diff --git a/django/conf/urls/__init__.py b/django/conf/urls/__init__.py
index 45af3a10d2..16db0f2fea 100644
--- a/django/conf/urls/__init__.py
+++ b/django/conf/urls/__init__.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.urls import (
     LocaleRegexURLResolver, RegexURLPattern, RegexURLResolver,
 )
-from django.utils import six
 
 __all__ = ['handler400', 'handler403', 'handler404', 'handler500', 'include', 'url']
 
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ def include(arg, namespace=None):
         # No namespace hint - use manually provided namespace
         urlconf_module = arg
 
-    if isinstance(urlconf_module, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(urlconf_module, str):
         urlconf_module = import_module(urlconf_module)
     patterns = getattr(urlconf_module, 'urlpatterns', urlconf_module)
     app_name = getattr(urlconf_module, 'app_name', app_name)
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/helpers.py b/django/contrib/admin/helpers.py
index ea56840445..628788b3fa 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/helpers.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/helpers.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist
 from django.db.models.fields.related import ManyToManyRel
 from django.forms.utils import flatatt
 from django.template.defaultfilters import capfirst, linebreaksbr
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.html import conditional_escape, format_html
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ class Fieldset(object):
 class Fieldline(object):
     def __init__(self, form, field, readonly_fields=None, model_admin=None):
         self.form = form  # A django.forms.Form instance
-        if not hasattr(field, "__iter__") or isinstance(field, six.text_type):
+        if not hasattr(field, "__iter__") or isinstance(field, str):
             self.fields = [field]
         else:
             self.fields = field
@@ -217,7 +216,7 @@ class AdminReadonlyField(object):
                         result_repr = linebreaksbr(force_text(value))
             else:
                 if isinstance(f.remote_field, ManyToManyRel) and value is not None:
-                    result_repr = ", ".join(map(six.text_type, value.all()))
+                    result_repr = ", ".join(map(str, value.all()))
                 else:
                     result_repr = display_for_field(value, f, self.empty_value_display)
                 result_repr = linebreaksbr(result_repr)
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/options.py b/django/contrib/admin/options.py
index bb871513d7..eaa9916056 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/options.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/options.py
@@ -1068,8 +1068,8 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
                 attr = obj._meta.pk.attname
             value = obj.serializable_value(attr)
             popup_response_data = json.dumps({
-                'value': six.text_type(value),
-                'obj': six.text_type(obj),
+                'value': str(value),
+                'obj': str(obj),
             })
             return TemplateResponse(request, self.popup_response_template or [
                 'admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
@@ -1129,9 +1129,9 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             new_value = obj.serializable_value(attr)
             popup_response_data = json.dumps({
                 'action': 'change',
-                'value': six.text_type(value),
-                'obj': six.text_type(obj),
-                'new_value': six.text_type(new_value),
+                'value': str(value),
+                'obj': str(obj),
+                'new_value': str(new_value),
             })
             return TemplateResponse(request, self.popup_response_template or [
                 'admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/utils.py b/django/contrib/admin/utils.py
index cf17381548..297796254d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/utils.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/utils.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from django.db.models.deletion import Collector
 from django.db.models.sql.constants import QUERY_TERMS
 from django.forms.utils import pretty_name
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, reverse
-from django.utils import formats, six, timezone
+from django.utils import formats, timezone
 from django.utils.encoding import force_str, force_text, smart_text
 from django.utils.html import format_html
 from django.utils.text import capfirst
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def quote(s):
     Similar to urllib.quote, except that the quoting is slightly different so
     that it doesn't get automatically unquoted by the Web browser.
     """
-    if not isinstance(s, six.string_types):
+    if not isinstance(s, str):
         return s
     res = list(s)
     for i in range(len(res)):
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ def label_for_field(name, model, model_admin=None, return_attr=False):
     except FieldDoesNotExist:
         if name == "__unicode__":
             label = force_text(model._meta.verbose_name)
-            attr = six.text_type
+            attr = str
         elif name == "__str__":
             label = force_str(model._meta.verbose_name)
             attr = bytes
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ def display_for_value(value, empty_value_display, boolean=False):
         return formats.localize(timezone.template_localtime(value))
     elif isinstance(value, (datetime.date, datetime.time)):
         return formats.localize(value)
-    elif isinstance(value, six.integer_types + (decimal.Decimal, float)):
+    elif isinstance(value, (int, decimal.Decimal, float)):
         return formats.number_format(value)
     elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
         return ', '.join(force_text(v) for v in value)
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/widgets.py b/django/contrib/admin/widgets.py
index 9f93ae3a42..9f6fb412b2 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/widgets.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/widgets.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from django import forms
 from django.db.models.deletion import CASCADE
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.urls.exceptions import NoReverseMatch
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.html import smart_urlquote
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ def url_params_from_lookup_dict(lookups):
             elif isinstance(v, bool):
                 v = ('0', '1')[v]
             else:
-                v = six.text_type(v)
+                v = str(v)
             items.append((k, v))
         params.update(dict(items))
     return params
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/decorators.py b/django/contrib/auth/decorators.py
index 9c44108c89..f6e4c1d5b2 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/decorators.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/decorators.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.auth import REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME
 from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
 from django.shortcuts import resolve_url
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.decorators import available_attrs
 from django.utils.six.moves.urllib.parse import urlparse
 
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ def permission_required(perm, login_url=None, raise_exception=False):
     is raised.
     """
     def check_perms(user):
-        if isinstance(perm, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(perm, str):
             perms = (perm, )
         else:
             perms = perm
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/mixins.py b/django/contrib/auth/mixins.py
index 4a7759435b..c52b573658 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/mixins.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/mixins.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.auth import REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME
 from django.contrib.auth.views import redirect_to_login
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured, PermissionDenied
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 
 
