diff --git a/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py b/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py
index 8876f47dea..bca0857622 100644
--- a/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py
+++ b/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class WSGIRequest(HttpRequest):
         self.path_info = path_info
         # be careful to only replace the first slash in the path because of
         # http://test/something and http://test//something being different as
-        # stated in https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt
+        # stated in RFC 3986.
         self.path = "%s/%s" % (script_name.rstrip("/"), path_info.replace("/", "", 1))
         self.META = environ
         self.META["PATH_INFO"] = path_info
diff --git a/django/core/mail/message.py b/django/core/mail/message.py
index cd5b71ad51..f3fe6186c7 100644
--- a/django/core/mail/message.py
+++ b/django/core/mail/message.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class BadHeaderError(ValueError):
     pass
 
 
-# Header names that contain structured address data (RFC #5322)
+# Header names that contain structured address data (RFC 5322).
 ADDRESS_HEADERS = {
     "from",
     "sender",
@@ -382,8 +382,8 @@ class EmailMessage:
             encoding = self.encoding or settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET
             attachment = SafeMIMEText(content, subtype, encoding)
         elif basetype == "message" and subtype == "rfc822":
-            # Bug #18967: per RFC2046 s5.2.1, message/rfc822 attachments
-            # must not be base64 encoded.
+            # Bug #18967: Per RFC 2046 Section 5.2.1, message/rfc822
+            # attachments must not be base64 encoded.
             if isinstance(content, EmailMessage):
                 # convert content into an email.Message first
                 content = content.message()
diff --git a/django/http/multipartparser.py b/django/http/multipartparser.py
index b3e0925a42..8f0d85c3d8 100644
--- a/django/http/multipartparser.py
+++ b/django/http/multipartparser.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ FIELD = "field"
 
 class MultiPartParser:
     """
-    A rfc2388 multipart/form-data parser.
+    An RFC 7578 multipart/form-data parser.
 
     ``MultiValueDict.parse()`` reads the input stream in ``chunk_size`` chunks
     and returns a tuple of ``(MultiValueDict(POST), MultiValueDict(FILES))``.
diff --git a/django/middleware/csrf.py b/django/middleware/csrf.py
index 94f580fa71..b634a5f785 100644
--- a/django/middleware/csrf.py
+++ b/django/middleware/csrf.py
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         if getattr(callback, "csrf_exempt", False):
             return None
 
-        # Assume that anything not defined as 'safe' by RFC7231 needs protection
+        # Assume that anything not defined as 'safe' by RFC 9110 needs protection
         if request.method in ("GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS", "TRACE"):
             return self._accept(request)
 
diff --git a/django/middleware/gzip.py b/django/middleware/gzip.py
index 6d27c1e335..db8847a2f3 100644
--- a/django/middleware/gzip.py
+++ b/django/middleware/gzip.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class GZipMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
             response.headers["Content-Length"] = str(len(response.content))
 
         # If there is a strong ETag, make it weak to fulfill the requirements
-        # of RFC 7232 section-2.1 while also allowing conditional request
+        # of RFC 9110 Section 8.8.1 while also allowing conditional request
         # matches on ETags.
         etag = response.get("ETag")
         if etag and etag.startswith('"'):
diff --git a/django/test/client.py b/django/test/client.py
index 8b926fc38d..42c910ef00 100644
--- a/django/test/client.py
+++ b/django/test/client.py
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ def conditional_content_removal(request, response):
     """
     Simulate the behavior of most web servers by removing the content of
     responses for HEAD requests, 1xx, 204, and 304 responses. Ensure
-    compliance with RFC 7230, section 3.3.3.
+    compliance with RFC 9112 Section 6.3.
     """
     if 100 <= response.status_code < 200 or response.status_code in (204, 304):
         if response.streaming:
@@ -987,7 +987,7 @@ class Client(ClientMixin, RequestFactory):
                 extra["SERVER_PORT"] = str(url.port)
 
             path = url.path
-            # RFC 2616: bare domains without path are treated as the root.
+            # RFC 3986 Section 6.2.3: Empty path should be normalized to "/".
             if not path and url.netloc:
                 path = "/"
             # Prepend the request path to handle relative path redirects
diff --git a/django/utils/cache.py b/django/utils/cache.py
index 90292ce4da..2dd2c7796c 100644
--- a/django/utils/cache.py
+++ b/django/utils/cache.py
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ managing the "Vary" header of responses. It includes functions to patch the
 header of response objects directly and decorators that change functions to do
 that header-patching themselves.
 
-For information on the Vary header, see:
-
-    https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-7.1.4
+For information on the Vary header, see RFC 9110 Section 12.5.5.
 
