diff --git a/django/db/models/query.py b/django/db/models/query.py
index 8edae41e5f..b404fd1875 100644
--- a/django/db/models/query.py
+++ b/django/db/models/query.py
@@ -1475,6 +1475,18 @@ class QuerySet(AltersData):
                     "field."
                 )
             elif not fields:
+                # RemovedInDjango70Warning: When the deprecation ends, replace
+                # with:
+                # raise TypeError(
+                #     "'flat' is not valid when values_list is called with no "
+                #     "fields."
+                # )
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "Calling values_list() with no field name and flat=True "
+                    "is deprecated. Pass an explicit field name instead, like "
+                    "'pk'.",
+                    RemovedInDjango70Warning,
+                )
                 fields = [self.model._meta.concrete_fields[0].attname]
 
         field_names = {f: False for f in fields if not hasattr(f, "resolve_expression")}
diff --git a/docs/internals/deprecation.txt b/docs/internals/deprecation.txt
index f2a6e9b545..2473d2b4f7 100644
--- a/docs/internals/deprecation.txt
+++ b/docs/internals/deprecation.txt
@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ details on these changes.
 See the :ref:`Django 6.1 release notes <deprecated-features-6.1>` for more
 details on these changes.
 
-* ...
+* Calling :meth:`.QuerySet.values_list` with ``flat=True`` and no field name
+  will raise ``TypeError``.
 
 .. _deprecation-removed-in-6.1:
 
diff --git a/docs/releases/6.1.txt b/docs/releases/6.1.txt
index 56a222f3e3..97a9d05d9d 100644
--- a/docs/releases/6.1.txt
+++ b/docs/releases/6.1.txt
@@ -262,7 +262,9 @@ Features deprecated in 6.1
 Miscellaneous
 -------------
 
-* ...
+* Calling :meth:`.QuerySet.values_list` with ``flat=True`` and no field name
+  is deprecated. Pass an explicit field name, like
+  ``values_list("pk", flat=True)``.
 
 Features removed in 6.1
 =======================
diff --git a/tests/lookup/tests.py b/tests/lookup/tests.py
index f6f73e9fac..5b9dd8e5ec 100644
--- a/tests/lookup/tests.py
+++ b/tests/lookup/tests.py
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ from django.db.models.lookups import (
     LessThanOrEqual,
 )
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
-from django.test.utils import isolate_apps, register_lookup
+from django.test.utils import ignore_warnings, isolate_apps, register_lookup
+from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango70Warning
 
 from .models import (
     Article,
@@ -500,13 +501,19 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(arts1.slug, "a1")
         self.assertEqual(arts1.headline, "Article 1")
 
+    # RemovedInDjango70Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove this
+    # test.
     def test_in_bulk_values_list_flat_empty(self):
-        arts = Article.objects.values_list(flat=True).in_bulk([])
+        with ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango70Warning):
+            arts = Article.objects.values_list(flat=True).in_bulk([])
         self.assertEqual(arts, {})
 
+    # RemovedInDjango70Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove this
+    # test.
     def test_in_bulk_values_list_flat_all(self):
         Article.objects.exclude(pk__in=[self.a1.pk, self.a2.pk]).delete()
-        arts = Article.objects.values_list(flat=True).in_bulk()
+        with ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango70Warning):
+            arts = Article.objects.values_list(flat=True).in_bulk()
         self.assertEqual(
             arts,
             {
@@ -515,8 +522,13 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
             },
         )
 
+    # RemovedInDjango70Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove this
+    # test.
     def test_in_bulk_values_list_flat_pks(self):
-        arts = Article.objects.values_list(flat=True).in_bulk([self.a1.pk, self.a2.pk])
+        with ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango70Warning):
+            arts = Article.objects.values_list(flat=True).in_bulk(
+                [self.a1.pk, self.a2.pk]
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             arts,
             {
@@ -794,8 +806,12 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
                 ),
             ],
         )
+        # RemovedInDjango70Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove this
+        # assertion.
+        with ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango70Warning):
+            qs = Article.objects.values_list(flat=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list(flat=True),
+            qs,
             [
                 self.a5.id,
                 self.a6.id,
@@ -902,6 +918,22 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             Article.objects.values_list("id", "headline", flat=True)
 
+    # RemovedInDjango70Warning: When the deprecation ends, replace with:
+    # def test_values_list_flat_empty_error(self):
+    #     msg = (
+    #         "'flat' is not valid when values_list is called with no fields."
+    #     )
+    #     with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+    #         Article.objects.values_list(flat=True)
+    def test_values_list_flat_empty_warning(self):
+        msg = (
+            "Calling values_list() with no field name and flat=True "
+            "is deprecated. Pass an explicit field name instead, like "
+            "'pk'."
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango70Warning, msg):
+            Article.objects.values_list(flat=True)
+
     def test_get_next_previous_by(self):
         # Every DateField and DateTimeField creates get_next_by_FOO() and
         # get_previous_by_FOO() methods. In the case of identical date values,