diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/hashers.py b/django/contrib/auth/hashers.py
index e53e4da193..ccbac336dc 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/hashers.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/hashers.py
@@ -209,6 +209,12 @@ class BasePasswordHasher:
         """Check if the given password is correct."""
         raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BasePasswordHasher must provide a verify() method')
 
+    def _check_encode_args(self, password, salt):
+        if password is None:
+            raise TypeError('password must be provided.')
+        if not salt or '$' in salt:
+            raise ValueError('salt must be provided and cannot contain $.')
+
     def encode(self, password, salt):
         """
         Create an encoded database value.
@@ -269,8 +275,7 @@ class PBKDF2PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
     digest = hashlib.sha256
 
     def encode(self, password, salt, iterations=None):
-        assert password is not None
-        assert salt and '$' not in salt
+        self._check_encode_args(password, salt)
         iterations = iterations or self.iterations
         hash = pbkdf2(password, salt, iterations, digest=self.digest)
         hash = base64.b64encode(hash).decode('ascii').strip()
@@ -519,8 +524,7 @@ class SHA1PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
     algorithm = "sha1"
 
     def encode(self, password, salt):
-        assert password is not None
-        assert salt and '$' not in salt
+        self._check_encode_args(password, salt)
         hash = hashlib.sha1((salt + password).encode()).hexdigest()
         return "%s$%s$%s" % (self.algorithm, salt, hash)
 
@@ -561,8 +565,7 @@ class MD5PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
     algorithm = "md5"
 
     def encode(self, password, salt):
-        assert password is not None
-        assert salt and '$' not in salt
+        self._check_encode_args(password, salt)
         hash = hashlib.md5((salt + password).encode()).hexdigest()
         return "%s$%s$%s" % (self.algorithm, salt, hash)
 
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_hashers.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_hashers.py
index 411bcea8e9..46ac4062f3 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_hashers.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_hashers.py
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ from django.conf.global_settings import PASSWORD_HASHERS
 from django.contrib.auth.hashers import (
     UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX, UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_SUFFIX_LENGTH,
     BasePasswordHasher, BCryptPasswordHasher, BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher,
-    PBKDF2PasswordHasher, PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher, check_password, get_hasher,
-    identify_hasher, is_password_usable, make_password,
+    MD5PasswordHasher, PBKDF2PasswordHasher, PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher,
+    SHA1PasswordHasher, check_password, get_hasher, identify_hasher,
+    is_password_usable, make_password,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
@@ -474,6 +475,35 @@ class TestUtilsHashPass(SimpleTestCase):
             check_password('wrong_password', encoded)
             self.assertEqual(hasher.harden_runtime.call_count, 1)
 
+    def test_encode_invalid_salt(self):
+        hasher_classes = [
+            MD5PasswordHasher,
+            PBKDF2PasswordHasher,
+            PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher,
+            SHA1PasswordHasher,
+        ]
+        msg = 'salt must be provided and cannot contain $.'
+        for hasher_class in hasher_classes:
+            hasher = hasher_class()
+            for salt in [None, '', 'sea$salt']:
+                with self.subTest(hasher_class.__name__, salt=salt):
+                    with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+                        hasher.encode('password', salt)
+
+    def test_encode_password_required(self):
+        hasher_classes = [
+            MD5PasswordHasher,
+            PBKDF2PasswordHasher,
+            PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher,
+            SHA1PasswordHasher,
+        ]
+        msg = 'password must be provided.'
+        for hasher_class in hasher_classes:
+            hasher = hasher_class()
+            with self.subTest(hasher_class.__name__):
+                with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+                    hasher.encode(None, 'seasalt')
+
 
 class BasePasswordHasherTests(SimpleTestCase):
     not_implemented_msg = 'subclasses of BasePasswordHasher must provide %s() method'