Refs #33476 -- Reformatted code with Black.

tests/admin_views/custom_has_permission_admin.py

@@ -6,24 +6,26 @@ from django.contrib.auth import get_permission_codename
 from django.contrib.auth.forms import AuthenticationForm
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 
-from . import admin as base_admin, models
+from . import admin as base_admin
+from . import models
 
-PERMISSION_NAME = 'admin_views.%s' % get_permission_codename('change', models.Article._meta)
+PERMISSION_NAME = "admin_views.%s" % get_permission_codename(
+    "change", models.Article._meta
+)
 
 
 class PermissionAdminAuthenticationForm(AuthenticationForm):
     def confirm_login_allowed(self, user):
         if not user.is_active or not (user.is_staff or user.has_perm(PERMISSION_NAME)):
-            raise ValidationError('permission denied')
+            raise ValidationError("permission denied")
 
 
 class HasPermissionAdmin(admin.AdminSite):
     login_form = PermissionAdminAuthenticationForm
 
     def has_permission(self, request):
-        return (
-            request.user.is_active and
-            (request.user.is_staff or request.user.has_perm(PERMISSION_NAME))
+        return request.user.is_active and (
+            request.user.is_staff or request.user.has_perm(PERMISSION_NAME)
         )
 
 

tests/admin_views/customadmin.py

@@ -7,32 +7,33 @@ from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.urls import path
 
-from . import admin as base_admin, forms, models
+from . import admin as base_admin
+from . import forms, models
 
 
 class Admin2(admin.AdminSite):
-    app_index_template = 'custom_admin/app_index.html'
+    app_index_template = "custom_admin/app_index.html"
     login_form = forms.CustomAdminAuthenticationForm
-    login_template = 'custom_admin/login.html'
-    logout_template = 'custom_admin/logout.html'
-    index_template = ['custom_admin/index.html']  # a list, to test fix for #18697
-    password_change_template = 'custom_admin/password_change_form.html'
-    password_change_done_template = 'custom_admin/password_change_done.html'
+    login_template = "custom_admin/login.html"
+    logout_template = "custom_admin/logout.html"
+    index_template = ["custom_admin/index.html"]  # a list, to test fix for #18697
+    password_change_template = "custom_admin/password_change_form.html"
+    password_change_done_template = "custom_admin/password_change_done.html"
 
     # A custom index view.
     def index(self, request, extra_context=None):
-        return super().index(request, {'foo': '*bar*'})
+        return super().index(request, {"foo": "*bar*"})
 
     def get_urls(self):
         return [
-            path('my_view/', self.admin_view(self.my_view), name='my_view'),
+            path("my_view/", self.admin_view(self.my_view), name="my_view"),
         ] + super().get_urls()
 
     def my_view(self, request):
         return HttpResponse("Django is a magical pony!")
 
     def password_change(self, request, extra_context=None):
-        return super().password_change(request, {'spam': 'eggs'})
+        return super().password_change(request, {"spam": "eggs"})
 
 
 class UserLimitedAdmin(UserAdmin):
@@ -43,19 +44,23 @@ class UserLimitedAdmin(UserAdmin):
 
 
 class CustomPwdTemplateUserAdmin(UserAdmin):
-    change_user_password_template = ['admin/auth/user/change_password.html']  # a list, to test fix for #18697
+    change_user_password_template = [
+        "admin/auth/user/change_password.html"
+    ]  # a list, to test fix for #18697
 
 
 class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def get_deleted_objects(self, objs, request):
-        return ['a deletable object'], {'books': 1}, set(), []
+        return ["a deletable object"], {"books": 1}, set(), []
 
 
 site = Admin2(name="admin2")
 
 site.register(models.Article, base_admin.ArticleAdmin)
 site.register(models.Book, BookAdmin)
-site.register(models.Section, inlines=[base_admin.ArticleInline], search_fields=['name'])
+site.register(
+    models.Section, inlines=[base_admin.ArticleInline], search_fields=["name"]
+)
 site.register(models.Thing, base_admin.ThingAdmin)
 site.register(models.Fabric, base_admin.FabricAdmin)
 site.register(models.ChapterXtra1, base_admin.ChapterXtra1Admin)
@@ -63,5 +68,5 @@ site.register(User, UserLimitedAdmin)
 site.register(models.UndeletableObject, base_admin.UndeletableObjectAdmin)
 site.register(models.Simple, base_admin.AttributeErrorRaisingAdmin)
 
-simple_site = Admin2(name='admin4')
+simple_site = Admin2(name="admin4")
 simple_site.register(User, CustomPwdTemplateUserAdmin)

tests/admin_views/forms.py

@@ -4,17 +4,16 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 
 
 class CustomAdminAuthenticationForm(AdminAuthenticationForm):
-
     class Media:
-        css = {'all': ('path/to/media.css',)}
+        css = {"all": ("path/to/media.css",)}
 
     def clean_username(self):
-        username = self.cleaned_data.get('username')
-        if username == 'customform':
-            raise ValidationError('custom form error')
+        username = self.cleaned_data.get("username")
+        if username == "customform":
+            raise ValidationError("custom form error")
         return username
 
 
 class MediaActionForm(ActionForm):
     class Media:
-        js = ['path/to/media.js']
+        js = ["path/to/media.js"]

tests/admin_views/models.py

@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ import uuid
 
 from django.contrib import admin
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
@@ -18,6 +16,7 @@ class Section(models.Model):
     A simple section that links to articles, to test linking to related items
     in admin views.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -35,26 +34,31 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     """
     A simple article to test admin views. Test backwards compatibility.
     """
+
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     content = models.TextField()
     date = models.DateTimeField()
     section = models.ForeignKey(Section, models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True)
-    another_section = models.ForeignKey(Section, models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True, related_name='+')
-    sub_section = models.ForeignKey(Section, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True, related_name='+')
+    another_section = models.ForeignKey(
+        Section, models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True, related_name="+"
+    )
+    sub_section = models.ForeignKey(
+        Section, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True, related_name="+"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='date', description='')
+    @admin.display(ordering="date", description="")
     def model_year(self):
         return self.date.year
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='-date', description='')
+    @admin.display(ordering="-date", description="")
     def model_year_reversed(self):
         return self.date.year
 
     @property
-    @admin.display(ordering='date')
+    @admin.display(ordering="date")
     def model_property_year(self):
         return self.date.year
 
@@ -67,14 +71,15 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     """
     A simple book that has chapters.
     """
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Name?')
+
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Name?")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
 class Promo(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Name?')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Name?")
     book = models.ForeignKey(Book, models.CASCADE)
     author = models.ForeignKey(User, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)
 
@@ -83,33 +88,33 @@ class Promo(models.Model):
 
 
 class Chapter(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Title?')
+    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Title?")
     content = models.TextField()
     book = models.ForeignKey(Book, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
         # Use a utf-8 bytestring to ensure it works (see #11710)
-        verbose_name = '¿Chapter?'
+        verbose_name = "¿Chapter?"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 
 class ChapterXtra1(models.Model):
-    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name='¿Chap?')
-    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Xtra?')
+    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name="¿Chap?")
+    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Xtra?")
     guest_author = models.ForeignKey(User, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '¿Xtra1: %s' % self.xtra
+        return "¿Xtra1: %s" % self.xtra
 
 
 class ChapterXtra2(models.Model):
-    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name='¿Chap?')
-    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Xtra?')
+    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name="¿Chap?")
+    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Xtra?")
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '¿Xtra2: %s' % self.xtra
+        return "¿Xtra2: %s" % self.xtra
 
 
 class RowLevelChangePermissionModel(models.Model):
@@ -128,7 +133,7 @@ class ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(models.Model):
         return self.string_pk
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/dummy/%s/' % self.string_pk
+        return "/dummy/%s/" % self.string_pk
 
 
 class Color(models.Model):
@@ -147,7 +152,7 @@ class Color2(Color):
 
 class Thing(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    color = models.ForeignKey(Color, models.CASCADE, limit_choices_to={'warm': True})
+    color = models.ForeignKey(Color, models.CASCADE, limit_choices_to={"warm": True})
     pub_date = models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -178,22 +183,22 @@ class Sketch(models.Model):
         Inquisition,
         models.CASCADE,
         limit_choices_to={
-            'leader__name': 'Palin',
-            'leader__age': 27,
-            'expected': False,
+            "leader__name": "Palin",
+            "leader__age": 27,
+            "expected": False,
         },
     )
     defendant0 = models.ForeignKey(
         Actor,
         models.CASCADE,
-        limit_choices_to={'title__isnull': False},
-        related_name='as_defendant0',
+        limit_choices_to={"title__isnull": False},
+        related_name="as_defendant0",
     )
     defendant1 = models.ForeignKey(
         Actor,
         models.CASCADE,
-        limit_choices_to={'title__isnull': True},
-        related_name='as_defendant1',
+        limit_choices_to={"title__isnull": True},
+        related_name="as_defendant1",
     )
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -224,7 +229,9 @@ class StumpJoke(models.Model):
         limit_choices_to=today_callable_dict,
         related_name="+",
     )
-    has_fooled_today = models.ManyToManyField(Character, limit_choices_to=today_callable_q, related_name="+")
+    has_fooled_today = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Character, limit_choices_to=today_callable_q, related_name="+"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.variation
@@ -232,11 +239,14 @@ class StumpJoke(models.Model):
 
 class Fabric(models.Model):
     NG_CHOICES = (
-        ('Textured', (
-            ('x', 'Horizontal'),
-            ('y', 'Vertical'),
-        )),
-        ('plain', 'Smooth'),
+        (
+            "Textured",
+            (
+                ("x", "Horizontal"),
+                ("y", "Vertical"),
+            ),
+        ),
+        ("plain", "Smooth"),
     )
     surface = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=NG_CHOICES)
 