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ class PermissionRequiredMixin(AccessMixin):
                 '{0} is missing the permission_required attribute. Define {0}.permission_required, or override '
                 '{0}.get_permission_required().'.format(self.__class__.__name__)
             )
-        if isinstance(self.permission_required, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.permission_required, str):
             perms = (self.permission_required, )
         else:
             perms = self.permission_required
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/models.py b/django/contrib/auth/models.py
index 7155bd1199..0fc2ab41da 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/models.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
 from django.core.mail import send_mail
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.models.manager import EmptyManager
-from django.utils import six, timezone
+from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 
 from .validators import UnicodeUsernameValidator
@@ -75,9 +75,10 @@ class Permission(models.Model):
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s | %s | %s" % (
-            six.text_type(self.content_type.app_label),
-            six.text_type(self.content_type),
-            six.text_type(self.name))
+            self.content_type.app_label,
+            self.content_type,
+            self.name,
+        )
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.codename,) + self.content_type.natural_key()
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/password_validation.py b/django/contrib/auth/password_validation.py
index d802a5f5fd..1cf32e0219 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/password_validation.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/password_validation.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 from django.utils.html import format_html
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
-from django.utils.six import string_types, text_type
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _, ungettext
 
 
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ def _password_validators_help_text_html(password_validators=None):
     return '<ul>%s</ul>' % ''.join(help_items) if help_items else ''
 
 
-password_validators_help_text_html = lazy(_password_validators_help_text_html, text_type)
+password_validators_help_text_html = lazy(_password_validators_help_text_html, str)
 
 
 class MinimumLengthValidator(object):
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ class UserAttributeSimilarityValidator(object):
 
         for attribute_name in self.user_attributes:
             value = getattr(user, attribute_name, None)
-            if not value or not isinstance(value, string_types):
+            if not value or not isinstance(value, str):
                 continue
             value_parts = re.split(r'\W+', value) + [value]
             for value_part in value_parts:
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/tokens.py b/django/contrib/auth/tokens.py
index 6cf694cebb..18ff42f192 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/tokens.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/tokens.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from datetime import date
 
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.crypto import constant_time_compare, salted_hmac
 from django.utils.http import base36_to_int, int_to_base36
 
@@ -68,10 +67,7 @@ class PasswordResetTokenGenerator(object):
     def _make_hash_value(self, user, timestamp):
         # Ensure results are consistent across DB backends
         login_timestamp = '' if user.last_login is None else user.last_login.replace(microsecond=0, tzinfo=None)
-        return (
-            six.text_type(user.pk) + user.password +
-            six.text_type(login_timestamp) + six.text_type(timestamp)
-        )
+        return str(user.pk) + user.password + str(login_timestamp) + str(timestamp)
 
     def _num_days(self, dt):
         return (dt - date(2001, 1, 1)).days
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/admin/widgets.py b/django/contrib/gis/admin/widgets.py
index 014b3ad818..b76e860324 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/admin/widgets.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/admin/widgets.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import logging
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal import GDALException
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSException, GEOSGeometry
 from django.forms.widgets import Textarea
-from django.utils import six, translation
+from django.utils import translation
 
 # Creating a template context that contains Django settings
 # values needed by admin map templates.
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class OpenLayersWidget(Textarea):
 
         # If a string reaches here (via a validation error on another
         # field) then just reconstruct the Geometry.
-        if value and isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if value and isinstance(value, str):
             try:
                 value = GEOSGeometry(value)
             except (GEOSException, ValueError) as err:
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/models.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/models.py
index 8c8bdc6346..8388a27f25 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/models.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from django.contrib.gis import gdal
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class SpatialRefSysMixin(object):
@@ -134,4 +133,4 @@ class SpatialRefSysMixin(object):
         """
         Returns the string representation, a 'pretty' OGC WKT.
         """
-        return six.text_type(self.srs)
+        return str(self.srs)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
index 013ffa74f6..a431b916be 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.db.models import aggregates
 from django.contrib.gis.geometry.backend import Geometry
 from django.contrib.gis.measure import Distance
 from django.db.backends.oracle.operations import DatabaseOperations
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 DEFAULT_TOLERANCE = '0.05'
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ class SDORelate(SpatialOperator):
     def check_relate_argument(self, arg):
         masks = 'TOUCH|OVERLAPBDYDISJOINT|OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT|EQUAL|INSIDE|COVEREDBY|CONTAINS|COVERS|ANYINTERACT|ON'
         mask_regex = re.compile(r'^(%s)(\+(%s))*$' % (masks, masks), re.I)
-        if not isinstance(arg, six.string_types) or not mask_regex.match(arg):
+        if not isinstance(arg, str) or not mask_regex.match(arg):
             raise ValueError('Invalid SDO_RELATE mask: "%s"' % arg)
 
     def as_sql(self, connection, lookup, template_params, sql_params):
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py
index ae0821694a..678c420c23 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.measure import Distance
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.db.backends.postgresql.operations import DatabaseOperations
 from django.db.utils import ProgrammingError
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 from .adapter import PostGISAdapter
@@ -337,7 +336,7 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         # Get the srid for this object
         if value is None:
             value_srid = None
-        elif f.geom_type == 'RASTER' and isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        elif f.geom_type == 'RASTER' and isinstance(value, str):
             value_srid = get_pgraster_srid(value)
         else:
             value_srid = value.srid
@@ -346,7 +345,7 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         # is not equal to the field srid.
         if value_srid is None or value_srid == f.srid:
             placeholder = '%s'
-        elif f.geom_type == 'RASTER' and isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        elif f.geom_type == 'RASTER' and isinstance(value, str):
             placeholder = '%s((%%s)::raster, %s)' % (self.transform, f.srid)
         else:
             placeholder = '%s(%%s, %s)' % (self.transform, f.srid)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/introspection.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/introspection.py
index 6c3ed1864c..467e3a44f7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/introspection.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/introspection.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal import OGRGeomType
 from django.db.backends.sqlite3.introspection import (
     DatabaseIntrospection, FlexibleFieldLookupDict,
 )
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class GeoFlexibleFieldLookupDict(FlexibleFieldLookupDict):
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ class SpatiaLiteIntrospection(DatabaseIntrospection):
             # OGRGeomType does not require GDAL and makes it easy to convert
             # from OGC geom type name to Django field.
             ogr_type = row[2]
-            if isinstance(ogr_type, six.integer_types) and ogr_type > 1000:
+            if isinstance(ogr_type, int) and ogr_type > 1000:
                 # SpatiaLite versions >= 4 use the new SFSQL 1.2 offsets
                 # 1000 (Z), 2000 (M), and 3000 (ZM) to indicate the presence of
                 # higher dimensional coordinates (M not yet supported by Django).
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ class SpatiaLiteIntrospection(DatabaseIntrospection):
             field_params = {}
             if srid != 4326:
                 field_params['srid'] = srid
-            if (isinstance(dim, six.string_types) and 'Z' in dim) or dim == 3:
+            if (isinstance(dim, str) and 'Z' in dim) or dim == 3:
                 field_params['dim'] = 3
         finally:
             cursor.close()
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/fields.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/fields.py
index 215a17b6b5..6435dc4077 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/fields.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/fields.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.geometry.backend import Geometry, GeometryException
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.db.models.expressions import Expression
 from django.db.models.fields import Field
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 
 # Local cache of the spatial_ref_sys table, which holds SRID data for each
@@ -226,7 +225,7 @@ class BaseSpatialField(Field):
             pass
         else:
             # Check if input is a candidate for conversion to raster or geometry.
-            is_candidate = isinstance(obj, (bytes, six.string_types)) or hasattr(obj, '__geo_interface__')
+            is_candidate = isinstance(obj, (bytes, str)) or hasattr(obj, '__geo_interface__')
             # Try to convert the input to raster.
             raster = self.get_raster_prep_value(obj, is_candidate)
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/functions.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/functions.py
index 8a4d54aac1..77628afa34 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/functions.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/functions.py
@@ -9,9 +9,8 @@ from django.contrib.gis.measure import (
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.db.models import BooleanField, FloatField, IntegerField, TextField
 from django.db.models.expressions import Func, Value
-from django.utils import six
 
