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magic-removal: Proofread docs/authentication.txt

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@ -6,13 +6,8 @@ Django comes with a user authentication system. It handles user accounts,
groups, permissions and cookie-based user sessions. This document explains how
things work.
The basics
==========
Django supports authentication out of the box. The ``django-admin.py init``
command, used to initialize a database with Django's core database tables,
creates the infrastructure for the auth system. You don't have to do anything
else to use authentication.
Overview
========
The auth system consists of:
@ -23,6 +18,28 @@ The auth system consists of:
user.
* Messages: A simple way to queue messages for given users.
Installation
============
Authentication support is bundled as a Django application in
``django.contrib.auth``. To install it, do the following:
1. Put ``'django.contrib.auth'`` in your ``INSTALLED_APPS`` setting.
2. Run the command ``manage.py syncdb``.
Note that the default ``settings.py`` file created by
``django-admin.py startproject`` includes ``'django.contrib.auth'`` in
``INSTALLED_APPS`` for convenience. If your ``INSTALLED_APPS`` already contains
``'django.contrib.auth'``, feel free to run ``manage.py syncdb`` again; you
can run that command as many times as you'd like, and each time it'll only
install what's needed.
The ``syncdb`` command creates the necessary database tables, creates
permission objects for all installed apps that need 'em, and prompts you to
create a superuser account.
Once you've taken those steps, that's it.
Users
=====
@ -63,19 +80,19 @@ Methods
``User`` objects have two many-to-many fields: ``groups`` and
``user_permissions``. ``User`` objects can access their related
objects in the same way as any other `Django model`_:
objects in the same way as any other `Django model`_::
* ``myuser.objects.groups = [group_list]``
* ``myuser.objects.groups.add(group, group,...)``
* ``myuser.objects.groups.remove(group, group,...)``
* ``myuser.objects.groups.clear()``
* ``myuser.objects.permissions = [permission_list]``
* ``myuser.objects.permissions.add(permission, permission, ...)``
* ``myuser.objects.permissions.remove(permission, permission, ...]``
* ``myuser.objects.permissions.clear()``
``myuser.objects.groups = [group_list]``
``myuser.objects.groups.add(group, group,...)``
``myuser.objects.groups.remove(group, group,...)``
``myuser.objects.groups.clear()``
``myuser.objects.permissions = [permission_list]``
``myuser.objects.permissions.add(permission, permission, ...)``
``myuser.objects.permissions.remove(permission, permission, ...]``
``myuser.objects.permissions.clear()``
In addition to those automatic API methods, ``User`` objects have the following
methods:
custom methods:
* ``is_anonymous()`` -- Always returns ``False``. This is a way of
comparing ``User`` objects to anonymous users.
@ -84,11 +101,12 @@ methods:
with a space in between.
* ``set_password(raw_password)`` -- Sets the user's password to the given
raw string, taking care of the MD5 hashing. Doesn't save the ``User``
object.
raw string, taking care of the password hashing. Doesn't save the
``User`` object.
* ``check_password(raw_password)`` -- Returns ``True`` if the given raw
string is the correct password for the user.
string is the correct password for the user. (This takes care of the
password hashing in making the comparison.)
* ``get_group_permissions()`` -- Returns a list of permission strings that
the user has, through his/her groups.
@ -129,8 +147,10 @@ The ``User`` model has a custom manager that has the following helper functions:
a ``User``. The ``username``, ``email`` and ``password`` are set as
given, and the ``User`` gets ``is_active=True``.
See _`Creating users` for example usage.
* ``make_random_password(length=10, allowed_chars='abcdefghjkmnpqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ23456789')``
-- Returns a random password with the given length and given string of
Returns a random password with the given length and given string of
allowed characters. (Note that the default value of ``allowed_chars``
doesn't contain ``"I"`` or letters that look like it, to avoid user
confusion.