 Essentially, the "Vary" HTTP header defines which headers a cache should take
 into account when building its cache key. Requests with the same path but
@@ -139,7 +137,7 @@ def _precondition_failed(request):
 def _not_modified(request, response=None):
     new_response = HttpResponseNotModified()
     if response:
-        # Preserve the headers required by Section 4.1 of RFC 7232, as well as
+        # Preserve the headers required by RFC 9110 Section 15.4.5, as well as
         # Last-Modified.
         for header in (
             "Cache-Control",
@@ -177,7 +175,9 @@ def get_conditional_response(request, etag=None, last_modified=None, response=No
     if_modified_since = request.META.get("HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE")
     if_modified_since = if_modified_since and parse_http_date_safe(if_modified_since)
 
-    # Step 1 of section 6 of RFC 7232: Test the If-Match precondition.
+    # Evaluation of request preconditions below follows RFC 9110 Section
+    # 13.2.2.
+    # Step 1: Test the If-Match precondition.
     if if_match_etags and not _if_match_passes(etag, if_match_etags):
         return _precondition_failed(request)
 
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ def get_conditional_response(request, etag=None, last_modified=None, response=No
 
 def _if_match_passes(target_etag, etags):
     """
-    Test the If-Match comparison as defined in section 3.1 of RFC 7232.
+    Test the If-Match comparison as defined in RFC 9110 Section 13.1.1.
     """
     if not target_etag:
         # If there isn't an ETag, then there can't be a match.
@@ -233,15 +233,15 @@ def _if_match_passes(target_etag, etags):
 
 def _if_unmodified_since_passes(last_modified, if_unmodified_since):
     """
-    Test the If-Unmodified-Since comparison as defined in section 3.4 of
-    RFC 7232.
+    Test the If-Unmodified-Since comparison as defined in RFC 9110 Section
+    13.1.4.
     """
     return last_modified and last_modified <= if_unmodified_since
 
 
 def _if_none_match_passes(target_etag, etags):
     """
-    Test the If-None-Match comparison as defined in section 3.2 of RFC 7232.
+    Test the If-None-Match comparison as defined in RFC 9110 Section 13.1.2.
     """
     if not target_etag:
         # If there isn't an ETag, then there isn't a match.
@@ -260,7 +260,8 @@ def _if_none_match_passes(target_etag, etags):
 
 def _if_modified_since_passes(last_modified, if_modified_since):
     """
-    Test the If-Modified-Since comparison as defined in section 3.3 of RFC 7232.
+    Test the If-Modified-Since comparison as defined in RFC 9110 Section
+    13.1.3.
     """
     return not last_modified or last_modified > if_modified_since
 
diff --git a/django/utils/encoding.py b/django/utils/encoding.py
index 360eb91ed5..43847b5385 100644
--- a/django/utils/encoding.py
+++ b/django/utils/encoding.py
@@ -112,16 +112,15 @@ def iri_to_uri(iri):
     Convert an Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) portion to a URI
     portion that is suitable for inclusion in a URL.
 
-    This is the algorithm from section 3.1 of RFC 3987, slightly simplified
-    since the input is assumed to be a string rather than an arbitrary byte
-    stream.
+    This is the algorithm from RFC 3987 Section 3.1, slightly simplified since
+    the input is assumed to be a string rather than an arbitrary byte stream.
 
     Take an IRI (string or UTF-8 bytes, e.g. '/I ♥ Django/' or
     b'/I \xe2\x99\xa5 Django/') and return a string containing the encoded
     result with ASCII chars only (e.g. '/I%20%E2%99%A5%20Django/').
     """
     # The list of safe characters here is constructed from the "reserved" and
-    # "unreserved" characters specified in sections 2.2 and 2.3 of RFC 3986:
+    # "unreserved" characters specified in RFC 3986 Sections 2.2 and 2.3:
     #     reserved    = gen-delims / sub-delims
     #     gen-delims  = ":" / "/" / "?" / "#" / "[" / "]" / "@"
     #     sub-delims  = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")"
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ def iri_to_uri(iri):
     # Of the unreserved characters, urllib.parse.quote() already considers all
     # but the ~ safe.
     # The % character is also added to the list of safe characters here, as the
-    # end of section 3.1 of RFC 3987 specifically mentions that % must not be
+    # end of RFC 3987 Section 3.1 specifically mentions that % must not be
     # converted.
     if iri is None:
         return iri
@@ -161,7 +160,7 @@ def uri_to_iri(uri):
     Convert a Uniform Resource Identifier(URI) into an Internationalized
     Resource Identifier(IRI).
 