-NUMERIC_TYPES = six.integer_types + (float, Decimal)
+NUMERIC_TYPES = (int, float, Decimal)
 
 
 class GeoFunc(Func):
@@ -161,7 +160,7 @@ class AsGeoJSON(GeoFunc):
     def __init__(self, expression, bbox=False, crs=False, precision=8, **extra):
         expressions = [expression]
         if precision is not None:
-            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', six.integer_types))
+            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', int))
         options = 0
         if crs and bbox:
             options = 3
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ class AsGML(GeoFunc):
     def __init__(self, expression, version=2, precision=8, **extra):
         expressions = [version, expression]
         if precision is not None:
-            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', six.integer_types))
+            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', int))
         super(AsGML, self).__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
@@ -208,7 +207,7 @@ class AsSVG(GeoFunc):
         expressions = [
             expression,
             relative,
-            self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', six.integer_types),
+            self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', int),
         ]
         super(AsSVG, self).__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
@@ -311,7 +310,7 @@ class GeoHash(GeoFunc):
     def __init__(self, expression, precision=None, **extra):
         expressions = [expression]
         if precision is not None:
-            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', six.integer_types))
+            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', int))
         super(GeoHash, self).__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
 
@@ -458,7 +457,7 @@ class Transform(GeoFunc):
     def __init__(self, expression, srid, **extra):
         expressions = [
             expression,
-            self._handle_param(srid, 'srid', six.integer_types),
+            self._handle_param(srid, 'srid', int),
         ]
         if 'output_field' not in extra:
             extra['output_field'] = GeometryField(srid=srid)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/lookups.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/lookups.py
index b707a9cbff..3b2d4b8497 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/lookups.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/lookups.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP
 from django.db.models.expressions import Col, Expression
 from django.db.models.lookups import Lookup, Transform
 from django.db.models.sql.query import Query
-from django.utils import six
 
 gis_lookups = {}
 
@@ -389,7 +388,7 @@ class RelateLookup(GISLookup):
             backend_op.check_relate_argument(value[1])
         else:
             pattern = value[1]
-            if not isinstance(pattern, six.string_types) or not self.pattern_regex.match(pattern):
+            if not isinstance(pattern, str) or not self.pattern_regex.match(pattern):
                 raise ValueError('Invalid intersection matrix pattern "%s".' % pattern)
         return super(RelateLookup, self).get_db_prep_lookup(value, connection)
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/proxy.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/proxy.py
index 340e76f4bf..86221daca7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/proxy.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/proxy.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ objects corresponding to geographic model fields.
 Thanks to Robert Coup for providing this functionality (see #4322).
 """
 from django.db.models.query_utils import DeferredAttribute
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class SpatialProxy(DeferredAttribute):
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ class SpatialProxy(DeferredAttribute):
         # The geographic type of the field.
         gtype = self._field.geom_type
 
-        if gtype == 'RASTER' and (value is None or isinstance(value, six.string_types + (dict, self._klass))):
+        if gtype == 'RASTER' and (value is None or isinstance(value, (str, dict, self._klass))):
             # For raster fields, assure input is None or a string, dict, or
             # raster instance.
             pass
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class SpatialProxy(DeferredAttribute):
             if value.srid is None:
                 # Assigning the field SRID if the geometry has no SRID.
                 value.srid = self._field.srid
-        elif value is None or isinstance(value, six.string_types + (six.memoryview,)):
+        elif value is None or isinstance(value, (str, memoryview)):
             # Set geometries with None, WKT, HEX, or WKB
             pass
         else:
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/forms/widgets.py b/django/contrib/gis/forms/widgets.py
index 2e7e530cc2..0c1fc23c81 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/forms/widgets.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/forms/widgets.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.gis import gdal
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSException, GEOSGeometry
 from django.forms.widgets import Widget
-from django.utils import six, translation
+from django.utils import translation
 
 logger = logging.getLogger('django.contrib.gis')
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class BaseGeometryWidget(Widget):
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs=None):
         # If a string reaches here (via a validation error on another
         # field) then just reconstruct the Geometry.
-        if value and isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if value and isinstance(value, str):
             value = self.deserialize(value)
 
         if value:
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/datasource.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/datasource.py
index 4588a1731a..1ff2326a63 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/datasource.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/datasource.py
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal.driver import Driver
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import GDALException, OGRIndexError
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.layer import Layer
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import ds as capi
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_text
 from django.utils.six.moves import range
 
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ class DataSource(GDALBase):
 
         Driver.ensure_registered()
 
-        if isinstance(ds_input, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(ds_input, str):
             # The data source driver is a void pointer.
             ds_driver = Driver.ptr_type()
             try:
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ class DataSource(GDALBase):
 
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         "Allows use of the index [] operator to get a layer at the index."
-        if isinstance(index, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(index, str):
             layer = capi.get_layer_by_name(self.ptr, force_bytes(index))
             if not layer:
                 raise OGRIndexError('invalid OGR Layer name given: "%s"' % index)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/driver.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/driver.py
index 7ed4587073..20ebaeff20 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/driver.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/driver.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from ctypes import c_void_p
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.base import GDALBase
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import GDALException
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import ds as vcapi, raster as rcapi
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_text
 