@@ -260,6 +270,7 @@ class Persona(models.Model):
     A simple persona associated with accounts, to test inlining of related
     accounts which inherit from a common accounts class.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=80)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -271,9 +282,10 @@ class Account(models.Model):
     A simple, generic account encapsulating the information shared by all
     types of accounts.
     """
+
     username = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=80)
     persona = models.ForeignKey(Persona, models.CASCADE, related_name="accounts")
-    servicename = 'generic service'
+    servicename = "generic service"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s: %s" % (self.servicename, self.username)
@@ -281,12 +293,14 @@ class Account(models.Model):
 
 class FooAccount(Account):
     """A service-specific account of type Foo."""
-    servicename = 'foo'
+
+    servicename = "foo"
 
 
 class BarAccount(Account):
     """A service-specific account of type Bar."""
-    servicename = 'bar'
+
+    servicename = "bar"
 
 
 class Subscriber(models.Model):
@@ -313,11 +327,13 @@ class Podcast(Media):
     release_date = models.DateField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('release_date',)  # overridden in PodcastAdmin
+        ordering = ("release_date",)  # overridden in PodcastAdmin
 
 
 class Vodcast(Media):
-    media = models.OneToOneField(Media, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True)
+    media = models.OneToOneField(
+        Media, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True
+    )
     released = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
 
@@ -325,8 +341,8 @@ class Parent(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
 
     def clean(self):
-        if self.name == '_invalid':
-            raise ValidationError('invalid')
+        if self.name == "_invalid":
+            raise ValidationError("invalid")
 
 
 class Child(models.Model):
@@ -334,19 +350,20 @@ class Child(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30, blank=True)
 
     def clean(self):
-        if self.name == '_invalid':
-            raise ValidationError('invalid')
+        if self.name == "_invalid":
+            raise ValidationError("invalid")
 
 
 class PKChild(models.Model):
     """
     Used to check autocomplete to_field resolution when ForeignKey is PK.
     """
+
     parent = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['parent']
+        ordering = ["parent"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -370,7 +387,7 @@ class Gallery(models.Model):
 
 class Picture(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    image = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='test_upload')
+    image = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to="test_upload")
     gallery = models.ForeignKey(Gallery, models.CASCADE, related_name="pictures")
 
 
@@ -384,7 +401,7 @@ class Language(models.Model):
         return self.iso
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('iso',)
+        ordering = ("iso",)
 
 
 # a base class for Recommender and Recommendation
@@ -446,10 +463,10 @@ class Category(models.Model):
     order = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('order',)
+        ordering = ("order",)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s:o%s' % (self.id, self.order)
+        return "%s:o%s" % (self.id, self.order)
 
 
 def link_posted_default():
@@ -476,12 +493,16 @@ class PrePopulatedSubPost(models.Model):
 
 
 class Post(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, help_text='Some help text for the title (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)')
-    content = models.TextField(help_text='Some help text for the content (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)')
+    title = models.CharField(
+        max_length=100, help_text="Some help text for the title (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)"
+    )
+    content = models.TextField(
+        help_text="Some help text for the content (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)"
+    )
     readonly_content = models.TextField()
     posted = models.DateField(
         default=datetime.date.today,
-        help_text='Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)',
+        help_text="Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)",
     )
     public = models.BooleanField(null=True, blank=True)
 
@@ -519,7 +540,7 @@ class FunkyTag(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -527,8 +548,8 @@ class FunkyTag(models.Model):
 
 class Plot(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    team_leader = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name='lead_plots')
-    contact = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name='contact_plots')
+    team_leader = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name="lead_plots")
+    contact = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name="contact_plots")
     tags = GenericRelation(FunkyTag)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -549,7 +570,8 @@ class PlotProxy(Plot):
 
 
 class SecretHideout(models.Model):
-    """ Secret! Not registered with the admin! """
+    """Secret! Not registered with the admin!"""
+
     location = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     villain = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE)
 
@@ -558,7 +580,8 @@ class SecretHideout(models.Model):
 
 
 class SuperSecretHideout(models.Model):
-    """ Secret! Not registered with the admin! """
+    """Secret! Not registered with the admin!"""
+
     location = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     supervillain = models.ForeignKey(SuperVillain, models.CASCADE)
 
@@ -568,7 +591,7 @@ class SuperSecretHideout(models.Model):
 
 class Bookmark(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=60)
-    tag = GenericRelation(FunkyTag, related_query_name='bookmark')
+    tag = GenericRelation(FunkyTag, related_query_name="bookmark")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -576,7 +599,7 @@ class Bookmark(models.Model):
 
 class CyclicOne(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
-    two = models.ForeignKey('CyclicTwo', models.CASCADE)
+    two = models.ForeignKey("CyclicTwo", models.CASCADE)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -599,7 +622,7 @@ class Topping(models.Model):
 
 class Pizza(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    toppings = models.ManyToManyField('Topping', related_name='pizzas')
+    toppings = models.ManyToManyField("Topping", related_name="pizzas")
 
 
 # Pizza's ModelAdmin has readonly_fields = ['toppings'].
@@ -634,7 +657,7 @@ class Employee(Person):
     code = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['name']
+        ordering = ["name"]
 
 
 class WorkHour(models.Model):
@@ -646,6 +669,7 @@ class Manager(Employee):
     """
     A multi-layer MTI child.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -658,7 +682,7 @@ class Question(models.Model):
     question = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     posted = models.DateField(default=datetime.date.today)
     expires = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)
-    related_questions = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    related_questions = models.ManyToManyField("self")
     uuid = models.UUIDField(default=uuid.uuid4, unique=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -668,12 +692,15 @@ class Question(models.Model):
 class Answer(models.Model):
     question = models.ForeignKey(Question, models.PROTECT)
     question_with_to_field = models.ForeignKey(
-        Question, models.SET_NULL,
-        blank=True, null=True, to_field='uuid',
-        related_name='uuid_answers',
-        limit_choices_to=~models.Q(question__istartswith='not'),
+        Question,
+        models.SET_NULL,
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
+        to_field="uuid",
+        related_name="uuid_answers",
+        limit_choices_to=~models.Q(question__istartswith="not"),
     )
-    related_answers = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    related_answers = models.ManyToManyField("self")
     answer = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -692,17 +719,19 @@ class Reservation(models.Model):
 
 class FoodDelivery(models.Model):
     DRIVER_CHOICES = (
-        ('bill', 'Bill G'),
-        ('steve', 'Steve J'),
+        ("bill", "Bill G"),
+        ("steve", "Steve J"),
     )
     RESTAURANT_CHOICES = (
-        ('indian', 'A Taste of India'),
-        ('thai', 'Thai Pography'),
-        ('pizza', 'Pizza Mama'),
+        ("indian", "A Taste of India"),
+        ("thai", "Thai Pography"),
+        ("pizza", "Pizza Mama"),
     )
     reference = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     driver = models.CharField(max_length=100, choices=DRIVER_CHOICES, blank=True)
-    restaurant = models.CharField(max_length=100, choices=RESTAURANT_CHOICES, blank=True)
+    restaurant = models.CharField(
+        max_length=100, choices=RESTAURANT_CHOICES, blank=True
+    )
 
     class Meta:
         unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),)
@@ -761,6 +790,7 @@ class PrePopulatedPostLargeSlug(models.Model):
     be localized in prepopulated_fields_js.html or it might end up breaking
     the JavaScript (ie, using THOUSAND_SEPARATOR ends up with maxLength=1,000)
     """
+
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     published = models.BooleanField(default=False)
     # `db_index=False` because MySQL cannot index large CharField (#21196).
@@ -776,7 +806,7 @@ class AdminOrderedModelMethod(models.Model):
     order = models.IntegerField()
     stuff = models.CharField(max_length=200)
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='order')
+    @admin.display(ordering="order")
     def some_order(self):
         return self.order
 
@@ -803,8 +833,8 @@ class MainPrepopulated(models.Model):
     pubdate = models.DateField()
     status = models.CharField(
         max_length=20,
-        choices=(('option one', 'Option One'),
-                 ('option two', 'Option Two')))
+        choices=(("option one", "Option One"), ("option two", "Option Two")),
+    )
     slug1 = models.SlugField(blank=True)
     slug2 = models.SlugField(blank=True)
     slug3 = models.SlugField(blank=True, allow_unicode=True)
@@ -813,13 +843,13 @@ class MainPrepopulated(models.Model):
 class RelatedPrepopulated(models.Model):
     parent = models.ForeignKey(MainPrepopulated, models.CASCADE)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=75)
-    fk = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE, blank=True, null=True)
-    m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self', blank=True)
+    fk = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE, blank=True, null=True)
+    m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self", blank=True)
     pubdate = models.DateField()
     status = models.CharField(
         max_length=20,
-        choices=(('option one', 'Option One'),
-                 ('option two', 'Option Two')))
+        choices=(("option one", "Option One"), ("option two", "Option Two")),
+    )
     slug1 = models.SlugField(max_length=50)
     slug2 = models.SlugField(max_length=60)
 
@@ -829,6 +859,7 @@ class UnorderedObject(models.Model):
     Model without any defined `Meta.ordering`.
     Refs #16819.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     bool = models.BooleanField(default=True)
 
@@ -838,6 +869,7 @@ class UndeletableObject(models.Model):
     Model whose show_delete in admin change_view has been disabled
     Refs #10057.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
 
@@ -862,8 +894,9 @@ class Simple(models.Model):
 
 class Choice(models.Model):
     choice = models.IntegerField(
-        blank=True, null=True,
-        choices=((1, 'Yes'), (0, 'No'), (None, 'No opinion')),
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
+        choices=((1, "Yes"), (0, "No"), (None, "No opinion")),
     )
 
 
@@ -873,6 +906,7 @@ class ParentWithDependentChildren(models.Model):
     Model where the validation of child foreign-key relationships depends
     on validation of the parent
     """
+
     some_required_info = models.PositiveIntegerField()
     family_name = models.CharField(max_length=255, blank=False)
 
@@ -883,6 +917,7 @@ class DependentChild(models.Model):
     Model that depends on validation of the parent class for one of its
     fields to validate during clean
     """
+
     parent = models.ForeignKey(ParentWithDependentChildren, models.CASCADE)
     family_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
@@ -901,27 +936,27 @@ class FilteredManager(models.Model):
 
 
 class EmptyModelVisible(models.Model):
-    """ See ticket #11277. """
+    """See ticket #11277."""
 
 
 class EmptyModelHidden(models.Model):
-    """ See ticket #11277. """
+    """See ticket #11277."""
 
 
 class EmptyModelMixin(models.Model):
-    """ See ticket #11277. """
+    """See ticket #11277."""
 