-    This is the algorithm from section 3.2 of RFC 3987, excluding step 4.
+    This is the algorithm from RFC 3987 Section 3.2, excluding step 4.
 
     Take an URI in ASCII bytes (e.g. '/I%20%E2%99%A5%20Django/') and return
     a string containing the encoded result (e.g. '/I%20♥%20Django/').
@@ -197,13 +196,13 @@ def escape_uri_path(path):
     Escape the unsafe characters from the path portion of a Uniform Resource
     Identifier (URI).
     """
-    # These are the "reserved" and "unreserved" characters specified in
-    # sections 2.2 and 2.3 of RFC 2396:
+    # These are the "reserved" and "unreserved" characters specified in RFC
+    # 3986 Sections 2.2 and 2.3:
     #   reserved    = ";" | "/" | "?" | ":" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+" | "$" | ","
     #   unreserved  = alphanum | mark
     #   mark        = "-" | "_" | "." | "!" | "~" | "*" | "'" | "(" | ")"
     # The list of safe characters here is constructed subtracting ";", "=",
-    # and "?" according to section 3.3 of RFC 2396.
+    # and "?" according to RFC 3986 Section 3.3.
     # The reason for not subtracting and escaping "/" is that we are escaping
     # the entire path, not a path segment.
     return quote(path, safe="/:@&+$,-_.!~*'()")
@@ -216,7 +215,7 @@ def punycode(domain):
 
 def repercent_broken_unicode(path):
     """
-    As per section 3.2 of RFC 3987, step three of converting a URI into an IRI,
+    As per RFC 3987 Section 3.2, step three of converting a URI into an IRI,
     repercent-encode any octet produced that is not part of a strictly legal
     UTF-8 octet sequence.
     """
diff --git a/django/utils/html.py b/django/utils/html.py
index 007602a14a..fdb88d6709 100644
--- a/django/utils/html.py
+++ b/django/utils/html.py
@@ -193,9 +193,8 @@ def smart_urlquote(url):
 
     def unquote_quote(segment):
         segment = unquote(segment)
-        # Tilde is part of RFC3986 Unreserved Characters
-        # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.3
-        # See also https://bugs.python.org/issue16285
+        # Tilde is part of RFC 3986 Section 2.3 Unreserved Characters,
+        # see also https://bugs.python.org/issue16285
         return quote(segment, safe=RFC3986_SUBDELIMS + RFC3986_GENDELIMS + "~")
 
     # Handle IDN before quoting.
diff --git a/django/utils/http.py b/django/utils/http.py
index d2ec2638b0..db4dee2f27 100644
--- a/django/utils/http.py
+++ b/django/utils/http.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from urllib.parse import uses_params
 from django.utils.datastructures import MultiValueDict
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
-# based on RFC 7232, Appendix C
+# Based on RFC 9110 Appendix A.
 ETAG_MATCH = _lazy_re_compile(
     r"""
     \A(      # start of string and capture group
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ def urlencode(query, doseq=False):
 
 def http_date(epoch_seconds=None):
     """
-    Format the time to match the RFC1123 date format as specified by HTTP
-    RFC7231 section 7.1.1.1.
+    Format the time to match the RFC 5322 date format as specified by RFC 9110
+    Section 5.6.7.
 
     `epoch_seconds` is a floating point number expressed in seconds since the
     epoch, in UTC - such as that outputted by time.time(). If set to None, it
@@ -108,15 +108,15 @@ def http_date(epoch_seconds=None):
 
 def parse_http_date(date):
     """
-    Parse a date format as specified by HTTP RFC7231 section 7.1.1.1.
+    Parse a date format as specified by HTTP RFC 9110 Section 5.6.7.
 
     The three formats allowed by the RFC are accepted, even if only the first
     one is still in widespread use.
 
     Return an integer expressed in seconds since the epoch, in UTC.
     """
-    # email.utils.parsedate() does the job for RFC1123 dates; unfortunately
-    # RFC7231 makes it mandatory to support RFC850 dates too. So we roll
+    # email.utils.parsedate() does the job for RFC 1123 dates; unfortunately
+    # RFC 9110 makes it mandatory to support RFC 850 dates too. So we roll
     # our own RFC-compliant parsing.
     for regex in RFC1123_DATE, RFC850_DATE, ASCTIME_DATE:
         m = regex.match(date)
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ def urlsafe_base64_decode(s):
 def parse_etags(etag_str):
     """
     Parse a string of ETags given in an If-None-Match or If-Match header as
-    defined by RFC 7232. Return a list of quoted ETags, or ['*'] if all ETags
+    defined by RFC 9110. Return a list of quoted ETags, or ['*'] if all ETags
     should be matched.
     """
     if etag_str.strip() == "*":
diff --git a/django/utils/translation/trans_real.py b/django/utils/translation/trans_real.py
index 595a9ec2e4..c1e64d4ebd 100644
--- a/django/utils/translation/trans_real.py
+++ b/django/utils/translation/trans_real.py
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ _default = None
 # magic gettext number to separate context from message
 CONTEXT_SEPARATOR = "\x04"
 