 
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ class Driver(GDALBase):
         """
         Initializes an GDAL/OGR driver on either a string or integer input.
         """
-        if isinstance(dr_input, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(dr_input, str):
             # If a string name of the driver was passed in
             self.ensure_registered()
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/feature.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/feature.py
index 2335df733b..8975b9c076 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/feature.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/feature.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import GDALException, OGRIndexError
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.field import Field
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.geometries import OGRGeometry, OGRGeomType
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import ds as capi, geom as geom_api
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_text
 from django.utils.six.moves import range
 
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ class Feature(GDALBase):
         is not the field's _value_ -- use the `get` method instead to
         retrieve the value (e.g. an integer) instead of a Field instance.
         """
-        if isinstance(index, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(index, str):
             i = self.index(index)
         else:
             if index < 0 or index > self.num_fields:
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geometries.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geometries.py
index 08d0a23767..28ef2907ac 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geometries.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geometries.py
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
     def __init__(self, geom_input, srs=None):
         "Initializes Geometry on either WKT or an OGR pointer as input."
 
-        str_instance = isinstance(geom_input, six.string_types)
+        str_instance = isinstance(geom_input, str)
 
         # If HEX, unpack input to a binary buffer.
         if str_instance and hex_regex.match(geom_input):
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
         # (decremented) when this geometry's destructor is called.
         if isinstance(srs, SpatialReference):
             srs_ptr = srs.ptr
-        elif isinstance(srs, six.integer_types + six.string_types):
+        elif isinstance(srs, (int, str)):
             sr = SpatialReference(srs)
             srs_ptr = sr.ptr
         elif srs is None:
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
         return None
 
     def _set_srid(self, srid):
-        if isinstance(srid, six.integer_types) or srid is None:
+        if isinstance(srid, int) or srid is None:
             self.srs = srid
         else:
             raise TypeError('SRID must be set with an integer.')
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
             capi.geom_transform(self.ptr, coord_trans.ptr)
         elif isinstance(coord_trans, SpatialReference):
             capi.geom_transform_to(self.ptr, coord_trans.ptr)
-        elif isinstance(coord_trans, six.integer_types + six.string_types):
+        elif isinstance(coord_trans, (int, str)):
             sr = SpatialReference(coord_trans)
             capi.geom_transform_to(self.ptr, sr.ptr)
         else:
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ class GeometryCollection(OGRGeometry):
                     capi.add_geom(self.ptr, g.ptr)
             else:
                 capi.add_geom(self.ptr, geom.ptr)
-        elif isinstance(geom, six.string_types):
+        elif isinstance(geom, str):
             tmp = OGRGeometry(geom)
             capi.add_geom(self.ptr, tmp.ptr)
         else:
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geomtype.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geomtype.py
index 0ed7e66343..79c3356f5e 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geomtype.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geomtype.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import GDALException
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class OGRGeomType(object):
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class OGRGeomType(object):
         "Figures out the correct OGR Type based upon the input."
         if isinstance(type_input, OGRGeomType):
             num = type_input.num
-        elif isinstance(type_input, six.string_types):
+        elif isinstance(type_input, str):
             type_input = type_input.lower()
             if type_input == 'geometry':
                 type_input = 'unknown'
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ class OGRGeomType(object):
         """
         if isinstance(other, OGRGeomType):
             return self.num == other.num
-        elif isinstance(other, six.string_types):
+        elif isinstance(other, str):
             return self.name.lower() == other.lower()
         elif isinstance(other, int):
             return self.num == other
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/layer.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/layer.py
index e7e13f9468..fbbede81b0 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/layer.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/layer.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import (
     ds as capi, geom as geom_api, srs as srs_api,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.srs import SpatialReference
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_text
 from django.utils.six.moves import range
 
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ class Layer(GDALBase):
 
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         "Gets the Feature at the specified index."
-        if isinstance(index, six.integer_types):
+        if isinstance(index, int):
             # An integer index was given -- we cannot do a check based on the
             # number of features because the beginning and ending feature IDs
             # are not guaranteed to be 0 and len(layer)-1, respectively.
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/errcheck.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/errcheck.py
index a721087654..9b83095131 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/errcheck.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/errcheck.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import (
     GDALException, SRSException, check_err,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.libgdal import lgdal
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 # Helper routines for retrieving pointers and/or values from
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ def check_geom(result, func, cargs):
     "Checks a function that returns a geometry."
     # OGR_G_Clone may return an integer, even though the
     # restype is set to c_void_p
-    if isinstance(result, six.integer_types):
+    if isinstance(result, int):
         result = c_void_p(result)
     if not result:
         raise GDALException('Invalid geometry pointer returned from "%s".' % func.__name__)
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ def check_geom_offset(result, func, cargs, offset=-1):
 
 # ### Spatial Reference error-checking routines ###
 def check_srs(result, func, cargs):
-    if isinstance(result, six.integer_types):
+    if isinstance(result, int):
         result = c_void_p(result)
     if not result:
         raise SRSException('Invalid spatial reference pointer returned from "%s".' % func.__name__)
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ def check_errcode(result, func, cargs, cpl=False):
 
 def check_pointer(result, func, cargs):
     "Makes sure the result pointer is valid."
-    if isinstance(result, six.integer_types):
+    if isinstance(result, int):
         result = c_void_p(result)
     if result:
         return result
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/source.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/source.py
index f3a565ddc8..3cafe738a4 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/source.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/source.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal.raster.band import BandList
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.raster.const import GDAL_RESAMPLE_ALGORITHMS
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.srs import SpatialReference, SRSException
 from django.contrib.gis.geometry.regex import json_regex
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_text
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
@@ -62,11 +61,11 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALBase):
 
         # Preprocess json inputs. This converts json strings to dictionaries,
         # which are parsed below the same way as direct dictionary inputs.
-        if isinstance(ds_input, six.string_types) and json_regex.match(ds_input):
+        if isinstance(ds_input, str) and json_regex.match(ds_input):
             ds_input = json.loads(ds_input)
 