 
 class State(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='State verbose_name')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="State verbose_name")
 
 
 class City(models.Model):
     state = models.ForeignKey(State, models.CASCADE)
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='City verbose_name')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="City verbose_name")
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/dummy/%s/' % self.pk
+        return "/dummy/%s/" % self.pk
 
 
 class Restaurant(models.Model):
@@ -929,7 +964,7 @@ class Restaurant(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/dummy/%s/' % self.pk
+        return "/dummy/%s/" % self.pk
 
 
 class Worker(models.Model):
@@ -947,8 +982,8 @@ class ParentWithFK(models.Model):
     fk = models.ForeignKey(
         ReferencedByParent,
         models.CASCADE,
-        to_field='name',
-        related_name='hidden+',
+        to_field="name",
+        related_name="hidden+",
     )
 
 
@@ -970,8 +1005,8 @@ class InlineReference(models.Model):
     fk = models.ForeignKey(
         ReferencedByInline,
         models.CASCADE,
-        to_field='name',
-        related_name='hidden+',
+        to_field="name",
+        related_name="hidden+",
     )
 
 
@@ -981,12 +1016,12 @@ class Recipe(models.Model):
 
 class Ingredient(models.Model):
     iname = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)
-    recipes = models.ManyToManyField(Recipe, through='RecipeIngredient')
+    recipes = models.ManyToManyField(Recipe, through="RecipeIngredient")
 
 
 class RecipeIngredient(models.Model):
-    ingredient = models.ForeignKey(Ingredient, models.CASCADE, to_field='iname')
-    recipe = models.ForeignKey(Recipe, models.CASCADE, to_field='rname')
+    ingredient = models.ForeignKey(Ingredient, models.CASCADE, to_field="iname")
+    recipe = models.ForeignKey(Recipe, models.CASCADE, to_field="rname")
 
 
 # Model for #23839
@@ -1008,7 +1043,7 @@ class ImplicitlyGeneratedPK(models.Model):
 class ReferencedByGenRel(models.Model):
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
 
 class GenRelReference(models.Model):
@@ -1024,7 +1059,9 @@ class ParentWithUUIDPK(models.Model):
 
 
 class RelatedWithUUIDPKModel(models.Model):
-    parent = models.ForeignKey(ParentWithUUIDPK, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
+    parent = models.ForeignKey(
+        ParentWithUUIDPK, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True
+    )
 
 
 class Author(models.Model):
@@ -1038,6 +1075,7 @@ class Authorship(models.Model):
 
 class UserProxy(User):
     """Proxy a model with a different app_label."""
+
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
@@ -1054,5 +1092,9 @@ class Héllo(models.Model):
 
 class Box(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    next_box = models.ForeignKey("self", null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True)
-    next_box = models.ForeignKey("self", null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True)
+    next_box = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True
+    )
+    next_box = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True
+    )

tests/admin_views/test_actions.py

@@ -12,19 +12,29 @@ from django.urls import reverse
 from .admin import SubscriberAdmin
 from .forms import MediaActionForm
 from .models import (
-    Actor, Answer, Book, ExternalSubscriber, Question, Subscriber,
+    Actor,
+    Answer,
+    Book,
+    ExternalSubscriber,
+    Question,
+    Subscriber,
     UnchangeableObject,
 )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(name='John Doe', email='john@example.org')
-        cls.s2 = Subscriber.objects.create(name='Max Mustermann', email='max@example.org')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(
+            name="John Doe", email="john@example.org"
+        )
+        cls.s2 = Subscriber.objects.create(
+            name="Max Mustermann", email="max@example.org"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -33,44 +43,56 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         """A custom action defined in a ModelAdmin method."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'mail_admin',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "mail_admin",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a ModelAdmin action')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a ModelAdmin action")
 
     def test_model_admin_default_delete_action(self):
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
         delete_confirmation_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'post': 'yes',
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "post": "yes",
         }
-        confirmation = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        confirmation = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertIsInstance(confirmation, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertContains(confirmation, 'Are you sure you want to delete the selected subscribers?')
-        self.assertContains(confirmation, '<h2>Summary</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(confirmation, '<li>Subscribers: 2</li>')
-        self.assertContains(confirmation, '<li>External subscribers: 1</li>')
+        self.assertContains(
+            confirmation, "Are you sure you want to delete the selected subscribers?"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(confirmation, "<h2>Summary</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(confirmation, "<li>Subscribers: 2</li>")
+        self.assertContains(confirmation, "<li>External subscribers: 1</li>")
         self.assertContains(confirmation, ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME, count=2)
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), delete_confirmation_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), delete_confirmation_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Subscriber.objects.count(), 0)
 
     def test_default_delete_action_nonexistent_pk(self):
         self.assertFalse(Subscriber.objects.filter(id=9998).exists())
         action_data = {
-            ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: ['9998'],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: ["9998"],
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), action_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Are you sure you want to delete the selected subscribers?')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<ul></ul>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "Are you sure you want to delete the selected subscribers?"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<ul></ul>", html=True)
 
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True, NUMBER_GROUPING=3)
     def test_non_localized_pk(self):
@@ -81,11 +103,13 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         s = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(id=9999)
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [s.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), action_data)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html")
         self.assertContains(response, 'value="9999"')  # Instead of 9,999
         self.assertContains(response, 'value="%s"' % self.s2.pk)
 
@@ -94,33 +118,43 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         The default delete action where some related objects are protected
         from deletion.
         """
-        q1 = Question.objects.create(question='Why?')
-        a1 = Answer.objects.create(question=q1, answer='Because.')
-        a2 = Answer.objects.create(question=q1, answer='Yes.')
-        q2 = Question.objects.create(question='Wherefore?')
+        q1 = Question.objects.create(question="Why?")
+        a1 = Answer.objects.create(question=q1, answer="Because.")
+        a2 = Answer.objects.create(question=q1, answer="Yes.")
+        q2 = Question.objects.create(question="Wherefore?")
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [q1.pk, q2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
         delete_confirmation_data = action_data.copy()
-        delete_confirmation_data['post'] = 'yes'
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_question_changelist'), action_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'would require deleting the following protected related objects')
+        delete_confirmation_data["post"] = "yes"
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_question_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertContains(
-            response,
-            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Because.</a></li>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_change', args=(a1.pk,)),
-            html=True
+            response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects"
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Yes.</a></li>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_change', args=(a2.pk,)),
-            html=True
+            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Because.</a></li>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_answer_change", args=(a1.pk,)),
+            html=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Yes.</a></li>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_answer_change", args=(a2.pk,)),
+            html=True,
         )
         # A POST request to delete protected objects displays the page which
         # says the deletion is prohibited.
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_question_changelist'), delete_confirmation_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'would require deleting the following protected related objects')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_question_changelist"), delete_confirmation_data
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Question.objects.count(), 2)
 
     def test_model_admin_default_delete_action_no_change_url(self):
@@ -131,58 +165,68 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         obj = UnchangeableObject.objects.create()
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: obj.pk,
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': '0',
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": "0",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_unchangeableobject_changelist'), action_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_unchangeableobject_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         # No 500 caused by NoReverseMatch. The page doesn't display a link to
         # the nonexistent change page.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li>Unchangeable object: %s</li>' % obj, 1, html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "<li>Unchangeable object: %s</li>" % obj, 1, html=True
+        )
 
     def test_delete_queryset_hook(self):
         delete_confirmation_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'post': 'yes',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "post": "yes",
+            "index": 0,
         }
         SubscriberAdmin.overridden = False
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), delete_confirmation_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), delete_confirmation_data
+        )
         # SubscriberAdmin.delete_queryset() sets overridden to True.
         self.assertIs(SubscriberAdmin.overridden, True)
         self.assertEqual(Subscriber.objects.all().count(), 0)
 
     def test_delete_selected_uses_get_deleted_objects(self):
         """The delete_selected action uses ModelAdmin.get_deleted_objects()."""
-        book = Book.objects.create(name='Test Book')
+        book = Book.objects.create(name="Test Book")
         data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [book.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin2:admin_views_book_changelist'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin2:admin_views_book_changelist"), data)
         # BookAdmin.get_deleted_objects() returns custom text.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'a deletable object')
+        self.assertContains(response, "a deletable object")
 
     def test_custom_function_mail_action(self):
         """A custom action may be defined in a function."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'external_mail',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "external_mail",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a function action')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a function action")
 
     def test_custom_function_action_with_redirect(self):
         """Another custom action defined in a function."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'redirect_to',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "redirect_to",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
     def test_default_redirect(self):
@@ -192,10 +236,10 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'external_mail',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "external_mail",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist') + '?o=1'
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist") + "?o=1"
         response = self.client.post(url, action_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, url)
 
@@ -203,29 +247,37 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         """A custom action may return a StreamingHttpResponse."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'download',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "download",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
-        content = b''.join(response.streaming_content)
-        self.assertEqual(content, b'This is the content of the file')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
+        content = b"".join(response.streaming_content)
+        self.assertEqual(content, b"This is the content of the file")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_custom_function_action_no_perm_response(self):
         """A custom action may returns an HttpResponse with a 403 code."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'no_perm',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "no_perm",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'No permission to perform this action')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"No permission to perform this action")
 
     def test_actions_ordering(self):
         """Actions are ordered as expected."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '''<label>Action: <select name="action" required>
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            """<label>Action: <select name="action" required>
 <option value="" selected>---------</option>
 <option value="delete_selected">Delete selected external
 subscribers</option>
@@ -234,15 +286,20 @@ subscribers</option>
 action)</option>
 <option value="download">Download subscription</option>
 <option value="no_perm">No permission to run</option>
-</select>''', html=True)
+</select>""",
+            html=True,
+        )
 
     def test_model_without_action(self):
         """A ModelAdmin might not have any actions."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_oldsubscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['action_form'])
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_oldsubscriber_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["action_form"])
         self.assertNotContains(
-            response, '<input type="checkbox" class="action-select"',
-            msg_prefix='Found an unexpected action toggle checkboxbox in response'
+            response,
+            '<input type="checkbox" class="action-select"',
+            msg_prefix="Found an unexpected action toggle checkboxbox in response",
         )
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<input type="checkbox" class="action-select"')
 
