[5.1.x] Refs #30581 -- Made unattached UniqueConstraint(fields) validation testable.

The logic allowing UniqueConstraint(fields).validate to preserve backward
compatiblity with Model.unique_error_message failed to account for cases where
the constraint might not be attached to a model which is a common pattern
during testing.

This changes allows for arbitrary UniqueConstraint(fields) to be tested in
isolation without requiring actual models backing them up.

Co-authored-by: Mark G <mark.gensler@protonmail.com>

Backport of 13922580cc from main.

django/db/models/constraints.py

@@ -653,19 +653,16 @@ class UniqueConstraint(BaseConstraint):
             queryset = queryset.exclude(pk=model_class_pk)
         if not self.condition:
             if queryset.exists():
-                if self.expressions:
+                if self.fields:
+                    # When fields are defined, use the unique_error_message() for
+                    # backward compatibility.
+                    raise ValidationError(
+                        instance.unique_error_message(model, self.fields),
+                    )
                 raise ValidationError(
                     self.get_violation_error_message(),
                     code=self.violation_error_code,
                 )
-                # When fields are defined, use the unique_error_message() for
-                # backward compatibility.
-                for model, constraints in instance.get_constraints():
-                    for constraint in constraints:
-                        if constraint is self:
-                            raise ValidationError(
-                                instance.unique_error_message(model, self.fields),
-                            )
         else:
             against = instance._get_field_value_map(meta=model._meta, exclude=exclude)
             try:

tests/constraints/tests.py

@@ -896,6 +896,13 @@ class UniqueConstraintTests(TestCase):
                 ChildUniqueConstraintProduct(name=self.p1.name, color=self.p1.color),
             )
 
+    def test_validate_fields_unattached(self):
+        Product.objects.create(price=42)
+        constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["price"], name="uniq_prices")
+        msg = "Product with this Price already exists."
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
+            constraint.validate(Product, Product(price=42))
+
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_partial_indexes")
     def test_validate_condition(self):
         p1 = UniqueConstraintConditionProduct.objects.create(name="p1")
@@ -921,7 +928,7 @@ class UniqueConstraintTests(TestCase):
         )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_partial_indexes")
-    def test_validate_conditon_custom_error(self):
+    def test_validate_condition_custom_error(self):
         p1 = UniqueConstraintConditionProduct.objects.create(name="p1")
         constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
             fields=["name"],