         # If input is a valid file path, try setting file as source.
-        if isinstance(ds_input, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(ds_input, str):
             if not os.path.exists(ds_input):
                 raise GDALException('Unable to read raster source input "{}"'.format(ds_input))
             try:
@@ -215,7 +214,7 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALBase):
         """
         if isinstance(value, SpatialReference):
             srs = value
-        elif isinstance(value, six.integer_types + six.string_types):
+        elif isinstance(value, (int, str)):
             srs = SpatialReference(value)
         else:
             raise ValueError('Could not create a SpatialReference from input.')
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/srs.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/srs.py
index 635cdc2b5a..9dc9080de7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/srs.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/srs.py
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ from ctypes import byref, c_char_p, c_int
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.base import GDALBase
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import SRSException
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import srs as capi
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_text
 
 
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ class SpatialReference(GDALBase):
             self.ptr = capi.new_srs(c_char_p(b''))
             self.import_wkt(srs_input)
             return
-        elif isinstance(srs_input, six.string_types):
+        elif isinstance(srs_input, str):
             try:
                 # If SRID is a string, e.g., '4326', then make acceptable
                 # as user input.
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ class SpatialReference(GDALBase):
                 srs_input = 'EPSG:%d' % srid
             except ValueError:
                 pass
-        elif isinstance(srs_input, six.integer_types):
+        elif isinstance(srs_input, int):
             # EPSG integer code was input.
             srs_type = 'epsg'
         elif isinstance(srs_input, self.ptr_type):
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ class SpatialReference(GDALBase):
         The attribute value for the given target node (e.g. 'PROJCS'). The index
         keyword specifies an index of the child node to return.
         """
-        if not isinstance(target, six.string_types) or not isinstance(index, int):
+        if not isinstance(target, str) or not isinstance(index, int):
             raise TypeError
         return capi.get_attr_value(self.ptr, force_bytes(target), index)
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/base.py b/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/base.py
index 44164f1d71..1d1e2e00dc 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/base.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/base.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import geoip2.database
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.validators import ipv4_re
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.ipv6 import is_valid_ipv6_address
 
 from .resources import City, Country
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ class GeoIP2(object):
             path = GEOIP_SETTINGS['GEOIP_PATH']
             if not path:
                 raise GeoIP2Exception('GeoIP path must be provided via parameter or the GEOIP_PATH setting.')
-        if not isinstance(path, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(path, str):
             raise TypeError('Invalid path type: %s' % type(path).__name__)
 
         if os.path.isdir(path):
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ class GeoIP2(object):
     def _check_query(self, query, country=False, city=False, city_or_country=False):
         "Helper routine for checking the query and database availability."
         # Making sure a string was passed in for the query.
-        if not isinstance(query, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(query, str):
             raise TypeError('GeoIP query must be a string, not type %s' % type(query).__name__)
 
         # Extra checks for the existence of country and city databases.
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/factory.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/factory.py
index eb06da2c00..42cd10c756 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/factory.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/factory.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ def fromfile(file_h):
     WKT, or HEX.
     """
     # If given a file name, get a real handle.
-    if isinstance(file_h, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(file_h, str):
         with open(file_h, 'rb') as file_h:
             buf = file_h.read()
     else:
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/geometry.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/geometry.py
index deadbfaaf2..f7bdf8937f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/geometry.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/geometry.py
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class GEOSGeometry(GEOSBase, ListMixin):
         """
         if isinstance(geo_input, bytes):
             geo_input = force_text(geo_input)
-        if isinstance(geo_input, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(geo_input, str):
             wkt_m = wkt_regex.match(geo_input)
             if wkt_m:
                 # Handling WKT input.
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class GEOSGeometry(GEOSBase, ListMixin):
                 # Handling GeoJSON input.
                 g = wkb_r().read(gdal.OGRGeometry(geo_input).wkb)
             else:
-                raise ValueError('String or unicode input unrecognized as WKT EWKT, and HEXEWKB.')
+                raise ValueError('String input unrecognized as WKT EWKT, and HEXEWKB.')
         elif isinstance(geo_input, GEOM_PTR):
             # When the input is a pointer to a geometry (GEOM_PTR).
             g = geo_input
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class GEOSGeometry(GEOSBase, ListMixin):
         Equivalence testing, a Geometry may be compared with another Geometry
         or an EWKT representation.
         """
-        if isinstance(other, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(other, str):
             if other.startswith('SRID=0;'):
                 return self.ewkt == other[7:]  # Test only WKT part of other
             return self.ewkt == other
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ class GEOSGeometry(GEOSBase, ListMixin):
         Returns true if the elements in the DE-9IM intersection matrix for the
         two Geometries match the elements in pattern.
         """
-        if not isinstance(pattern, six.string_types) or len(pattern) > 9:
+        if not isinstance(pattern, str) or len(pattern) > 9:
             raise GEOSException('invalid intersection matrix pattern')
         return capi.geos_relatepattern(self.ptr, other.ptr, force_bytes(pattern))
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/mutable_list.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/mutable_list.py
index 8a613600c0..8896ebc518 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/mutable_list.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/mutable_list.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ Author: Aryeh Leib Taurog.
 """
 from functools import total_ordering
 
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.six.moves import range
 
 
@@ -82,12 +81,12 @@ class ListMixin(object):
 
     def __delitem__(self, index):
         "Delete the item(s) at the specified index/slice."
-        if not isinstance(index, six.integer_types + (slice,)):
+        if not isinstance(index, (int, slice)):
             raise TypeError("%s is not a legal index" % index)
 
         # calculate new length and dimensions
         origLen = len(self)
-        if isinstance(index, six.integer_types):
+        if isinstance(index, int):
             index = self._checkindex(index)
             indexRange = [index]
         else:
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ class ListMixin(object):
 
     def insert(self, index, val):
         "Standard list insert method"
-        if not isinstance(index, six.integer_types):
+        if not isinstance(index, int):
             raise TypeError("%s is not a legal index" % index)
         self[index:index] = [val]
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/point.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/point.py
index ec95cf1f63..fadf5eb414 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/point.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/point.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis import gdal
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import prototypes as capi
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.error import GEOSException
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.geometry import GEOSGeometry
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.six.moves import range
 
 
@@ -27,9 +26,9 @@ class Point(GEOSGeometry):
         elif isinstance(x, (tuple, list)):
             # Here a tuple or list was passed in under the `x` parameter.
             coords = x
-        elif isinstance(x, six.integer_types + (float,)) and isinstance(y, six.integer_types + (float,)):
+        elif isinstance(x, (float, int)) and isinstance(y, (float, int)):
             # Here X, Y, and (optionally) Z were passed in individually, as parameters.
-            if isinstance(z, six.integer_types + (float,)):
+            if isinstance(z, (float, int)):
                 coords = [x, y, z]
             else:
                 coords = [x, y]
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/polygon.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/polygon.py
index 434e27b4d9..0b4de0d3c3 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/polygon.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/polygon.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.geos import prototypes as capi
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.geometry import GEOSGeometry
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import GEOM_PTR, get_pointer_arr
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.linestring import LinearRing
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.six.moves import range
 