-# Format of Accept-Language header values. From RFC 2616, section 14.4 and 3.9
-# and RFC 3066, section 2.1
+# Format of Accept-Language header values. From RFC 9110 Sections 12.4.2 and
+# 12.5.4, and RFC 5646 Section 2.1.
 accept_language_re = _lazy_re_compile(
     r"""
         # "en", "en-au", "x-y-z", "es-419", "*"
diff --git a/django/views/defaults.py b/django/views/defaults.py
index f10b75d471..ccad802a54 100644
--- a/django/views/defaults.py
+++ b/django/views/defaults.py
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def permission_denied(request, exception, template_name=ERROR_403_TEMPLATE_NAME)
             supplied).
 
     If the template does not exist, an Http403 response containing the text
-    "403 Forbidden" (as per RFC 7231) will be returned.
+    "403 Forbidden" (as per RFC 9110 Section 15.5.4) will be returned.
     """
     try:
         template = loader.get_template(template_name)
diff --git a/docs/ref/csrf.txt b/docs/ref/csrf.txt
index a4712c29f0..7a4fa2cfb4 100644
--- a/docs/ref/csrf.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/csrf.txt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ who visits the malicious site in their browser. A related type of attack,
 a site with someone else's credentials, is also covered.
 
 The first defense against CSRF attacks is to ensure that GET requests (and other
-'safe' methods, as defined by :rfc:`7231#section-4.2.1`) are side effect free.
+'safe' methods, as defined by :rfc:`9110#section-9.2.1`) are side effect free.
 Requests via 'unsafe' methods, such as POST, PUT, and DELETE, can then be
 protected by the steps outlined in :ref:`using-csrf`.
 
@@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ This ensures that only forms that have originated from trusted domains can be
 used to POST data back.
 
 It deliberately ignores GET requests (and other requests that are defined as
-'safe' by :rfc:`7231#section-4.2.1`). These requests ought never to have any
+'safe' by :rfc:`9110#section-9.2.1`). These requests ought never to have any
 potentially dangerous side effects, and so a CSRF attack with a GET request
-ought to be harmless. :rfc:`7231#section-4.2.1` defines POST, PUT, and DELETE
+ought to be harmless. :rfc:`9110#section-9.2.1` defines POST, PUT, and DELETE
 as 'unsafe', and all other methods are also assumed to be unsafe, for maximum
 protection.
 
diff --git a/docs/ref/middleware.txt b/docs/ref/middleware.txt
index 2ddcbae7fe..4ac8fbb90b 100644
--- a/docs/ref/middleware.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/middleware.txt
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ It will NOT compress content if any of the following are true:
   containing ``gzip``.
 
 If the response has an ``ETag`` header, the ETag is made weak to comply with
-:rfc:`7232#section-2.1`.
+:rfc:`9110#section-8.8.1`.
 
 You can apply GZip compression to individual views using the
 :func:`~django.views.decorators.gzip.gzip_page()` decorator.
diff --git a/docs/ref/models/instances.txt b/docs/ref/models/instances.txt
index 803bb17c18..b0f867d902 100644
--- a/docs/ref/models/instances.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/models/instances.txt
@@ -848,7 +848,7 @@ track down every place that the URL might be created. Specify it once, in
 
 .. note::
     The string you return from ``get_absolute_url()`` **must** contain only
-    ASCII characters (required by the URI specification, :rfc:`2396#section-2`)
+    ASCII characters (required by the URI specification, :rfc:`3986#section-2`)
     and be URL-encoded, if necessary.
 
     Code and templates calling ``get_absolute_url()`` should be able to use the
diff --git a/docs/ref/models/querysets.txt b/docs/ref/models/querysets.txt
index 58d9771cc5..16e4ffbc45 100644
--- a/docs/ref/models/querysets.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/models/querysets.txt
@@ -2174,7 +2174,7 @@ Finally, a word on using ``get_or_create()`` in Django views. Please make sure
 to use it only in ``POST`` requests unless you have a good reason not to.
 ``GET`` requests shouldn't have any effect on data. Instead, use ``POST``
 whenever a request to a page has a side effect on your data. For more, see
-:rfc:`Safe methods <7231#section-4.2.1>` in the HTTP spec.
+:rfc:`Safe methods <9110#section-9.2.1>` in the HTTP spec.
 
