.. _topics-conditional-processing:

===========================
Conditional View Processing
===========================

.. versionadded:: 1.1

HTTP clients can send a number of headers to tell the server about copies of a
resource that they have already seen. This is commonly used when retrieving a
web page (using an HTTP ``GET`` request) to avoid sending all the data for
something the client has already retrieved. However, the same headers can be
used for all HTTP methods (``POST``, ``PUT``, ``DELETE``, etc).

For each page (response) that Django sends back from a view, it might provide
two HTTP headers: the ``ETag`` header and the ``Last-Modified`` header. These
headers are optional on HTTP responses. They can be set by your view function,
or you can rely on the :class:`~django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware`
middleware to set the ``ETag`` header.

When the client next requests the same resource, it might send along a header
such as `If-modified-since`_, containing the date of the last modification
time it was sent, or `If-none-match`_, containing the ``ETag`` it was sent.
If there is no match with the ETag, or if the resource has not been modified,
a 304 status code can be sent back, instead of a full response, telling the
client that nothing has changed.

.. _If-none-match: http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.26
.. _If-modified-since: http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.25

Django allows simple usage of this feature with
:class:`django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware` and
:class:`~django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware`. However, whilst being
easy to use and suitable for many situations, they both have limitations for
advanced usage:

    * They are applied globally to all views in your project
    * They don't save you from generating the response itself, which may be
      expensive
    * They are only appropriate for HTTP ``GET`` requests.

.. conditional-decorators:

Decorators
==========

When you need more fine-grained control you may use per-view conditional
processing functions. 

The decorators ``django.views.decorators.http.etag`` and
``django.views.decorators.http.last_modified`` each accept a user-defined
function that takes the same parameters as the view itself. The function
passed ``last_modified`` should return a standard datetime value specifying
the last time the resource was modified, or ``None`` if the resource doesn't
exist. The function passed to the ``etag`` decorator should return a string
representing the `Etag`_ for the resource, or ``None`` if it doesn't exist.

.. _ETag: http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec3.html#sec3.11

For example::

    # Compute the last-modified time from when the object was last saved.
    @last_modified(lambda r, obj_id: MyObject.objects.get(pk=obj_id).update_time)
    def my_object_view(request, obj_id):
        # Expensive generation of response with MyObject instance
        ...

Of course, you can always use the non-decorator form if you're using Python
2.3 or don't like the decorator syntax::

    def my_object_view(request, obj_id):
        ...
    my_object_view = last_modified(my_func)(my_object_view)

Using the ``etag`` decorator is similar.

In practice, though, you won't know if the client is going to send the
``Last-modified`` or the ``If-none-match`` header. If you can quickly compute
both values and want to short-circuit as often as possible, you'll need to use
the ``conditional`` decorator described below.

HTTP allows to use both "ETag" and "Last-Modified" headers in your response.
Then a response is considered not modified only if the client sends both
headers back and they're both equal to the response headers. This means that
you can't just chain decorators on your view::

    # Bad code. Don't do this!
    @etag(etag_func)
    @last_modified(last_modified_func)
    def my_view(request):
        # ...

    # End of bad code.

The first decorator doesn't know anything about the second and might
answer that the response is not modified even if the second decorators would
determine otherwise. In this case you should use a more general decorator -
``django.views.decorator.http.condition`` that accepts two functions at once::

    # The correct way to implement the above example
    @condition(etag_func, last_modified_func)
    def my_view(request):
        # ...

Using the decorators with other HTTP methods
============================================

The ``conditional`` decorator is useful for more than only ``GET`` and
``HEAD`` requests (``HEAD`` requests are the same as ``GET`` in this
situation). It can be used also to be used to provide checking for ``POST``,
``PUT`` and ``DELETE`` requests. In these situations, the idea isn't to return
a "not modified" response, but to tell the client that the resource they are
trying to change has been altered in the meantime.

For example, consider the following exchange between the client and server:

    1. Client requests ``/foo/``.
    2. Server responds with some content with an ETag of ``"abcd1234"``.
    3. Client sends and HTTP ``PUT`` request to ``/foo/`` to update the
       resource. It sends an ``If-Match: "abcd1234"`` header to specify the
       version it is trying to update.
    4. Server checks to see if the resource has changed, by computing the ETag
       the same way it does for a ``GET`` request (using the same function).
       If the resource *has* changed, it will return a 412 status code code,
       meaning "precondition failed".
    5. Client sends a ``GET`` request to ``/foo/``, after receiving a 412
       response, to retrieve an updated version of the content before updating
       it.

The important thing this example shows is that the same functions can be used
to compute the ETag and last modification values in all situations. In fact,
you *should* use the same functions, so that the same values are returned
every time.