 
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ class Polygon(GEOSGeometry):
         "Constructs a Polygon from a bounding box (4-tuple)."
         x0, y0, x1, y1 = bbox
         for z in bbox:
-            if not isinstance(z, six.integer_types + (float,)):
+            if not isinstance(z, (float, int)):
                 return GEOSGeometry('POLYGON((%s %s, %s %s, %s %s, %s %s, %s %s))' %
                                     (x0, y0, x0, y1, x1, y1, x1, y0, x0, y0))
         return Polygon(((x0, y0), (x0, y1), (x1, y1), (x1, y0), (x0, y0)))
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/io.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/io.py
index c932a1a15f..1cc0ccb8f3 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/io.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/io.py
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class _WKTReader(IOBase):
     destructor = wkt_reader_destroy
 
     def read(self, wkt):
-        if not isinstance(wkt, (bytes, six.string_types)):
+        if not isinstance(wkt, (bytes, str)):
             raise TypeError
         return wkt_reader_read(self.ptr, force_bytes(wkt))
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class _WKBReader(IOBase):
         if isinstance(wkb, six.memoryview):
             wkb_s = bytes(wkb)
             return wkb_reader_read(self.ptr, wkb_s, len(wkb_s))
-        elif isinstance(wkb, (bytes, six.string_types)):
+        elif isinstance(wkb, (bytes, str)):
             return wkb_reader_read_hex(self.ptr, wkb, len(wkb))
         else:
             raise TypeError
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/measure.py b/django/contrib/gis/measure.py
index 71bc5ff83b..8691d009a6 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/measure.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/measure.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ from django.utils import six
 
 __all__ = ['A', 'Area', 'D', 'Distance']
 
-NUMERIC_TYPES = six.integer_types + (float, Decimal)
+NUMERIC_TYPES = (int, float, Decimal)
 AREA_PREFIX = "sq_"
 
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class MeasureBase(object):
     def __init__(self, default_unit=None, **kwargs):
         value, self._default_unit = self.default_units(kwargs)
         setattr(self, self.STANDARD_UNIT, value)
-        if default_unit and isinstance(default_unit, six.string_types):
+        if default_unit and isinstance(default_unit, str):
             self._default_unit = default_unit
 
     def _get_standard(self):
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/utils/layermapping.py b/django/contrib/gis/utils/layermapping.py
index 22d7dd2579..a10e9bbeb8 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/utils/layermapping.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/utils/layermapping.py
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class LayerMapping(object):
         argument usage.
         """
         # Getting the DataSource and the associated Layer.
-        if isinstance(data, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(data, str):
             self.ds = DataSource(data, encoding=encoding)
         else:
             self.ds = data
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ class LayerMapping(object):
             sr = source_srs
         elif isinstance(source_srs, self.spatial_backend.spatial_ref_sys()):
             sr = source_srs.srs
-        elif isinstance(source_srs, (int, six.string_types)):
+        elif isinstance(source_srs, (int, str)):
             sr = SpatialReference(source_srs)
         else:
             # Otherwise just pulling the SpatialReference from the layer
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ class LayerMapping(object):
             for attr in unique:
                 if attr not in self.mapping:
                     raise ValueError
-        elif isinstance(unique, six.string_types):
+        elif isinstance(unique, str):
             # Only a single field passed in.
             if unique not in self.mapping:
                 raise ValueError
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ class LayerMapping(object):
         will construct and return the uniqueness keyword arguments -- a subset
         of the feature kwargs.
         """
-        if isinstance(self.unique, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.unique, str):
             return {self.unique: kwargs[self.unique]}
         else:
             return {fld: kwargs[fld] for fld in self.unique}
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinspect.py b/django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinspect.py
index 71e4c64878..c10364491d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinspect.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinspect.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal.field import (
     OFTDate, OFTDateTime, OFTInteger, OFTInteger64, OFTReal, OFTString,
     OFTTime,
 )
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.six.moves import zip
 
 
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ def mapping(data_source, geom_name='geom', layer_key=0, multi_geom=False):
 
      `multi_geom` => Boolean (default: False) - specify as multigeometry.
     """
-    if isinstance(data_source, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(data_source, str):
         # Instantiating the DataSource from the string.
         data_source = DataSource(data_source)
     elif isinstance(data_source, DataSource):
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ def _ogrinspect(data_source, model_name, geom_name='geom', layer_key=0, srid=Non
     to the given data source.  See the `ogrinspect` docstring for more details.
     """
     # Getting the DataSource
-    if isinstance(data_source, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(data_source, str):
         data_source = DataSource(data_source)
     elif isinstance(data_source, DataSource):
         pass
diff --git a/django/contrib/messages/storage/session.py b/django/contrib/messages/storage/session.py
index 624de42b8c..2eb8024bfa 100644
--- a/django/contrib/messages/storage/session.py
+++ b/django/contrib/messages/storage/session.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.contrib.messages.storage.base import BaseStorage
 from django.contrib.messages.storage.cookie import (
     MessageDecoder, MessageEncoder,
 )
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class SessionStorage(BaseStorage):
@@ -44,6 +43,6 @@ class SessionStorage(BaseStorage):
         return encoder.encode(messages)
 
     def deserialize_messages(self, data):
-        if data and isinstance(data, six.string_types):
+        if data and isinstance(data, str):
             return json.loads(data, cls=MessageDecoder)
         return data
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/array.py b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/array.py
index b70ae37a3a..dc5b9b8d6b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/array.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/array.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from django.contrib.postgres.validators import ArrayMaxLengthValidator
 from django.core import checks, exceptions
 from django.db.models import Field, IntegerField, Transform
 from django.db.models.lookups import Exact, In
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 
 from ..utils import prefix_validation_error
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ class ArrayField(Field):
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def to_python(self, value):
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             # Assume we're deserializing
             vals = json.loads(value)
             value = [self.base_field.to_python(val) for val in vals]
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/hstore.py b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/hstore.py
index 605deaf62c..fcd212bc4a 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/hstore.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/hstore.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.contrib.postgres import forms, lookups
 from django.contrib.postgres.fields.array import ArrayField
 from django.core import exceptions
 from django.db.models import Field, TextField, Transform
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ class HStoreField(Field):
     def validate(self, value, model_instance):
         super(HStoreField, self).validate(value, model_instance)
         for key, val in value.items():
-            if not isinstance(val, six.string_types) and val is not None:
+            if not isinstance(val, str) and val is not None:
                 raise exceptions.ValidationError(
                     self.error_messages['not_a_string'],
                     code='not_a_string',
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ class HStoreField(Field):
                 )
 