@@ -250,18 +307,21 @@ action)</option>
         """
         A ModelAdmin without any actions still has jQuery included on the page.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_oldsubscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['action_form'])
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_oldsubscriber_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["action_form"])
         self.assertContains(
-            response, 'jquery.min.js',
-            msg_prefix='jQuery missing from admin pages for model with no admin actions'
+            response,
+            "jquery.min.js",
+            msg_prefix="jQuery missing from admin pages for model with no admin actions",
         )
 
     def test_action_column_class(self):
         """The checkbox column class is present in the response."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertIsNotNone(response.context['action_form'])
-        self.assertContains(response, 'action-checkbox-column')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(response.context["action_form"])
+        self.assertContains(response, "action-checkbox-column")
 
     def test_multiple_actions_form(self):
         """
@@ -270,24 +330,26 @@ action)</option>
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
             # Two different actions selected on the two forms...
-            'action': ['external_mail', 'delete_selected'],
+            "action": ["external_mail", "delete_selected"],
             # ...but "go" was clicked on the top form.
-            'index': 0
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         # The action sends mail rather than deletes.
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a function action')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a function action")
 
     def test_media_from_actions_form(self):
         """
         The action form's media is included in the changelist view's media.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"))
         media_path = MediaActionForm.Media.js[0]
-        self.assertIsInstance(response.context['action_form'], MediaActionForm)
-        self.assertIn('media', response.context)
-        self.assertIn(media_path, response.context['media']._js)
+        self.assertIsInstance(response.context["action_form"], MediaActionForm)
+        self.assertIn("media", response.context)
+        self.assertIn(media_path, response.context["media"]._js)
         self.assertContains(response, media_path)
 
     def test_user_message_on_none_selected(self):
@@ -296,14 +358,14 @@ action)</option>
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist")
         response = self.client.post(url, action_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
         response = self.client.get(response.url)
-        msg = 'Items must be selected in order to perform actions on them. No items have been changed.'
+        msg = "Items must be selected in order to perform actions on them. No items have been changed."
         self.assertContains(response, msg)
         self.assertEqual(Subscriber.objects.count(), 2)
 
@@ -313,28 +375,28 @@ action)</option>
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': '',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist")
         response = self.client.post(url, action_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
         response = self.client.get(response.url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'No action selected.')
+        self.assertContains(response, "No action selected.")
         self.assertEqual(Subscriber.objects.count(), 2)
 
     def test_selection_counter(self):
         """The selection counter is there."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '0 of 2 selected')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "0 of 2 selected")
 
     def test_popup_actions(self):
-        """ Actions aren't shown in popups."""
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist')
+        """Actions aren't shown in popups."""
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(changelist_url)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(response.context['action_form'])
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url + '?%s' % IS_POPUP_VAR)
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['action_form'])
+        self.assertIsNotNone(response.context["action_form"])
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url + "?%s" % IS_POPUP_VAR)
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["action_form"])
 
     def test_popup_template_response_on_add(self):
         """
@@ -342,78 +404,90 @@ action)</option>
         easy customization.
         """
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_actor_add') + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR,
-            {'name': 'Troy McClure', 'age': '55', IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'}
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_actor_add") + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+            {"name": "Troy McClure", "age": "55", IS_POPUP_VAR: "1"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, [
-            'admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/admin_views/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/popup_response.html',
-        ])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/popup_response.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.template_name,
+            [
+                "admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/admin_views/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/popup_response.html",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/popup_response.html")
 
     def test_popup_template_response_on_change(self):
-        instance = Actor.objects.create(name='David Tennant', age=45)
+        instance = Actor.objects.create(name="David Tennant", age=45)
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_actor_change', args=(instance.pk,)) + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR,
-            {'name': 'David Tennant', 'age': '46', IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'}
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_actor_change", args=(instance.pk,))
+            + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+            {"name": "David Tennant", "age": "46", IS_POPUP_VAR: "1"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, [
-            'admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/admin_views/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/popup_response.html',
-        ])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/popup_response.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.template_name,
+            [
+                "admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/admin_views/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/popup_response.html",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/popup_response.html")
 
     def test_popup_template_response_on_delete(self):
-        instance = Actor.objects.create(name='David Tennant', age=45)
+        instance = Actor.objects.create(name="David Tennant", age=45)
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_actor_delete', args=(instance.pk,)) + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR,
-            {IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'}
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_actor_delete", args=(instance.pk,))
+            + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+            {IS_POPUP_VAR: "1"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, [
-            'admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/admin_views/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/popup_response.html',
-        ])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/popup_response.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.template_name,
+            [
+                "admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/admin_views/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/popup_response.html",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/popup_response.html")
 
     def test_popup_template_escaping(self):
-        popup_response_data = json.dumps({
-            'new_value': 'new_value\\',
-            'obj': 'obj\\',
-            'value': 'value\\',
-        })
+        popup_response_data = json.dumps(
+            {
+                "new_value": "new_value\\",
+                "obj": "obj\\",
+                "value": "value\\",
+            }
+        )
         context = {
-            'popup_response_data': popup_response_data,
+            "popup_response_data": popup_response_data,
         }
-        output = render_to_string('admin/popup_response.html', context)
-        self.assertIn(
-            r'&quot;value\\&quot;', output
-        )
-        self.assertIn(
-            r'&quot;new_value\\&quot;', output
-        )
-        self.assertIn(
-            r'&quot;obj\\&quot;', output
-        )
+        output = render_to_string("admin/popup_response.html", context)
+        self.assertIn(r"&quot;value\\&quot;", output)
+        self.assertIn(r"&quot;new_value\\&quot;", output)
+        self.assertIn(r"&quot;obj\\&quot;", output)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminActionsPermissionTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.s1 = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(name='John Doe', email='john@example.org')
-        cls.s2 = Subscriber.objects.create(name='Max Mustermann', email='max@example.org')
+        cls.s1 = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(
+            name="John Doe", email="john@example.org"
+        )
+        cls.s2 = Subscriber.objects.create(
+            name="Max Mustermann", email="max@example.org"
+        )
         cls.user = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='user', password='secret', email='user@example.com',
+            username="user",
+            password="secret",
+            email="user@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='change_subscriber')
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename="change_subscriber")
         cls.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -426,25 +500,27 @@ class AdminActionsPermissionTests(TestCase):
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
+            "action": "delete_selected",
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist")
         response = self.client.post(url, action_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
         response = self.client.get(response.url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'No action selected.')
+        self.assertContains(response, "No action selected.")
 
     def test_model_admin_no_delete_permission_externalsubscriber(self):
         """
         Permission is denied if the user doesn't have delete permission for a
         related model (ExternalSubscriber).
         """
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='delete_subscriber')
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename="delete_subscriber")
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
         delete_confirmation_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'post': 'yes',
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "post": "yes",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), delete_confirmation_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), delete_confirmation_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)

tests/admin_views/test_adminsite.py

@@ -12,71 +12,76 @@ site.register(User)
 site.register(Article)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test_admin/admin/', site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin/", site.urls),
 ]
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.test_adminsite')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.test_adminsite")
 class SiteEachContextTest(TestCase):
     """
     Check each_context contains the documented variables and that available_apps context
     variable structure is the expected one.
     """
+
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('test_adminsite:index'))
+        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse("test_adminsite:index"))
         request.user = self.u1
         self.ctx = site.each_context(request)
 
     def test_each_context(self):
         ctx = self.ctx
-        self.assertEqual(ctx['site_header'], 'Django administration')
-        self.assertEqual(ctx['site_title'], 'Django site admin')
-        self.assertEqual(ctx['site_url'], '/')
-        self.assertIs(ctx['has_permission'], True)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx["site_header"], "Django administration")
+        self.assertEqual(ctx["site_title"], "Django site admin")
+        self.assertEqual(ctx["site_url"], "/")
+        self.assertIs(ctx["has_permission"], True)
 
     def test_each_context_site_url_with_script_name(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('test_adminsite:index'), SCRIPT_NAME='/my-script-name/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            reverse("test_adminsite:index"), SCRIPT_NAME="/my-script-name/"
+        )
         request.user = self.u1
-        self.assertEqual(site.each_context(request)['site_url'], '/my-script-name/')
+        self.assertEqual(site.each_context(request)["site_url"], "/my-script-name/")
 
     def test_available_apps(self):
         ctx = self.ctx
-        apps = ctx['available_apps']
+        apps = ctx["available_apps"]
         # we have registered two models from two different apps
         self.assertEqual(len(apps), 2)
 
         # admin_views.Article
         admin_views = apps[0]
-        self.assertEqual(admin_views['app_label'], 'admin_views')
-        self.assertEqual(len(admin_views['models']), 1)
-        article = admin_views['models'][0]
-        self.assertEqual(article['object_name'], 'Article')
-        self.assertEqual(article['model'], Article)
+        self.assertEqual(admin_views["app_label"], "admin_views")
+        self.assertEqual(len(admin_views["models"]), 1)
+        article = admin_views["models"][0]
+        self.assertEqual(article["object_name"], "Article")
+        self.assertEqual(article["model"], Article)
 
         # auth.User
         auth = apps[1]
-        self.assertEqual(auth['app_label'], 'auth')
-        self.assertEqual(len(auth['models']), 1)
-        user = auth['models'][0]
-        self.assertEqual(user['object_name'], 'User')
-        self.assertEqual(user['model'], User)
+        self.assertEqual(auth["app_label"], "auth")
+        self.assertEqual(len(auth["models"]), 1)
+        user = auth["models"][0]
+        self.assertEqual(user["object_name"], "User")
+        self.assertEqual(user["model"], User)
 
-        self.assertEqual(auth['app_url'], '/test_admin/admin/auth/')
-        self.assertIs(auth['has_module_perms'], True)
+        self.assertEqual(auth["app_url"], "/test_admin/admin/auth/")
+        self.assertIs(auth["has_module_perms"], True)
 