 .. warning::
 
diff --git a/docs/ref/request-response.txt b/docs/ref/request-response.txt
index 81558c8916..34a31c4936 100644
--- a/docs/ref/request-response.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/request-response.txt
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ Attributes
 
 .. attribute:: HttpResponse.status_code
 
-    The :rfc:`HTTP status code <7231#section-6>` for the response.
+    The :rfc:`HTTP status code <9110#section-15>` for the response.
 
     Unless :attr:`reason_phrase` is explicitly set, modifying the value of
     ``status_code`` outside the constructor will also modify the value of
@@ -768,7 +768,7 @@ Attributes
 .. attribute:: HttpResponse.reason_phrase
 
     The HTTP reason phrase for the response. It uses the :rfc:`HTTP standard's
-    <7231#section-6.1>` default reason phrases.
+    <9110#section-15.1>` default reason phrases.
 
     Unless explicitly set, ``reason_phrase`` is determined by the value of
     :attr:`status_code`.
@@ -803,9 +803,9 @@ Methods
     :setting:`DEFAULT_CHARSET` settings, by default:
     ``"text/html; charset=utf-8"``.
 
-    ``status`` is the :rfc:`HTTP status code <7231#section-6>` for the response.
-    You can use Python's :py:class:`http.HTTPStatus` for meaningful aliases,
-    such as ``HTTPStatus.NO_CONTENT``.
+    ``status`` is the :rfc:`HTTP status code <9110#section-15>` for the
+    response. You can use Python's :py:class:`http.HTTPStatus` for meaningful
+    aliases, such as ``HTTPStatus.NO_CONTENT``.
 
     ``reason`` is the HTTP response phrase. If not provided, a default phrase
     will be used.
@@ -1163,7 +1163,7 @@ Attributes
 
 .. attribute:: StreamingHttpResponse.status_code
 
-    The :rfc:`HTTP status code <7231#section-6>` for the response.
+    The :rfc:`HTTP status code <9110#section-15>` for the response.
 
     Unless :attr:`reason_phrase` is explicitly set, modifying the value of
     ``status_code`` outside the constructor will also modify the value of
@@ -1172,7 +1172,7 @@ Attributes
 .. attribute:: StreamingHttpResponse.reason_phrase
 
     The HTTP reason phrase for the response. It uses the :rfc:`HTTP standard's
-    <7231#section-6.1>` default reason phrases.
+    <9110#section-15.1>` default reason phrases.
 
     Unless explicitly set, ``reason_phrase`` is determined by the value of
     :attr:`status_code`.
diff --git a/docs/ref/unicode.txt b/docs/ref/unicode.txt
index 57e08f6482..87e8b7d0b7 100644
--- a/docs/ref/unicode.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/unicode.txt
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ URI and IRI handling
 Web frameworks have to deal with URLs (which are a type of IRI). One
 requirement of URLs is that they are encoded using only ASCII characters.
 However, in an international environment, you might need to construct a
-URL from an :rfc:`IRI <3987>` -- very loosely speaking, a :rfc:`URI <2396>`
+URL from an :rfc:`IRI <3987>` -- very loosely speaking, a :rfc:`URI <3986>`
 that can contain Unicode characters. Use these functions for quoting and
 converting an IRI to a URI:
 
diff --git a/docs/ref/utils.txt b/docs/ref/utils.txt
index d296d2bda1..1c9141a986 100644
--- a/docs/ref/utils.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/utils.txt
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ by managing the ``Vary`` header of responses. It includes functions to patch
 the header of response objects directly and decorators that change functions to
 do that header-patching themselves.
 
-For information on the ``Vary`` header, see :rfc:`7231#section-7.1.4`.
+For information on the ``Vary`` header, see :rfc:`9110#section-12.5.5`.
 
 Essentially, the ``Vary`` HTTP header defines which headers a cache should take
 into account when building its cache key. Requests with the same path but
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ need to distinguish caches by the ``Accept-language`` header.
     Adds (or updates) the ``Vary`` header in the given ``HttpResponse`` object.
     ``newheaders`` is a list of header names that should be in ``Vary``. If
     headers contains an asterisk, then ``Vary`` header will consist of a single
-    asterisk ``'*'``, according to :rfc:`7231#section-7.1.4`. Otherwise,
+    asterisk ``'*'``, according to :rfc:`9110#section-12.5.5`. Otherwise,
     existing headers in ``Vary`` aren't removed.
 