     def to_python(self, value):
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             value = json.loads(value)
         return value
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/ranges.py b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/ranges.py
index ab7708d288..840417a58f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/ranges.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/ranges.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from psycopg2.extras import DateRange, DateTimeTZRange, NumericRange, Range
 
 from django.contrib.postgres import forms, lookups
 from django.db import models
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .utils import AttributeSetter
 
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ class RangeField(models.Field):
         return value
 
     def to_python(self, value):
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             # Assume we're deserializing
             vals = json.loads(value)
             for end in ('lower', 'upper'):
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/forms/array.py b/django/contrib/postgres/forms/array.py
index 9830c8de48..9a9e871a43 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/forms/array.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/forms/array.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from django.contrib.postgres.validators import (
     ArrayMaxLengthValidator, ArrayMinLengthValidator,
 )
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ class SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField):
 
     def prepare_value(self, value):
         if isinstance(value, list):
-            return self.delimiter.join(six.text_type(self.base_field.prepare_value(v)) for v in value)
+            return self.delimiter.join(str(self.base_field.prepare_value(v)) for v in value)
         return value
 
     def to_python(self, value):
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/forms/hstore.py b/django/contrib/postgres/forms/hstore.py
index 76d362999d..25dceb9fb0 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/forms/hstore.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/forms/hstore.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import json
 
 from django import forms
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 
 __all__ = ['HStoreField']
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ class HStoreField(forms.CharField):
         # Cast everything to strings for ease.
         for key, val in value.items():
             if val is not None:
-                val = six.text_type(val)
+                val = str(val)
             value[key] = val
         return value
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/forms/jsonb.py b/django/contrib/postgres/forms/jsonb.py
index 719de3ae66..28429c7172 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/forms/jsonb.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/forms/jsonb.py
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 import json
 
 from django import forms
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 
 __all__ = ['JSONField']
 
 
-class InvalidJSONInput(six.text_type):
+class InvalidJSONInput(str):
     pass
 
 
-class JSONString(six.text_type):
+class JSONString(str):
     pass
 
 
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ class JSONField(forms.CharField):
                 code='invalid',
                 params={'value': value},
             )
-        if isinstance(converted, six.text_type):
+        if isinstance(converted, str):
             return JSONString(converted)
         else:
             return converted
diff --git a/django/core/cache/backends/memcached.py b/django/core/cache/backends/memcached.py
index 4cf25fb4c6..82589a82b0 100644
--- a/django/core/cache/backends/memcached.py
+++ b/django/core/cache/backends/memcached.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import time
 import warnings
 
 from django.core.cache.backends.base import DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, BaseCache
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango21Warning
 from django.utils.encoding import force_str
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 class BaseMemcachedCache(BaseCache):
     def __init__(self, server, params, library, value_not_found_exception):
         super(BaseMemcachedCache, self).__init__(params)
-        if isinstance(server, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(server, str):
             self._servers = re.split('[;,]', server)
         else:
             self._servers = server
diff --git a/django/core/checks/templates.py b/django/core/checks/templates.py
index bf526c871e..6f60d33bd0 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/templates.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/templates.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import copy
 
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.utils import six
 
 from . import Error, Tags, register
 
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ def check_string_if_invalid_is_string(app_configs, **kwargs):
     errors = []
     for conf in settings.TEMPLATES:
         string_if_invalid = conf.get('OPTIONS', {}).get('string_if_invalid', '')
-        if not isinstance(string_if_invalid, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(string_if_invalid, str):
             error = copy.copy(E002)
             error.msg = error.msg.format(string_if_invalid, type(string_if_invalid).__name__)
             errors.append(error)
diff --git a/django/core/checks/urls.py b/django/core/checks/urls.py
index d721bc901f..c39010fb7d 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/urls.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/urls.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from collections import Counter
 
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.utils import six
 
 from . import Error, Tags, Warning, register
 
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ def get_warning_for_invalid_pattern(pattern):
     describe_pattern() cannot be used here, because we cannot rely on the
     urlpattern having regex or name attributes.
     """
-    if isinstance(pattern, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(pattern, str):
         hint = (
             "Try removing the string '{}'. The list of urlpatterns should not "
             "have a prefix string as the first element.".format(pattern)
diff --git a/django/core/files/base.py b/django/core/files/base.py
index dd07bc959a..df29c94eee 100644
--- a/django/core/files/base.py
+++ b/django/core/files/base.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import os
 from io import BytesIO, StringIO, UnsupportedOperation
 
 from django.core.files.utils import FileProxyMixin
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_str, force_text
 
 
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ class ContentFile(File):
     A File-like object that takes just raw content, rather than an actual file.
     """
     def __init__(self, content, name=None):
-        stream_class = StringIO if isinstance(content, six.text_type) else BytesIO
+        stream_class = StringIO if isinstance(content, str) else BytesIO
         super(ContentFile, self).__init__(stream_class(content), name=name)
         self.size = len(content)
 