-        self.assertIn('perms', user)
-        self.assertIs(user['perms']['add'], True)
-        self.assertIs(user['perms']['change'], True)
-        self.assertIs(user['perms']['delete'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(user['admin_url'], '/test_admin/admin/auth/user/')
-        self.assertEqual(user['add_url'], '/test_admin/admin/auth/user/add/')
-        self.assertEqual(user['name'], 'Users')
+        self.assertIn("perms", user)
+        self.assertIs(user["perms"]["add"], True)
+        self.assertIs(user["perms"]["change"], True)
+        self.assertIs(user["perms"]["delete"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(user["admin_url"], "/test_admin/admin/auth/user/")
+        self.assertEqual(user["add_url"], "/test_admin/admin/auth/user/add/")
+        self.assertEqual(user["name"], "Users")
 
 
 class SiteActionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -86,11 +91,12 @@ class SiteActionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_add_action(self):
         def test_action():
             pass
+
         self.site.add_action(test_action)
-        self.assertEqual(self.site.get_action('test_action'), test_action)
+        self.assertEqual(self.site.get_action("test_action"), test_action)
 
     def test_disable_action(self):
-        action_name = 'delete_selected'
+        action_name = "delete_selected"
         self.assertEqual(self.site._actions[action_name], delete_selected)
         self.site.disable_action(action_name)
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
@@ -98,7 +104,7 @@ class SiteActionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_get_action(self):
         """AdminSite.get_action() returns an action even if it's disabled."""
-        action_name = 'delete_selected'
+        action_name = "delete_selected"
         self.assertEqual(self.site.get_action(action_name), delete_selected)
         self.site.disable_action(action_name)
         self.assertEqual(self.site.get_action(action_name), delete_selected)

tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py

@@ -14,8 +14,18 @@ from django.urls import reverse, reverse_lazy
 
 from .admin import AnswerAdmin, QuestionAdmin
 from .models import (
-    Answer, Author, Authorship, Bonus, Book, Employee, Manager, Parent,
-    PKChild, Question, Toy, WorkHour,
+    Answer,
+    Author,
+    Authorship,
+    Bonus,
+    Book,
+    Employee,
+    Manager,
+    Parent,
+    PKChild,
+    Question,
+    Toy,
+    WorkHour,
 )
 from .tests import AdminViewBasicTestCase
 
@@ -23,30 +33,30 @@ PAGINATOR_SIZE = AutocompleteJsonView.paginate_by
 
 
 class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    ordering = ['id']
-    search_fields = ['id']
+    ordering = ["id"]
+    search_fields = ["id"]
 
 
 class AuthorshipInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Authorship
-    autocomplete_fields = ['author']
+    autocomplete_fields = ["author"]
 
 
 class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     inlines = [AuthorshipInline]
 
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='autocomplete_admin')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="autocomplete_admin")
 site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
 site.register(Answer, AnswerAdmin)
 site.register(Author, AuthorAdmin)
 site.register(Book, BookAdmin)
-site.register(Employee, search_fields=['name'])
-site.register(WorkHour, autocomplete_fields=['employee'])
-site.register(Manager, search_fields=['name'])
-site.register(Bonus, autocomplete_fields=['recipient'])
-site.register(PKChild, search_fields=['name'])
-site.register(Toy, autocomplete_fields=['child'])
+site.register(Employee, search_fields=["name"])
+site.register(WorkHour, autocomplete_fields=["employee"])
+site.register(Manager, search_fields=["name"])
+site.register(Bonus, autocomplete_fields=["recipient"])
+site.register(PKChild, search_fields=["name"])
+site.register(Toy, autocomplete_fields=["child"])
 
 
 @contextmanager
@@ -63,70 +73,87 @@ def model_admin(model, model_admin, admin_site=site):
 
 
 class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
-    as_view_args = {'admin_site': site}
+    as_view_args = {"admin_site": site}
     opts = {
-        'app_label': Answer._meta.app_label,
-        'model_name': Answer._meta.model_name,
-        'field_name': 'question'
+        "app_label": Answer._meta.app_label,
+        "model_name": Answer._meta.model_name,
+        "field_name": "question",
     }
     factory = RequestFactory()
-    url = reverse_lazy('autocomplete_admin:autocomplete')
+    url = reverse_lazy("autocomplete_admin:autocomplete")
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.user = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='user', password='secret',
-            email='user@example.com', is_staff=True,
+            username="user",
+            password="secret",
+            email="user@example.com",
+            is_staff=True,
         )
         super().setUpTestData()
 
     def test_success(self):
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts})
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.pk), 'text': q.question}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(q.pk), "text": q.question}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_custom_to_field(self):
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'question_with_to_field'})
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url,
+            {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "question_with_to_field"},
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.uuid), 'text': q.question}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(q.uuid), "text": q.question}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_custom_to_field_permission_denied(self):
-        Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'question_with_to_field'})
+        Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url,
+            {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "question_with_to_field"},
+        )
         request.user = self.user
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
 
     def test_custom_to_field_custom_pk(self):
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
         opts = {
-            'app_label': Question._meta.app_label,
-            'model_name': Question._meta.model_name,
-            'field_name': 'related_questions',
+            "app_label": Question._meta.app_label,
+            "model_name": Question._meta.model_name,
+            "field_name": "related_questions",
         }
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "is", **opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.big_id), 'text': q.question}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(q.big_id), "text": q.question}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_to_field_resolution_with_mti(self):
         """
@@ -134,59 +161,75 @@ class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         MTI. Tests for single and multi-level cases.
         """
         tests = [
-            (Employee, WorkHour, 'employee'),
-            (Manager, Bonus, 'recipient'),
+            (Employee, WorkHour, "employee"),
+            (Manager, Bonus, "recipient"),
         ]
         for Target, Remote, related_name in tests:
-            with self.subTest(target_model=Target, remote_model=Remote, related_name=related_name):
-                o = Target.objects.create(name="Frida Kahlo", gender=2, code="painter", alive=False)
+            with self.subTest(
+                target_model=Target, remote_model=Remote, related_name=related_name
+            ):
+                o = Target.objects.create(
+                    name="Frida Kahlo", gender=2, code="painter", alive=False
+                )
                 opts = {
-                    'app_label': Remote._meta.app_label,
-                    'model_name': Remote._meta.model_name,
-                    'field_name': related_name,
+                    "app_label": Remote._meta.app_label,
+                    "model_name": Remote._meta.model_name,
+                    "field_name": related_name,
                 }
-                request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'frida', **opts})
+                request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "frida", **opts})
                 request.user = self.superuser
                 response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-                data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-                self.assertEqual(data, {
-                    'results': [{'id': str(o.pk), 'text': o.name}],
-                    'pagination': {'more': False},
-                })
+                data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    data,
+                    {
+                        "results": [{"id": str(o.pk), "text": o.name}],
+                        "pagination": {"more": False},
+                    },
+                )
 
     def test_to_field_resolution_with_fk_pk(self):
         p = Parent.objects.create(name="Bertie")
         c = PKChild.objects.create(parent=p, name="Anna")
         opts = {
-            'app_label': Toy._meta.app_label,
-            'model_name': Toy._meta.model_name,
-            'field_name': 'child',
+            "app_label": Toy._meta.app_label,
+            "model_name": Toy._meta.model_name,
+            "field_name": "child",
         }
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'anna', **opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "anna", **opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(c.pk), 'text': c.name}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(c.pk), "text": c.name}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_field_does_not_exist(self):
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'does_not_exist'})
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "does_not_exist"}
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
 
     def test_field_no_related_field(self):
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'answer'})
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "answer"}
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
 
     def test_field_does_not_allowed(self):
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'related_questions'})
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "related_questions"}
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
@@ -194,23 +237,29 @@ class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
     def test_limit_choices_to(self):
         # Answer.question_with_to_field defines limit_choices_to to "those not
         # starting with 'not'".
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
-        Question.objects.create(question='Not a question.')
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'question_with_to_field'})
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
+        Question.objects.create(question="Not a question.")
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url,
+            {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "question_with_to_field"},
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.uuid), 'text': q.question}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(q.uuid), "text": q.question}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_must_be_logged_in(self):
-        response = self.client.get(self.url, {'term': '', **self.opts})
+        response = self.client.get(self.url, {"term": "", **self.opts})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(self.url, {'term': '', **self.opts})
+        response = self.client.get(self.url, {"term": "", **self.opts})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
     def test_has_view_or_change_permission_required(self):
@@ -218,16 +267,16 @@ class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Users require the change permission for the related model to the
         autocomplete view for it.
         """
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.user
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
-        for permission in ('view', 'change'):
+        for permission in ("view", "change"):
             with self.subTest(permission=permission):
                 self.user.user_permissions.clear()
                 p = Permission.objects.get(
                     content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Question),
-                    codename='%s_question' % permission,
+                    codename="%s_question" % permission,
                 )
                 self.user.user_permissions.add(p)
                 request.user = User.objects.get(pk=self.user.pk)
@@ -239,106 +288,134 @@ class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Searching across model relations use QuerySet.distinct() to avoid
         duplicates.
         """
-        q1 = Question.objects.create(question='question 1')
-        q2 = Question.objects.create(question='question 2')
+        q1 = Question.objects.create(question="question 1")
+        q2 = Question.objects.create(question="question 2")
         q2.related_questions.add(q1)
-        q3 = Question.objects.create(question='question 3')
+        q3 = Question.objects.create(question="question 3")
         q3.related_questions.add(q1)
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'question', **self.opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "question", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         class DistinctQuestionAdmin(QuestionAdmin):
-            search_fields = ['related_questions__question', 'question']
+            search_fields = ["related_questions__question", "question"]
 
         with model_admin(Question, DistinctQuestionAdmin):
             response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(len(data['results']), 3)
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(len(data["results"]), 3)
 
     def test_missing_search_fields(self):
         class EmptySearchAdmin(QuestionAdmin):
             search_fields = []
 
         with model_admin(Question, EmptySearchAdmin):
-            msg = 'EmptySearchAdmin must have search_fields for the autocomplete_view.'
+            msg = "EmptySearchAdmin must have search_fields for the autocomplete_view."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(Http404, msg):
-                site.autocomplete_view(self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': '', **self.opts}))
+                site.autocomplete_view(
+                    self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "", **self.opts})
+                )
 
     def test_get_paginator(self):
         """Search results are paginated."""
-        class PKOrderingQuestionAdmin(QuestionAdmin):
-            ordering = ['pk']
 