 .. function:: get_cache_key(request, key_prefix=None, method='GET', cache=None)
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ escaping HTML.
 .. function:: http_date(epoch_seconds=None)
 
     Formats the time to match the :rfc:`1123#section-5.2.14` date format as
-    specified by HTTP :rfc:`7231#section-7.1.1.1`.
+    specified by HTTP :rfc:`9110#section-5.6.7`.
 
     Accepts a floating point number expressed in seconds since the epoch in
     UTC--such as that outputted by ``time.time()``. If set to ``None``,
diff --git a/docs/ref/views.txt b/docs/ref/views.txt
index 7ee6cc806f..250ab47932 100644
--- a/docs/ref/views.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/views.txt
@@ -121,9 +121,9 @@ default, call the view ``django.views.defaults.permission_denied``.
 
 This view loads and renders the template ``403.html`` in your root template
 directory, or if this file does not exist, instead serves the text
-"403 Forbidden", as per :rfc:`7231#section-6.5.3` (the HTTP 1.1 Specification).
-The template context contains ``exception``, which is the string
-representation of the exception that triggered the view.
+"403 Forbidden", as per :rfc:`9110#section-15.5.4` (the HTTP 1.1
+Specification). The template context contains ``exception``, which is the
+string representation of the exception that triggered the view.
 
 ``django.views.defaults.permission_denied`` is triggered by a
 :exc:`~django.core.exceptions.PermissionDenied` exception. To deny access in a
diff --git a/docs/topics/cache.txt b/docs/topics/cache.txt
index 34034c5541..6db9950c04 100644
--- a/docs/topics/cache.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/cache.txt
@@ -1351,7 +1351,7 @@ its first argument and a list/tuple of case-insensitive header names as its
 second argument.
 
 For more on Vary headers, see the :rfc:`official Vary spec
-<7231#section-7.1.4>`.
+<9110#section-12.5.5>`.
 
 Controlling cache: Using other headers
 ======================================
@@ -1402,10 +1402,10 @@ cache control header (it is internally called by the
 
         return response
 
-You can control downstream caches in other ways as well (see :rfc:`7234` for
+You can control downstream caches in other ways as well (see :rfc:`9111` for
 details on HTTP caching). For example, even if you don't use Django's
 server-side cache framework, you can still tell clients to cache a view for a
-certain amount of time with the :rfc:`max-age <7234#section-5.2.2.8>`
+certain amount of time with the :rfc:`max-age <9111#section-5.2.2.1>`
 directive::
 
     from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_control
diff --git a/docs/topics/conditional-view-processing.txt b/docs/topics/conditional-view-processing.txt
index ed2c7f8363..ddf8170c77 100644
--- a/docs/topics/conditional-view-processing.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/conditional-view-processing.txt
@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@ or you can rely on the :class:`~django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware`
 middleware to set the ``ETag`` header.
 
 When the client next requests the same resource, it might send along a header
-such as either :rfc:`If-modified-since <7232#section-3.3>` or
-:rfc:`If-unmodified-since <7232#section-3.4>`, containing the date of the last
-modification time it was sent, or either :rfc:`If-match <7232#section-3.1>` or
-:rfc:`If-none-match <7232#section-3.2>`, containing the last ``ETag`` it was
-sent. If the current version of the page matches the ``ETag`` sent by the
-client, or if the resource has not been modified, a 304 status code can be sent
-back, instead of a full response, telling the client that nothing has changed.
-Depending on the header, if the page has been modified or does not match the
-``ETag`` sent by the client, a 412 status code (Precondition Failed) may be
-returned.
+such as either :rfc:`If-Modified-Since <9110#section-13.1.3>` or
+:rfc:`If-Unmodified-Since <9110#section-13.1.4>`, containing the date of the
+last modification time it was sent, or either :rfc:`If-Match
+<9110#section-13.1.1>` or :rfc:`If-None-Match <9110#section-13.1.2>`,
+containing the last ``ETag`` it was sent. If the current version of the page
+matches the ``ETag`` sent by the client, or if the resource has not been
+modified, a 304 status code can be sent back, instead of a full response,
+telling the client that nothing has changed.  Depending on the header, if the
+page has been modified or does not match the ``ETag`` sent by the client, a 412
+status code (Precondition Failed) may be returned.
 
