal, an error would be raised. .. attribute:: is_counterclockwise .. versionadded:: 3.1 Returns whether this ``LinearRing`` is counterclockwise. ``Polygon`` ----------- .. class:: Polygon(*args, **kwargs) ``Polygon`` objects may be instantiated by passing in parameters that represent the rings of the polygon. The parameters must either be :class:`LinearRing` instances, or a sequence that may be used to construct a :class:`LinearRing`:: >>> ext_coords = ((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)) >>> int_coords = ((0.4, 0.4), (0.4, 0.6), (0.6, 0.6), (0.6, 0.4), (0.4, 0.4)) >>> poly = Polygon(ext_coords, int_coords) >>> poly = Polygon(LinearRing(ext_coords), LinearRing(int_coords)) .. classmethod:: from_bbox(bbox) Returns a polygon object from the given bounding-box, a 4-tuple comprising ``(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax)``. .. attribute:: num_interior_rings Returns the number of interior rings in this geometry. .. admonition:: Comparing Polygons Note that it is possible to compare ``Polygon`` objects directly with ``<`` or ``>``, but as the comparison is made through Polygon's :class:`LineString`, it does not mean much (but is consistent and quick). You can always force the comparison with the :attr:`~GEOSGeometry.area` property:: >>> if poly_1.area > poly_2.area: >>> pass Geometry Collections ==================== ``MultiPoint`` -------------- .. class:: MultiPoint(*args, **kwargs) ``MultiPoint`` objects may be instantiated by passing in :class:`Point` objects as arguments, or a single sequence of :class:`Point` objects:: >>> mp = MultiPoint(Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)) >>> mp = MultiPoint( (Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)) ) ``MultiLineString`` ------------------- .. class:: MultiLineString(*args, **kwargs) ``MultiLineString`` objects may be instantiated by passing in :class:`LineString` objects as arguments, or a single sequence of :class:`LineString` objects:: >>> ls1 = LineString((0, 0), (1, 1)) >>> ls2 = LineString((2, 2), (3, 3)) >>> mls = MultiLineString(ls1, ls2) >>> mls = MultiLineString([ls1, ls2]) .. attribute:: merged Returns a :class:`LineString` representing the line merge of all the components in this ``MultiLineString``. .. attribute:: closed Returns ``True`` if and only if all elements are closed. Requires GEOS 3.5. ``MultiPolygon`` ---------------- .. class:: MultiPolygon(*args, **kwargs) ``MultiPolygon`` objects may be instantiated by passing :class:`Polygon` objects as arguments, or a single sequence of :class:`Polygon` objects:: >>> p1 = Polygon( ((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0)) ) >>> p2 = Polygon( ((1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1)) ) >>> mp = MultiPolygon(p1, p2) >>> mp = MultiPolygon([p1, p2]) ``GeometryCollection`` ---------------------- .. class:: GeometryCollection(*args, **kwargs) ``GeometryCollection`` objects may be instantiated by passing in other :class:`GEOSGeometry` as arguments, or a single sequence of :class:`GEOSGeometry` objects:: >>> poly = Polygon( ((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0)) ) >>> gc = GeometryCollection(Point(0, 0), MultiPoint(Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)), poly) >>> gc = GeometryCollection((Point(0, 0), MultiPoint(Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)), poly)) .. _prepared-geometries: Prepared Geometries =================== In order to obtain a prepared geometry, access the :attr:`GEOSGeometry.prepared` property. Once you have a ``PreparedGeometry`` instance its spatial predicate methods, listed below, may be used with other ``GEOSGeometry`` objects. An operation with a prepared geometry can be orders of magnitude faster -- the more complex the geometry that is prepared, the larger the speedup in the operation. For more information, please consult the `GEOS wiki page on prepared geometries `_. For example:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import Point, Polygon >>> poly = Polygon.from_bbox((0, 0, 5, 5)) >>> prep_poly = poly.prepared >>> prep_poly.contains(Point(2.5, 2.5)) True ``PreparedGeometry`` -------------------- .. class:: PreparedGeometry All methods on ``PreparedGeometry`` take an ``other`` argument, which must be a :class:`GEOSGeometry` instance. .. method:: contains(other) .. method:: contains_properly(other) .. method:: covers(other) .. method:: crosses(other) .. method:: disjoint(other) .. method:: intersects(other) .. method:: overlaps(other) .. method:: touches(other) .. method:: within(other) Geometry Factories ================== .. function:: fromfile(file_h) :param file_h: input file that contains spatial data :type file_h: a Python ``file`` object or a string path to the file :rtype: a :class:`GEOSGeometry` corresponding to the spatial data in the file Example:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import fromfile >>> g = fromfile('/home/bob/geom.wkt') .. function:: fromstr(string, srid=None) :param string: string that contains spatial data :type string: str :param srid: spatial reference identifier :type srid: int :rtype: a :class:`GEOSGeometry` corresponding to the spatial data in the string ``fromstr(string, srid)`` is equivalent to :class:`GEOSGeometry(string, srid) `. Example:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import fromstr >>> pnt = fromstr('POINT(-90.5 29.5)', srid=4326) I/O Objects =========== Reader Objects -------------- The reader I/O classes return a :class:`GEOSGeometry` instance from the WKB and/or WKT input given to their ``read(geom)`` method. .. class:: WKBReader Example:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import WKBReader >>> wkb_r = WKBReader() >>> wkb_r.read('0101000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F') .. class:: WKTReader Example:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import WKTReader >>> wkt_r = WKTReader() >>> wkt_r.read('POINT(1 1)') Writer Objects -------------- All writer objects have a ``write(geom)`` method that returns either the WKB or WKT of the given geometry. In addition, :class:`WKBWriter` objects also have properties that may be used to change the byte order, and or include the SRID value (in other words, EWKB). .. class:: WKBWriter(dim=2) ``WKBWriter`` provides the most control over its output. By default it returns OGC-compliant WKB when its ``write`` method is called. However, it has properties that allow for the creation of EWKB, a superset of the WKB standard that includes additional information. See the :attr:`WKBWriter.outdim` documentation for more details about the ``dim`` argument. .. method:: WKBWriter.write(geom) Returns the WKB of the given geometry as a Python ``buffer`` object. Example:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import Point, WKBWriter >>> pnt = Point(1, 1) >>> wkb_w = WKBWriter() >>> wkb_w.write(pnt) .. method:: WKBWriter.write_hex(geom) Returns WKB of the geometry in hexadecimal. Example:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import Point, WKBWriter >>> pnt = Point(1, 1) >>> wkb_w = WKBWriter() >>> wkb_w.write_hex(pnt) '0101000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F' .. attribute:: WKBWriter.byteorder This property may be set to change the byte-order of the geometry representation. =============== ================================================= Byteorder Value Description =============== ================================================= 0 Big Endian (e.g., compatible with RISC systems) 1 Little Endian (e.g., compatible with x86 systems) =============== ================================================= Example:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import Point, WKBWriter >>> wkb_w = WKBWriter() >>> pnt = Point(1, 1) >>> wkb_w.write_hex(pnt) '0101000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F' >>> wkb_w.byteorder = 0 '00000000013FF00000000000003FF0000000000000' .. attribute:: WKBWriter.outdim This property may be set to change the output dimension of the geometry representation. In other words, if you have a 3D geometry then set to 3 so that the Z value is included in the WKB. ============ =========================== Outdim Value Description ============ =========================== 2 The default, output 2D WKB. 3 Output 3D WKB. ============ =========================== Example:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import Point, WKBWriter >>> wkb_w = WKBWriter() >>> wkb_w.outdim 2 >>> pnt = Point(1, 1, 1) >>> wkb_w.write_hex(pnt) # By default, no Z value included: '0101000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F' >>> wkb_w.outdim = 3 # Tell writer to include Z values >>> wkb_w.write_hex(pnt) '0101000080000000000000F03F000000000000F03F000000000000F03F' .. attribute:: WKBWriter.srid Set this property with a boolean to indicate whether the SRID of the geometry should be included with the WKB representation. Example:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import Point, WKBWriter >>> wkb_w = WKBWriter() >>> pnt = Point(1, 1, srid=4326) >>> wkb_w.write_hex(pnt) # By default, no SRID included: '0101000000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F' >>> wkb_w.srid = True # Tell writer to include SRID >>> wkb_w.write_hex(pnt) '0101000020E6100000000000000000F03F000000000000F03F' .. class:: WKTWriter(dim=2, trim=False, precision=None) This class allows outputting the WKT representation of a geometry. See the :attr:`WKBWriter.outdim`, :attr:`trim`, and :attr:`precision` attributes for details about the constructor arguments. .. method:: WKTWriter.write(geom) Returns the WKT of the given geometry. Example:: >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import Point, WKTWriter >>> pnt = Point(1, 1) >>> wkt_w = WKTWriter() >>> wkt_w.write(pnt) 'POINT (1.0000000000000000 1.0000000000000000)' .. attribute:: WKTWriter.outdim See :attr:`WKBWriter.outdim`. .. attribute:: WKTWriter.trim This property is used to enable or disable trimming of unnecessary decimals. >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import Point, WKTWriter >>> pnt = Point(1, 1) >>> wkt_w = WKTWriter() >>> wkt_w.trim False >>> wkt_w.write(pnt) 'POINT (1.0000000000000000 1.0000000000000000)' >>> wkt_w.trim = True >>> wkt_w.write(pnt) 'POINT (1 1)' .. attribute:: WKTWriter.precision This property controls the rounding precision of coordinates; if set to ``None`` rounding is disabled. >>> from django.contrib.gis.geos import Point, WKTWriter >>> pnt = Point(1.44, 1.66) >>> wkt_w = WKTWriter() >>> print(wkt_w.precision) None >>> wkt_w.write(pnt) 'POINT (1.4399999999999999 1.6599999999999999)' >>> wkt_w.precision = 0 >>> wkt_w.write(pnt) 'POINT (1 2)' >>> wkt_w.precision = 1 >>> wkt_w.write(pnt) 'POINT (1.4 1.7)' .. rubric:: Footnotes .. [#fnogc] *See* `PostGIS EWKB, EWKT and Canonical Forms `_, PostGIS documentation at Ch. 4.1.2. Settings ======== .. setting:: GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH ``GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH`` --------------------- A string specifying the location of the GEOS C library. Typically, this setting is only used if the GEOS C library is in a non-standard location (e.g., ``/home/bob/lib/libgeos_c.so``). .. note:: The setting must be the *full* path to the **C** shared library; in other words you want to use ``libgeos_c.so``, not ``libgeos.so``. Exceptions ========== .. exception:: GEOSException The base GEOS exception, indicates a GEOS-related error.