-        Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10))
+        class PKOrderingQuestionAdmin(QuestionAdmin):
+            ordering = ["pk"]
+
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10)
+        )
         # The first page of results.
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': '', **self.opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         with model_admin(Question, PKOrderingQuestionAdmin):
             response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.pk), 'text': q.question} for q in Question.objects.all()[:PAGINATOR_SIZE]],
-            'pagination': {'more': True},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [
+                    {"id": str(q.pk), "text": q.question}
+                    for q in Question.objects.all()[:PAGINATOR_SIZE]
+                ],
+                "pagination": {"more": True},
+            },
+        )
         # The second page of results.
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': '', 'page': '2', **self.opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "", "page": "2", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         with model_admin(Question, PKOrderingQuestionAdmin):
             response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.pk), 'text': q.question} for q in Question.objects.all()[PAGINATOR_SIZE:]],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [
+                    {"id": str(q.pk), "text": q.question}
+                    for q in Question.objects.all()[PAGINATOR_SIZE:]
+                ],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_serialize_result(self):
         class AutocompleteJsonSerializeResultView(AutocompleteJsonView):
             def serialize_result(self, obj, to_field_name):
                 return {
                     **super().serialize_result(obj, to_field_name),
-                    'posted': str(obj.posted),
+                    "posted": str(obj.posted),
                 }
 
-        Question.objects.create(question='Question 1', posted=datetime.date(2021, 8, 9))
-        Question.objects.create(question='Question 2', posted=datetime.date(2021, 8, 7))
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'question', **self.opts})
+        Question.objects.create(question="Question 1", posted=datetime.date(2021, 8, 9))
+        Question.objects.create(question="Question 2", posted=datetime.date(2021, 8, 7))
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "question", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
-        response = AutocompleteJsonSerializeResultView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
+        response = AutocompleteJsonSerializeResultView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(
+            request
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [
-                {'id': str(q.pk), 'text': q.question, 'posted': str(q.posted)}
-                for q in Question.objects.order_by('-posted')
-            ],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [
+                    {"id": str(q.pk), "text": q.question, "posted": str(q.posted)}
+                    for q in Question.objects.order_by("-posted")
+                ],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['admin_views'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_views"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
+        )
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("autocomplete_admin:index"),
         )
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('autocomplete_admin:index'))
 
     @contextmanager
     def select2_ajax_wait(self, timeout=10):
         from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ec
+
         yield
         with self.disable_implicit_wait():
             try:
                 loading_element = self.selenium.find_element(
-                    By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-                    'li.select2-results__option.loading-results'
+                    By.CSS_SELECTOR, "li.select2-results__option.loading-results"
                 )
             except NoSuchElementException:
                 pass
@@ -349,109 +426,146 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('autocomplete_admin:admin_views_answer_add'))
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-selection')
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("autocomplete_admin:admin_views_answer_add")
+        )
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-selection")
         elem.click()  # Open the autocomplete dropdown.
-        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results")
         self.assertTrue(results.is_displayed())
-        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results__option')
-        self.assertEqual(option.text, 'No results found')
+        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results__option")
+        self.assertEqual(option.text, "No results found")
         elem.click()  # Close the autocomplete dropdown.
-        q1 = Question.objects.create(question='Who am I?')
-        Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10))
+        q1 = Question.objects.create(question="Who am I?")
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10)
+        )
         elem.click()  # Reopen the dropdown now that some objects exist.
-        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
         # PAGINATOR_SIZE results and "Loading more results".
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1, root_element=result_container)
-        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-search__field')
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option",
+            PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1,
+            root_element=result_container,
+        )
+        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-search__field")
         # Load next page of results by scrolling to the bottom of the list.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
             for _ in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1):
                 search.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN)
         # All objects are now loaded.
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
-            '.select2-results__option',
+            ".select2-results__option",
             PAGINATOR_SIZE + 11,
             root_element=result_container,
         )
         # Limit the results with the search field.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
-            search.send_keys('Who')
+            search.send_keys("Who")
             # Ajax request is delayed.
             self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
             self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
-                '.select2-results__option',
+                ".select2-results__option",
                 PAGINATOR_SIZE + 12,
                 root_element=result_container,
             )
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 1, root_element=result_container)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option", 1, root_element=result_container
+        )
         # Select the result.
         search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_question'))
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), str(q1.pk))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_question"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), str(q1.pk)
+        )
 
     def test_select_multiple(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('autocomplete_admin:admin_views_question_add'))
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-selection')
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url
+            + reverse("autocomplete_admin:admin_views_question_add")
+        )
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-selection")
         elem.click()  # Open the autocomplete dropdown.
-        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results")
         self.assertTrue(results.is_displayed())
-        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results__option')
-        self.assertEqual(option.text, 'No results found')
+        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results__option")
+        self.assertEqual(option.text, "No results found")
         elem.click()  # Close the autocomplete dropdown.
-        Question.objects.create(question='Who am I?')
-        Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10))
+        Question.objects.create(question="Who am I?")
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10)
+        )
         elem.click()  # Reopen the dropdown now that some objects exist.
-        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1, root_element=result_container)
-        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-search__field')
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option",
+            PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1,
+            root_element=result_container,
+        )
+        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-search__field")
         # Load next page of results by scrolling to the bottom of the list.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
             for _ in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1):
                 search.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 31, root_element=result_container)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option", 31, root_element=result_container
+        )
         # Limit the results with the search field.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
-            search.send_keys('Who')
+            search.send_keys("Who")
             # Ajax request is delayed.
             self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
-            self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 32, root_element=result_container)
+            self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+                ".select2-results__option", 32, root_element=result_container
+            )
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
 
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 1, root_element=result_container)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option", 1, root_element=result_container
+        )
         # Select the result.
         search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
         # Reopen the dropdown and add the first result to the selection.
         elem.click()
         search.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN)
         search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_related_questions"))
         self.assertEqual(len(select.all_selected_options), 2)
 
     def test_inline_add_another_widgets(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
         def assertNoResults(row):
-            elem = row.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-selection')
+            elem = row.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-selection")
             elem.click()  # Open the autocomplete dropdown.
-            results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+            results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results")
             self.assertTrue(results.is_displayed())
-            option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results__option')
-            self.assertEqual(option.text, 'No results found')
+            option = self.selenium.find_element(
+                By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results__option"
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(option.text, "No results found")
 
         # Autocomplete works in rows present when the page loads.
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('autocomplete_admin:admin_views_book_add'))
-        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-authorship_set')
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("autocomplete_admin:admin_views_book_add")
+        )
+        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".dynamic-authorship_set")
         self.assertEqual(len(rows), 3)
         assertNoResults(rows[0])
         # Autocomplete works in rows added using the "Add another" button.
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Authorship').click()
-        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-authorship_set')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Authorship").click()
+        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".dynamic-authorship_set")
         self.assertEqual(len(rows), 4)
         assertNoResults(rows[-1])

tests/admin_views/test_forms.py

@@ -8,28 +8,35 @@ from .admin import ArticleForm
 
 # To verify that the login form rejects inactive users, use an authentication
 # backend that allows them.
-@override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend'])
+@override_settings(
+    AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend"]
+)
 class AdminAuthenticationFormTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        User.objects.create_user(username='inactive', password='password', is_active=False)
+        User.objects.create_user(
+            username="inactive", password="password", is_active=False
+        )
 
     def test_inactive_user(self):
         data = {
-            'username': 'inactive',
-            'password': 'password',
+            "username": "inactive",
+            "password": "password",
         }
         form = AdminAuthenticationForm(None, data)
-        self.assertEqual(form.non_field_errors(), ['This account is inactive.'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.non_field_errors(), ["This account is inactive."])
 
 
 class AdminFormTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
         fieldsets = (
-            ('My fields', {
-                'classes': ['collapse'],
-                'fields': ('url', 'title', 'content', 'sites'),
-            }),
+            (
+                "My fields",
+                {
+                    "classes": ["collapse"],
+                    "fields": ("url", "title", "content", "sites"),
+                },
+            ),
         )
         form = ArticleForm()
         admin_form = AdminForm(form, fieldsets, {})

tests/admin_views/test_history_view.py

@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ from django.urls import reverse
 from .models import City, State
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminHistoryViewTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -26,35 +27,39 @@ class AdminHistoryViewTests(TestCase):
         Admin's model history change messages use form labels instead of
         field names.
         """
-        state = State.objects.create(name='My State Name')
-        city = City.objects.create(name='My City Name', state=state)
+        state = State.objects.create(name="My State Name")
+        city = City.objects.create(name="My City Name", state=state)
         change_dict = {
-            'name': 'My State Name 2',
-            'nolabel_form_field': True,
-            'city_set-0-name': 'My City name 2',
-            'city_set-0-id': city.pk,
-            'city_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'city_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'city_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "name": "My State Name 2",
+            "nolabel_form_field": True,
+            "city_set-0-name": "My City name 2",
+            "city_set-0-id": city.pk,
+            "city_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "city_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "city_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
-        state_change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_state_change', args=(state.pk,))
+        state_change_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_state_change", args=(state.pk,))
         self.client.post(state_change_url, change_dict)
-        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type__model__iexact='state').latest('id')
+        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type__model__iexact="state").latest(
+            "id"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             logentry.get_change_message(),
-            'Changed State name (from form’s Meta.labels), '
-            'nolabel_form_field and not_a_form_field. '
-            'Changed City verbose_name for city “%s”.' % city
+            "Changed State name (from form’s Meta.labels), "
+            "nolabel_form_field and not_a_form_field. "
+            "Changed City verbose_name for city “%s”." % city,
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['admin_views'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_views"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(User).pk
         for i in range(1, 1101):
@@ -64,34 +69,38 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
                 self.superuser.pk,
                 repr(self.superuser),
                 CHANGE,
-                change_message=f'Changed something {i}',
+                change_message=f"Changed something {i}",
             )
         self.admin_login(
-            username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'),
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("admin:index"),
         )
 
     def test_pagination(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
-        user_history_url = reverse('admin:auth_user_history', args=(self.superuser.pk,))
+        user_history_url = reverse("admin:auth_user_history", args=(self.superuser.pk,))
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + user_history_url)
 