@ -147,8 +167,9 @@ function that comes with Django::
>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User
>>> user = User.objects.create_user('john', 'lennon@thebeatles.com', 'johnpassword')
# At this point, user is a User object ready to be saved to the database.
# You can continue to change its attributes if you want to change other fields.
# At this point, user is a User object ready to be saved
# to the database. You can continue to change its attributes
# if you want to change other fields.
>>> user.is_staff = True
>>> user.save()
@ -162,23 +183,21 @@ Change a password with ``set_password()``::
>>> u.set_password('new password')
>>> u.save()
Don't set the password field directly unless you know what you're doing. This
is explained in the next section.
Don't set the ``password`` attribute directly unless you know what you're
doing. This is explained in the next section.
Passwords
---------
Previous versions, such as Django 0.90, used simple MD5 hashes without password
salts.
The ``password`` field of a ``User`` object is a string in this format::
The ``password`` attribute of a ``User`` object is a string in this format::
hashtype$salt$hash
That's hashtype, salt and hash, separated by the dollar-sign character.
Hashtype is either ``sha1`` (default) or ``md5``. Salt is a random string
used to salt the raw password to create the hash.
Hashtype is either ``sha1`` (default) or ``md5`` -- the algorithm used to
perform a one-way hash of the password. Salt is a random string used to salt
the raw password to create the hash.
For example::
@ -187,6 +206,11 @@ For example::
The ``User.set_password()`` and ``User.check_password()`` functions handle
the setting and checking of these values behind the scenes.
Previous Django versions, such as 0.90, used simple MD5 hashes without password
salts. For backwards compatibility, those are still supported; they'll be
converted automatically to the new style the first time ``check_password()``
works correctly for a given user.
Anonymous users
---------------
@ -206,10 +230,15 @@ Authentication in Web requests
==============================
Until now, this document has dealt with the low-level APIs for manipulating
authentication-related objects. On a higher level, Django hooks this
authentication-related objects. On a higher level, Django can hook this
authentication framework into its system of `request objects`_.
In any Django view, ``request.user`` will give you a ``User`` object
First, install the ``SessionMiddleware`` and ``AuthenticationMiddleware``
middlewares by adding them to your ``MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES`` setting. See the
`session documentation`_ for more information.
Once you have those middlewares installed, you'll be able to access
``request.user`` in views. ``request.user`` will give you a ``User`` object
representing the currently logged-in user. If a user isn't currently logged in,
``request.user`` will be set to an instance of ``AnonymousUser`` (see the
previous section). You can tell them apart with ``is_anonymous()``, like so::
@ -219,10 +248,6 @@ previous section). You can tell them apart with ``is_anonymous()``, like so::
else:
# Do something for logged-in users.
If you want to use ``request.user`` in your view code, make sure you have
``SessionMiddleware`` and ``AuthenticationMiddleware`` enabled. See the
`session documentation`_ for more information.
.. _request objects: http://www.djangoproject.com/documentation/request_response/#httprequest-objects
.. _session documentation: http://www.djangoproject.com/documentation/sessions/
@ -275,7 +300,8 @@ As a shortcut, you can use the convenient ``login_required`` decorator::
# ...
my_view = login_required(my_view)
Here's the same thing, using Python 2.4's decorator syntax::
Here's an equivalent example, using the more compact decorator syntax
introduced in Python 2.4::
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
@ -384,22 +410,22 @@ Permissions are set globally per type of object, not per specific object
instance. For example, it's possible to say "Mary may change news stories," but
it's not currently possible to say "Mary may change news stories, but only the
ones she created herself" or "Mary may only change news stories that have a
certain status or publication date." The latter functionality is something
certain status, publication date or ID." The latter functionality is something
Django developers are currently discussing.
Default permissions
-------------------
Three basic permissions -- add, create and delete -- are automatically created
for each Django model that has ``admin`` set. Behind the scenes, these
for each Django model that has a ``class Admin`` set. Behind the scenes, these
permissions are added to the ``auth_permission`` database table when you run
``django-admin.py syncdb``.