 When you need more fine-grained control you may use per-view conditional
 processing functions.
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The ``condition`` decorator
 ===========================
 
 Sometimes (in fact, quite often) you can create functions to rapidly compute
-the :rfc:`ETag <7232#section-2.3>` value or the last-modified time for a
+the :rfc:`ETag <9110#section-8.8.3>` value or the last-modified time for a
 resource, **without** needing to do all the computations needed to construct
 the full view. Django can then use these functions to provide an
 "early bailout" option for the view processing. Telling the client that the
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ order, as the view function they are helping to wrap. The function passed
 ``last_modified_func`` should return a standard datetime value specifying the
 last time the resource was modified, or ``None`` if the resource doesn't
 exist. The function passed to the ``etag`` decorator should return a string
-representing the :rfc:`ETag <7232#section-2.3>` for the resource, or ``None``
+representing the :rfc:`ETag <9110#section-8.8.3>` for the resource, or ``None``
 if it doesn't exist.
 
 The decorator sets the ``ETag`` and ``Last-Modified`` headers on the response
@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@ for your front page view::
     :func:`~django.views.decorators.vary.vary_on_cookie`,
     :func:`~django.views.decorators.vary.vary_on_headers`, and
     :func:`~django.views.decorators.cache.cache_control` should come first
-    because :rfc:`RFC 7232 <7232#section-4.1>` requires that the headers they
-    set be present on 304 responses.
+    because :rfc:`RFC 9110 <9110#section-15.4.5>` requires that the headers
+    they set be present on 304 responses.
 
 Shortcuts for only computing one value
 ======================================
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ every time.
     The ``condition`` decorator only sets validator headers (``ETag`` and
     ``Last-Modified``) for safe HTTP methods, i.e. ``GET`` and ``HEAD``. If you
     wish to return them in other cases, set them in your view. See
-    :rfc:`7231#section-4.3.4` to learn about the distinction between setting a
+    :rfc:`9110#section-9.3.4` to learn about the distinction between setting a
     validator header in response to requests made with ``PUT`` versus ``POST``.
 
 Comparison with middleware conditional processing
diff --git a/docs/topics/testing/tools.txt b/docs/topics/testing/tools.txt
index 668ce61080..cdff8a1d4c 100644
--- a/docs/topics/testing/tools.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/testing/tools.txt
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ Use the ``django.test.Client`` class to make requests.
         ``Response`` object. Useful for simulating diagnostic probes.
 
         Unlike the other request methods, ``data`` is not provided as a keyword
-        parameter in order to comply with :rfc:`7231#section-4.3.8`, which
+        parameter in order to comply with :rfc:`9110#section-9.3.8`, which
         mandates that TRACE requests must not have a body.
 
         The ``follow``, ``secure``, and ``extra`` arguments act the same as for
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_models.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_models.py
index 01bb7981a4..fe1afcbdc3 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_models.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_models.py
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ class UserManagerTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertFalse(user.has_usable_password())
 
     def test_create_user_email_domain_normalize_rfc3696(self):
-        # According to https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3696#section-3
-        # the "@" symbol can be part of the local part of an email address
+        # According to RFC 3696 Section 3 the "@" symbol can be part of the
+        # local part of an email address.
         returned = UserManager.normalize_email(r"Abc\@DEF@EXAMPLE.com")
         self.assertEqual(returned, r"Abc\@DEF@example.com")
 
diff --git a/tests/conditional_processing/tests.py b/tests/conditional_processing/tests.py
index 93f96546aa..67007b5d66 100644
--- a/tests/conditional_processing/tests.py
+++ b/tests/conditional_processing/tests.py
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class ConditionalGet(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
 
     def test_both_headers(self):
-        # see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-6
+        # See RFC 9110 Section 13.2.2.
         self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
         self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = ETAG
         response = self.client.get("/condition/")
diff --git a/tests/file_uploads/tests.py b/tests/file_uploads/tests.py
index c6d76aa4c9..d5377488ff 100644
--- a/tests/file_uploads/tests.py
+++ b/tests/file_uploads/tests.py
@@ -189,8 +189,7 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_unicode_file_name_rfc2231(self):
         """
-        Test receiving file upload when filename is encoded with RFC2231
-        (#22971).
+        Receiving file upload when filename is encoded with RFC 2231.
         """
         payload = client.FakePayload()
         payload.write(
@@ -219,8 +218,7 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_unicode_name_rfc2231(self):
         """
-        Test receiving file upload when filename is encoded with RFC2231
-        (#22971).
+        Receiving file upload when filename is encoded with RFC 2231.
         """
         payload = client.FakePayload()
         payload.write(
diff --git a/tests/httpwrappers/tests.py b/tests/httpwrappers/tests.py
index 6ab0cc52cb..e1920e2eda 100644
--- a/tests/httpwrappers/tests.py
+++ b/tests/httpwrappers/tests.py
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ class CookieTests(unittest.TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_cookie_edgecases(self):
-        # Cookies that RFC6265 allows.
+        # Cookies that RFC 6265 allows.
         self.assertEqual(
             parse_cookie("a=b; Domain=example.com"), {"a": "b", "Domain": "example.com"}
         )
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ class CookieTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_invalid_cookies(self):
         """
-        Cookie strings that go against RFC6265 but browsers will send if set
+        Cookie strings that go against RFC 6265 but browsers will send if set
         via document.cookie.
         """
         # Chunks without an equals sign appear as unnamed values per
diff --git a/tests/mail/tests.py b/tests/mail/tests.py
index 183a0c0ab1..54a136c1a9 100644
--- a/tests/mail/tests.py
+++ b/tests/mail/tests.py
@@ -1234,8 +1234,8 @@ class BaseEmailBackendTests(HeadersCheckMixin):
 