-        paginator = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.paginator')
+        paginator = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".paginator")
         self.assertTrue(paginator.is_displayed())
-        self.assertIn('%s entries' % LogEntry.objects.count(), paginator.text)
+        self.assertIn("%s entries" % LogEntry.objects.count(), paginator.text)
         self.assertIn(str(Paginator.ELLIPSIS), paginator.text)
         # The current page.
-        current_page_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'span.this-page')
-        self.assertEqual(current_page_link.text, '1')
+        current_page_link = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "span.this-page"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(current_page_link.text, "1")
         # The last page.
-        last_page_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.end')
-        self.assertTrue(last_page_link.text, '20')
+        last_page_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".end")
+        self.assertTrue(last_page_link.text, "20")
         # Select the second page.
-        pages = paginator.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'a')
+        pages = paginator.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
         second_page_link = pages[0]
-        self.assertEqual(second_page_link.text, '2')
+        self.assertEqual(second_page_link.text, "2")
         second_page_link.click()
-        self.assertIn('?p=2', self.selenium.current_url)
-        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#change-history tbody tr')
-        self.assertIn('Changed something 101', rows[0].text)
-        self.assertIn('Changed something 200', rows[-1].text)
+        self.assertIn("?p=2", self.selenium.current_url)
+        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#change-history tbody tr")
+        self.assertIn("Changed something 101", rows[0].text)
+        self.assertIn("Changed something 200", rows[-1].text)

tests/admin_views/test_multidb.py

@@ -17,17 +17,17 @@ class Router:
     db_for_write = db_for_read
 
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='test_adminsite')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="test_adminsite")
 site.register(Book)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', site.urls),
+    path("admin/", site.urls),
 ]
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=__name__, DATABASE_ROUTERS=['%s.Router' % __name__])
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=__name__, DATABASE_ROUTERS=["%s.Router" % __name__])
 class MultiDatabaseTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
@@ -36,44 +36,52 @@ class MultiDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         for db in cls.databases:
             Router.target_db = db
             cls.superusers[db] = User.objects.create_superuser(
-                username='admin', password='something', email='test@test.org',
+                username="admin",
+                password="something",
+                email="test@test.org",
             )
-            b = Book(name='Test Book')
+            b = Book(name="Test Book")
             b.save(using=db)
             cls.test_book_ids[db] = b.id
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.admin.options.transaction')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.admin.options.transaction")
     def test_add_view(self, mock):
         for db in self.databases:
             with self.subTest(db=db):
                 Router.target_db = db
                 self.client.force_login(self.superusers[db])
                 self.client.post(
-                    reverse('test_adminsite:admin_views_book_add'),
-                    {'name': 'Foobar: 5th edition'},
+                    reverse("test_adminsite:admin_views_book_add"),
+                    {"name": "Foobar: 5th edition"},
                 )
                 mock.atomic.assert_called_with(using=db)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.admin.options.transaction')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.admin.options.transaction")
     def test_change_view(self, mock):
         for db in self.databases:
             with self.subTest(db=db):
                 Router.target_db = db
                 self.client.force_login(self.superusers[db])
                 self.client.post(
-                    reverse('test_adminsite:admin_views_book_change', args=[self.test_book_ids[db]]),
-                    {'name': 'Test Book 2: Test more'},
+                    reverse(
+                        "test_adminsite:admin_views_book_change",
+                        args=[self.test_book_ids[db]],
+                    ),
+                    {"name": "Test Book 2: Test more"},
                 )
                 mock.atomic.assert_called_with(using=db)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.admin.options.transaction')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.admin.options.transaction")
     def test_delete_view(self, mock):
         for db in self.databases:
             with self.subTest(db=db):
                 Router.target_db = db
                 self.client.force_login(self.superusers[db])
                 self.client.post(
-                    reverse('test_adminsite:admin_views_book_delete', args=[self.test_book_ids[db]]),
-                    {'post': 'yes'},
+                    reverse(
+                        "test_adminsite:admin_views_book_delete",
+                        args=[self.test_book_ids[db]],
+                    ),
+                    {"post": "yes"},
                 )
                 mock.atomic.assert_called_with(using=db)

tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py

@@ -15,165 +15,204 @@ class AdminSiteWithoutSidebar(admin.AdminSite):
     enable_nav_sidebar = False
 
 
-site_with_sidebar = AdminSiteWithSidebar(name='test_with_sidebar')
-site_without_sidebar = AdminSiteWithoutSidebar(name='test_without_sidebar')
+site_with_sidebar = AdminSiteWithSidebar(name="test_with_sidebar")
+site_without_sidebar = AdminSiteWithoutSidebar(name="test_without_sidebar")
 
 site_with_sidebar.register(User)
 site_with_sidebar.register(Héllo)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test_sidebar/admin/', site_with_sidebar.urls),
-    path('test_wihout_sidebar/admin/', site_without_sidebar.urls),
+    path("test_sidebar/admin/", site_with_sidebar.urls),
+    path("test_wihout_sidebar/admin/", site_without_sidebar.urls),
 ]
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.test_nav_sidebar')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.test_nav_sidebar")
 class AdminSidebarTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_sidebar_not_on_index(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('test_with_sidebar:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("test_with_sidebar:index"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="main" id="main">')
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
 
     def test_sidebar_disabled(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('test_without_sidebar:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("test_without_sidebar:index"))
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
 
     def test_sidebar_unauthenticated(self):
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('test_with_sidebar:login'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("test_with_sidebar:login"))
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
 
     def test_sidebar_aria_current_page(self):
-        url = reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
+        url = reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s" aria-current="page">Users</a>' % url)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<a href="%s" aria-current="page">Users</a>' % url
+        )
 
     @override_settings(
-        TEMPLATES=[{
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'DIRS': [],
-            'APP_DIRS': True,
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'context_processors': [
-                    'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                    'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-                ],
-            },
-        }]
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "context_processors": [
+                        "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                        "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                    ],
+                },
+            }
+        ]
     )
     def test_sidebar_aria_current_page_missing_without_request_context_processor(self):
-        url = reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
+        url = reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
         # Does not include aria-current attribute.
         self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">Users</a>' % url)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'aria-current')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "aria-current")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_included_app_list_template_context_fully_set(self):
         # All context variables should be set when rendering the sidebar.
-        url = reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django.template', 'DEBUG'):
+        url = reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django.template", "DEBUG"):
             self.client.get(url)
 
     def test_sidebar_model_name_non_ascii(self):
-        url = reverse('test_with_sidebar:admin_views_héllo_changelist')
+        url = reverse("test_with_sidebar:admin_views_héllo_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="app-admin_views module current-app">')
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="app-admin_views module current-app">'
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-héllo current-model">')
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<th scope="row">'
             '<a href="/test_sidebar/admin/admin_views/h%C3%A9llo/" aria-current="page">'
-            'Héllos</a></th>'
+            "Héllos</a></th>",
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.test_nav_sidebar')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.test_nav_sidebar")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['admin_views'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_views"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
+        )
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("test_with_sidebar:index"),
+        )
+        self.selenium.execute_script(
+            "localStorage.removeItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"
         )
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('test_with_sidebar:index'))
-        self.selenium.execute_script("localStorage.removeItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')")
 
     def test_sidebar_starts_open(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
-        self.assertIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#main")
+        self.assertIn("shifted", main_element.get_attribute("class").split())
 
     def test_sidebar_can_be_closed(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
-        self.assertEqual(toggle_button.tag_name, 'button')
-        self.assertEqual(toggle_button.get_attribute('aria-label'), 'Toggle navigation')
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
-            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '0')
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#toggle-nav-sidebar"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(toggle_button.tag_name, "button")
+        self.assertEqual(toggle_button.get_attribute("aria-label"), "Toggle navigation")
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-sidebar a"):
+            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute("tabIndex"), "0")
         toggle_button.click()
         # Hidden sidebar is not reachable via keyboard navigation.
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
-            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '-1')
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
-        self.assertNotIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-sidebar a"):
+            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute("tabIndex"), "-1")
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#main")
+        self.assertNotIn("shifted", main_element.get_attribute("class").split())
 
     def test_sidebar_state_persists(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        self.assertIsNone(self.selenium.execute_script("return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"))
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
-        toggle_button.click()
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.execute_script("return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"),
-            'false',
-        )
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
-        self.assertNotIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
 
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
-        # Hidden sidebar is not reachable via keyboard navigation.
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
-            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '-1')
-        toggle_button.click()
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
-            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '0')
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.execute_script("return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"),
-            'true',
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
         )
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
-        self.assertIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            self.selenium.execute_script(
+                "return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"
+            )
+        )
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#toggle-nav-sidebar"
+        )
+        toggle_button.click()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.selenium.execute_script(
+                "return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"
+            ),
+            "false",
+        )
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#main")
+        self.assertNotIn("shifted", main_element.get_attribute("class").split())
+
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#toggle-nav-sidebar"
+        )
+        # Hidden sidebar is not reachable via keyboard navigation.
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-sidebar a"):
+            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute("tabIndex"), "-1")
+        toggle_button.click()
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-sidebar a"):
+            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute("tabIndex"), "0")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.selenium.execute_script(
+                "return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"
+            ),
+            "true",
+        )
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#main")
+        self.assertIn("shifted", main_element.get_attribute("class").split())
 
     def test_sidebar_filter_persists(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         self.selenium.get(
-            self.live_server_url +
-            reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
         )
         filter_value_script = (
             "return sessionStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarFilterValue')"
         )
         self.assertIsNone(self.selenium.execute_script(filter_value_script))
-        filter_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-filter')
-        filter_input.send_keys('users')
-        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.execute_script(filter_value_script), 'users')
+        filter_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-filter")
+        filter_input.send_keys("users")
+        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.execute_script(filter_value_script), "users")

tests/admin_views/test_templatetags.py

@@ -20,24 +20,28 @@ class AdminTemplateTagsTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         submit_row template tag should pass whole context.
         """
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=[self.superuser.pk]))
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=[self.superuser.pk])
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         admin = UserAdmin(User, site)
-        extra_context = {'extra': True}
-        response = admin.change_view(request, str(self.superuser.pk), extra_context=extra_context)
+        extra_context = {"extra": True}
+        response = admin.change_view(
+            request, str(self.superuser.pk), extra_context=extra_context
+        )
         template_context = submit_row(response.context_data)
-        self.assertIs(template_context['extra'], True)
-        self.assertIs(template_context['show_save'], True)
+        self.assertIs(template_context["extra"], True)
+        self.assertIs(template_context["show_save"], True)
 