``manage.py syncdb``.
Note that if your model doesn't have ``admin`` set when you run
``django-admin.py syncdb``, the permissions won't be created. If you
initialize your database and add ``admin`` to models after the fact, you'll
need to run ``django-admin.py syncdb`` again. It will create any missing
permissions for all of your installed apps.
Note that if your model doesn't have ``class Admin`` set when you run
``syncdb``, the permissions won't be created. If you initialize your database
and add ``class Admin`` to models after the fact, you'll need to run
``django-admin.py syncdb`` again. It will create any missing permissions for
all of your installed apps.
Custom permissions
------------------
@ -418,6 +444,9 @@ This example model creates three custom permissions::
("can_drink", "Can drink alcohol"),
)
The only thing this does is create those extra permissions when you run
``syncdb``.
.. _model Meta attribute: http://www.djangoproject.com/documentation/model_api/#meta-options
API reference
@ -434,7 +463,7 @@ Fields
``Permission`` objects have the following fields:
* ``name`` -- Required. 50 characters or fewer. Example: ``'Can vote'``.
* ``content_type`` -- Required. A reference to the ``django_content_types``
* ``content_type`` -- Required. A reference to the ``django_content_type``
database table, which contains a record for each installed Django model.
* ``codename`` -- Required. 100 characters or fewer. Example: ``'can_vote'``.
@ -462,7 +491,7 @@ The currently logged-in user and his/her permissions are made available in the
Users
-----
The currently logged-in user, either a ``User`` object or an``AnonymousUser``
The currently logged-in user, either a ``User`` instance or an``AnonymousUser``
instance, is stored in the template variable ``{{ user }}``::
{% if user.is_anonymous %}
@ -508,25 +537,25 @@ Thus, you can check permissions in template ``{% if %}`` statements::
Groups
======
Groups are a generic way of categorizing users to apply permissions, or some
other label, to those users. A user can belong to any number of groups.
Groups are a generic way of categorizing users so you can apply permissions, or
some other label, to those users. A user can belong to any number of groups.
A user in a group automatically has the permissions granted to that group. For
example, if the group ``Site editors`` has the permission
``can_edit_home_page``, any user in that group will have that permission.
Beyond permissions, groups are a convenient way to categorize users to apply
some label, or extended functionality, to them. For example, you could create
a group ``'Special users'``, and you could write code that would do special
things to those users -- such as giving them access to a members-only portion
of your site, or sending them members-only e-mail messages.
Beyond permissions, groups are a convenient way to categorize users to give
them some label, or extended functionality. For example, you could create a
group ``'Special users'``, and you could write code that could, say, give them
access to a members-only portion of your site, or send them members-only e-mail
messages.
Messages
========
The message system is a lightweight way to queue messages for given users.
A message is associated with a User. There's no concept of expiration or
A message is associated with a ``User``. There's no concept of expiration or
timestamps.
Messages are used by the Django admin after successful actions. For example,
@ -534,8 +563,9 @@ Messages are used by the Django admin after successful actions. For example,
The API is simple::
* To create a new message, use ``user.message_set.create(message='message_text')``.
* To retrieve/delete messages, use ``user.get_and_delete_messages()``,
* To create a new message, use
``user_obj.message_set.create(message='message_text')``.
* To retrieve/delete messages, use ``user_obj.get_and_delete_messages()``,
which returns a list of ``Message`` objects in the user's queue (if any)
and deletes the messages from the queue.
@ -546,7 +576,8 @@ a playlist::
# Create the playlist with the given songs.
# ...
request.user.message_set.create(message="Your playlist was added successfully.")
return render_to_response("playlists/create.html", context_instance=RequestContext(request))
return render_to_response("playlists/create.html",
context_instance=RequestContext(request))
When you use ``RequestContext``, the currently logged-in user and his/her
messages are made available in the `template context`_ as the template variable