     def test_send_long_lines(self):
         """
-        Email line length is limited to 998 chars by the RFC:
-        https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322#section-2.1.1
+        Email line length is limited to 998 chars by the RFC 5322 Section
+        2.1.1.
         Message body containing longer lines are converted to Quoted-Printable
         to avoid having to insert newlines, which could be hairy to do properly.
         """
diff --git a/tests/middleware/tests.py b/tests/middleware/tests.py
index 6009350365..50ba268832 100644
--- a/tests/middleware/tests.py
+++ b/tests/middleware/tests.py
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ class ConditionalGetMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_not_modified_headers(self):
         """
         The 304 Not Modified response should include only the headers required
-        by section 4.1 of RFC 7232, Last-Modified, and the cookies.
+        by RFC 9110 Section 15.4.5, Last-Modified, and the cookies.
         """
 
         def get_response(req):
diff --git a/tests/requests/tests.py b/tests/requests/tests.py
index d8068583a7..833d68946b 100644
--- a/tests/requests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/requests/tests.py
@@ -425,10 +425,8 @@ class RequestsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Multipart POST requests with Content-Length >= 0 are valid and need to
         be handled.
         """
-        # According to:
-        # https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.13
-        # Every request.POST with Content-Length >= 0 is a valid request,
-        # this test ensures that we handle Content-Length == 0.
+        # According to RFC 9110 Section 8.6 every POST with Content-Length >= 0
+        # is a valid request, so ensure that we handle Content-Length == 0.
         payload = FakePayload(
             "\r\n".join(
                 [
diff --git a/tests/test_client/views.py b/tests/test_client/views.py
index 01850257b5..494844009d 100644
--- a/tests/test_client/views.py
+++ b/tests/test_client/views.py
@@ -395,8 +395,7 @@ def django_project_redirect(request):
 
 def no_trailing_slash_external_redirect(request):
     """
-    RFC 2616 3.2.2: A bare domain without any abs_path element should be
-    treated as having the trailing `/`.
+    RFC 3986 Section 6.2.3: Empty path should be normalized to "/".
 
     Use https://testserver, rather than an external domain, in order to allow
     use of follow=True, triggering Client._handle_redirects().
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_http.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_http.py
index 9978c7bb52..add9625685 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_http.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_http.py
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ class ETagProcessingTests(unittest.TestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(parse_etags("*"), ["*"])
 
-        # Ignore RFC 2616 ETags that are invalid according to RFC 7232.
+        # Ignore RFC 2616 ETags that are invalid according to RFC 9110.
         self.assertEqual(parse_etags(r'"etag", "e\"t\"ag"'), ['"etag"'])
 
     def test_quoting(self):
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_ipv6.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_ipv6.py
index b41778693d..bf78ed91c0 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_ipv6.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_ipv6.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class TestUtilsIPv6(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("::ffff:999.42.16.14"))
         self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("::ffff:zzzz:0a0a"))
         # The ::1.2.3.4 format used to be valid but was deprecated
-        # in rfc4291 section 2.5.5.1
+        # in RFC 4291 section 2.5.5.1.
         self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address("::254.42.16.14"))
         self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address("::0a0a:0a0a"))
         self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("::999.42.16.14"))
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_static.py b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_static.py
index 003e229859..9c873b447f 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_static.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_static.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class StaticTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """Handle bogus If-Modified-Since values gracefully
 
         Assume that a file is modified since an invalid timestamp as per RFC
-        2616, section 14.25.
+        9110 Section 13.1.3.
         """
         file_name = "file.txt"
         invalid_date = "Mon, 28 May 999999999999 28:25:26 GMT"
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class StaticTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """Handle even more bogus If-Modified-Since values gracefully
 
         Assume that a file is modified since an invalid timestamp as per RFC
-        2616, section 14.25.
+        9110 Section 13.1.3.
         """
         file_name = "file.txt"
         invalid_date = ": 1291108438, Wed, 20 Oct 2010 14:05:00 GMT"