     def test_override_show_save_and_add_another(self):
         request = self.request_factory.get(
-            reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=[self.superuser.pk]),
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=[self.superuser.pk]),
         )
         request.user = self.superuser
         admin = UserAdmin(User, site)
         for extra_context, expected_flag in (
             ({}, True),  # Default.
-            ({'show_save_and_add_another': False}, False),
+            ({"show_save_and_add_another": False}, False),
         ):
             with self.subTest(show_save_and_add_another=expected_flag):
                 response = admin.change_view(
@@ -46,7 +50,9 @@ class AdminTemplateTagsTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
                     extra_context=extra_context,
                 )
                 template_context = submit_row(response.context_data)
-                self.assertIs(template_context['show_save_and_add_another'], expected_flag)
+                self.assertIs(
+                    template_context["show_save_and_add_another"], expected_flag
+                )
 
     def test_override_change_form_template_tags(self):
         """
@@ -54,37 +60,43 @@ class AdminTemplateTagsTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         admin/app_label/model/template.html.
         """
         article = Article.objects.all()[0]
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=[article.pk]))
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=[article.pk])
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         admin = ArticleAdmin(Article, site)
-        extra_context = {'show_publish': True, 'extra': True}
-        response = admin.change_view(request, str(article.pk), extra_context=extra_context)
+        extra_context = {"show_publish": True, "extra": True}
+        response = admin.change_view(
+            request, str(article.pk), extra_context=extra_context
+        )
         response.render()
-        self.assertIs(response.context_data['show_publish'], True)
-        self.assertIs(response.context_data['extra'], True)
+        self.assertIs(response.context_data["show_publish"], True)
+        self.assertIs(response.context_data["extra"], True)
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="_save"')
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="_publish"')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-change_form_object_tools')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-prepopulated_fields_js')
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-change_form_object_tools")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-prepopulated_fields_js")
 
     def test_override_change_list_template_tags(self):
         """
         admin_list template tags follow the standard search pattern
         admin/app_label/model/template.html.
         """
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         admin = ArticleAdmin(Article, site)
-        admin.date_hierarchy = 'date'
-        admin.search_fields = ('title', 'content')
+        admin.date_hierarchy = "date"
+        admin.search_fields = ("title", "content")
         response = admin.changelist_view(request)
         response.render()
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-actions')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-change_list_object_tools')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-change_list_results')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-date_hierarchy')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-pagination')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-search_form')
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-actions")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-change_list_object_tools")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-change_list_results")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-date_hierarchy")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-pagination")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-search_form")
 
 
 class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
@@ -92,11 +104,13 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def test_choice_links(self):
         modeladmin = ModelAdmin(Question, site)
-        modeladmin.date_hierarchy = 'posted'
+        modeladmin.date_hierarchy = "posted"
 
         posted_dates = (
             datetime.date(2017, 10, 1),
@@ -106,67 +120,82 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
             datetime.date(2017, 12, 31),
             datetime.date(2018, 2, 1),
         )
-        Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question='q', posted=posted) for posted in posted_dates)
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            Question(question="q", posted=posted) for posted in posted_dates
+        )
 
         tests = (
-            ({}, [['year=2017'], ['year=2018']]),
-            ({'year': 2016}, []),
-            ({'year': 2017}, [['month=10', 'year=2017'], ['month=12', 'year=2017']]),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 9}, []),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 12}, [['day=15', 'month=12', 'year=2017'], ['day=31', 'month=12', 'year=2017']]),
+            ({}, [["year=2017"], ["year=2018"]]),
+            ({"year": 2016}, []),
+            ({"year": 2017}, [["month=10", "year=2017"], ["month=12", "year=2017"]]),
+            ({"year": 2017, "month": 9}, []),
+            (
+                {"year": 2017, "month": 12},
+                [
+                    ["day=15", "month=12", "year=2017"],
+                    ["day=31", "month=12", "year=2017"],
+                ],
+            ),
         )
         for query, expected_choices in tests:
             with self.subTest(query=query):
-                query = {'posted__%s' % q: val for q, val in query.items()}
-                request = self.factory.get('/', query)
+                query = {"posted__%s" % q: val for q, val in query.items()}
+                request = self.factory.get("/", query)
                 request.user = self.superuser
                 changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
                 spec = date_hierarchy(changelist)
-                choices = [choice['link'] for choice in spec['choices']]
+                choices = [choice["link"] for choice in spec["choices"]]
                 expected_choices = [
-                    '&'.join('posted__%s' % c for c in choice) for choice in expected_choices
+                    "&".join("posted__%s" % c for c in choice)
+                    for choice in expected_choices
+                ]
+                expected_choices = [
+                    ("?" + choice) if choice else "" for choice in expected_choices
                 ]
-                expected_choices = [('?' + choice) if choice else '' for choice in expected_choices]
                 self.assertEqual(choices, expected_choices)
 
     def test_choice_links_datetime(self):
         modeladmin = ModelAdmin(Question, site)
-        modeladmin.date_hierarchy = 'expires'
-        Question.objects.bulk_create([
-            Question(question='q1', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1)),
-            Question(question='q2', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1)),
-            Question(question='q3', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 15)),
-            Question(question='q4', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 15)),
-            Question(question='q5', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 31)),
-            Question(question='q6', expires=datetime.datetime(2018, 2, 1)),
-        ])
+        modeladmin.date_hierarchy = "expires"
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Question(question="q1", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1)),
+                Question(question="q2", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1)),
+                Question(question="q3", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 15)),
+                Question(question="q4", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 15)),
+                Question(question="q5", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 31)),
+                Question(question="q6", expires=datetime.datetime(2018, 2, 1)),
+            ]
+        )
         tests = [
-            ({}, [['year=2017'], ['year=2018']]),
-            ({'year': 2016}, []),
+            ({}, [["year=2017"], ["year=2018"]]),
+            ({"year": 2016}, []),
             (
-                {'year': 2017}, [
-                    ['month=10', 'year=2017'],
-                    ['month=12', 'year=2017'],
+                {"year": 2017},
+                [
+                    ["month=10", "year=2017"],
+                    ["month=12", "year=2017"],
                 ],
             ),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 9}, []),
+            ({"year": 2017, "month": 9}, []),
             (
-                {'year': 2017, 'month': 12}, [
-                    ['day=15', 'month=12', 'year=2017'],
-                    ['day=31', 'month=12', 'year=2017'],
+                {"year": 2017, "month": 12},
+                [
+                    ["day=15", "month=12", "year=2017"],
+                    ["day=31", "month=12", "year=2017"],
                 ],
             ),
         ]
         for query, expected_choices in tests:
             with self.subTest(query=query):
-                query = {'expires__%s' % q: val for q, val in query.items()}
-                request = self.factory.get('/', query)
+                query = {"expires__%s" % q: val for q, val in query.items()}
+                request = self.factory.get("/", query)
                 request.user = self.superuser
                 changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
                 spec = date_hierarchy(changelist)
-                choices = [choice['link'] for choice in spec['choices']]
+                choices = [choice["link"] for choice in spec["choices"]]
                 expected_choices = [
-                    '?' + '&'.join('expires__%s' % c for c in choice)
+                    "?" + "&".join("expires__%s" % c for c in choice)
                     for choice in expected_choices
                 ]
                 self.assertEqual(choices, expected_choices)

tests/admin_views/urls.py

@@ -10,23 +10,31 @@ def non_admin_view(request):
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test_admin/admin/doc/', include('django.contrib.admindocs.urls')),
-    path('test_admin/admin/secure-view/', views.secure_view, name='secure_view'),
-    path('test_admin/admin/secure-view2/', views.secure_view2, name='secure_view2'),
-    path('test_admin/admin/', admin.site.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin2/', customadmin.site.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin3/', (admin.site.get_urls(), 'admin', 'admin3'), {'form_url': 'pony'}),
-    path('test_admin/admin4/', customadmin.simple_site.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin5/', admin.site2.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin6/', admin.site6.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin7/', admin.site7.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin/doc/", include("django.contrib.admindocs.urls")),
+    path("test_admin/admin/secure-view/", views.secure_view, name="secure_view"),
+    path("test_admin/admin/secure-view2/", views.secure_view2, name="secure_view2"),
+    path("test_admin/admin/", admin.site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin2/", customadmin.site.urls),
+    path(
+        "test_admin/admin3/",
+        (admin.site.get_urls(), "admin", "admin3"),
+        {"form_url": "pony"},
+    ),
+    path("test_admin/admin4/", customadmin.simple_site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin5/", admin.site2.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin6/", admin.site6.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin7/", admin.site7.urls),
     # All admin views accept `extra_context` to allow adding it like this:
-    path('test_admin/admin8/', (admin.site.get_urls(), 'admin', 'admin-extra-context'), {'extra_context': {}}),
-    path('test_admin/admin9/', admin.site9.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin10/', admin.site10.urls),
-    path('test_admin/has_permission_admin/', custom_has_permission_admin.site.urls),
-    path('test_admin/autocomplete_admin/', autocomplete_site.urls),
+    path(
+        "test_admin/admin8/",
+        (admin.site.get_urls(), "admin", "admin-extra-context"),
+        {"extra_context": {}},
+    ),
+    path("test_admin/admin9/", admin.site9.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin10/", admin.site10.urls),
+    path("test_admin/has_permission_admin/", custom_has_permission_admin.site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/autocomplete_admin/", autocomplete_site.urls),
     # Shares the admin URL prefix.
-    path('test_admin/admin/non_admin_view/', non_admin_view, name='non_admin'),
-    path('test_admin/admin10/non_admin_view/', non_admin_view, name='non_admin10'),
+    path("test_admin/admin/non_admin_view/", non_admin_view, name="non_admin"),
+    path("test_admin/admin10/non_admin_view/", non_admin_view, name="non_admin10"),
 ]

tests/admin_views/views.py

@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ def secure_view(request):
     return HttpResponse(str(request.POST))
 
 
-@staff_member_required(redirect_field_name='myfield')
+@staff_member_required(redirect_field_name="myfield")
 def secure_view2(request):
     return HttpResponse(str(request.POST))