@@ -164,18 +163,18 @@ def endswith_cr(line):
     """
     Return True if line (a text or byte string) ends with '\r'.
     """
-    return line.endswith('\r' if isinstance(line, six.text_type) else b'\r')
+    return line.endswith('\r' if isinstance(line, str) else b'\r')
 
 
 def endswith_lf(line):
     """
     Return True if line (a text or byte string) ends with '\n'.
     """
-    return line.endswith('\n' if isinstance(line, six.text_type) else b'\n')
+    return line.endswith('\n' if isinstance(line, str) else b'\n')
 
 
 def equals_lf(line):
     """
     Return True if line (a text or byte string) equals '\n'.
     """
-    return line == ('\n' if isinstance(line, six.text_type) else b'\n')
+    return line == ('\n' if isinstance(line, str) else b'\n')
diff --git a/django/core/handlers/base.py b/django/core/handlers/base.py
index b37716b62c..c45023d129 100644
--- a/django/core/handlers/base.py
+++ b/django/core/handlers/base.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured, MiddlewareNotUsed
 from django.db import connections, transaction
 from django.urls import get_resolver, set_urlconf
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 
 from .exception import convert_exception_to_response, get_exception_response
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ class BaseHandler(object):
                 mw_instance = middleware(handler)
             except MiddlewareNotUsed as exc:
                 if settings.DEBUG:
-                    if six.text_type(exc):
+                    if str(exc):
                         logger.debug('MiddlewareNotUsed(%r): %s', middleware_path, exc)
                     else:
                         logger.debug('MiddlewareNotUsed: %r', middleware_path)
diff --git a/django/core/mail/backends/filebased.py b/django/core/mail/backends/filebased.py
index cfe033fb48..40dc9ff7cc 100644
--- a/django/core/mail/backends/filebased.py
+++ b/django/core/mail/backends/filebased.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.core.mail.backends.console import \
     EmailBackend as ConsoleEmailBackend
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class EmailBackend(ConsoleEmailBackend):
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ class EmailBackend(ConsoleEmailBackend):
         else:
             self.file_path = getattr(settings, 'EMAIL_FILE_PATH', None)
         # Make sure self.file_path is a string.
-        if not isinstance(self.file_path, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(self.file_path, str):
             raise ImproperlyConfigured('Path for saving emails is invalid: %r' % self.file_path)
         self.file_path = os.path.abspath(self.file_path)
         # Make sure that self.file_path is an directory if it exists.
diff --git a/django/core/mail/message.py b/django/core/mail/message.py
index c4df44fa9d..a8ea1f0991 100644
--- a/django/core/mail/message.py
+++ b/django/core/mail/message.py
@@ -244,25 +244,25 @@ class EmailMessage(object):
         necessary encoding conversions.
         """
         if to:
-            if isinstance(to, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(to, str):
                 raise TypeError('"to" argument must be a list or tuple')
             self.to = list(to)
         else:
             self.to = []
         if cc:
-            if isinstance(cc, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(cc, str):
                 raise TypeError('"cc" argument must be a list or tuple')
             self.cc = list(cc)
         else:
             self.cc = []
         if bcc:
-            if isinstance(bcc, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(bcc, str):
                 raise TypeError('"bcc" argument must be a list or tuple')
             self.bcc = list(bcc)
         else:
             self.bcc = []
         if reply_to:
-            if isinstance(reply_to, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(reply_to, str):
                 raise TypeError('"reply_to" argument must be a list or tuple')
             self.reply_to = list(reply_to)
         else:
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ class EmailMessage(object):
             basetype, subtype = mimetype.split('/', 1)
 
             if basetype == 'text':
-                if isinstance(content, six.binary_type):
+                if isinstance(content, bytes):
                     try:
                         content = content.decode('utf-8')
                     except UnicodeDecodeError:
diff --git a/django/core/management/utils.py b/django/core/management/utils.py
index 0fb8b0d25f..07a14bd731 100644
--- a/django/core/management/utils.py
+++ b/django/core/management/utils.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def handle_extensions(extensions):
 def find_command(cmd, path=None, pathext=None):
     if path is None:
         path = os.environ.get('PATH', '').split(os.pathsep)
-    if isinstance(path, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(path, str):
         path = [path]
     # check if there are funny path extensions for executables, e.g. Windows
     if pathext is None:
diff --git a/django/core/paginator.py b/django/core/paginator.py
index c77a62a1fe..ae085bf837 100644
--- a/django/core/paginator.py
+++ b/django/core/paginator.py
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class Page(collections.Sequence):
         return len(self.object_list)
 
     def __getitem__(self, index):
-        if not isinstance(index, (slice,) + six.integer_types):
+        if not isinstance(index, (int, slice)):
             raise TypeError
         # The object_list is converted to a list so that if it was a QuerySet
         # it won't be a database hit per __getitem__.
diff --git a/django/core/serializers/base.py b/django/core/serializers/base.py
index 46fb25ea78..2a10fbe19e 100644
--- a/django/core/serializers/base.py
+++ b/django/core/serializers/base.py
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class Deserializer(six.Iterator):
         Init this serializer given a stream or a string
         """
         self.options = options
-        if isinstance(stream_or_string, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(stream_or_string, str):
             self.stream = six.StringIO(stream_or_string)
         else:
             self.stream = stream_or_string
diff --git a/django/core/serializers/json.py b/django/core/serializers/json.py
index b335605785..b87d807571 100644
--- a/django/core/serializers/json.py
+++ b/django/core/serializers/json.py
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def Deserializer(stream_or_string, **options):
     """
     Deserialize a stream or string of JSON data.
     """
-    if not isinstance(stream_or_string, (bytes, six.string_types)):
+    if not isinstance(stream_or_string, (bytes, str)):
         stream_or_string = stream_or_string.read()
     if isinstance(stream_or_string, bytes):
         stream_or_string = stream_or_string.decode('utf-8')
@@ -108,11 +108,7 @@ class DjangoJSONEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
             return r
         elif isinstance(o, datetime.timedelta):
             return duration_iso_string(o)
-        elif isinstance(o, decimal.Decimal):
+        elif isinstance(o, (decimal.Decimal, uuid.UUID, Promise)):
             return str(o)
-        elif isinstance(o, uuid.UUID):
-            return str(o)
-        elif isinstance(o, Promise):
-            return six.text_type(o)
         else:
             return super(DjangoJSONEncoder, self).default(o)
diff --git a/django/core/serializers/python.py b/django/core/serializers/python.py
index a0cea14297..9db5c2e6a6 100644
--- a/django/core/serializers/python.py
+++ b/django/core/serializers/python.py
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ def Deserializer(object_list, **options):
                 model = field.remote_field.model
                 if hasattr(model._default_manager, 'get_by_natural_key'):
                     def m2m_convert(value):
-                        if hasattr(value, '__iter__') and not isinstance(value, six.text_type):
+                        if hasattr(value, '__iter__') and not isinstance(value, str):
                             return model._default_manager.db_manager(db).get_by_natural_key(*value).pk
                         else:
                             return force_text(model._meta.pk.to_python(value), strings_only=True)
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ def Deserializer(object_list, **options):
                         default_manager = model._default_manager
                         field_name = field.remote_field.field_name
                         if hasattr(default_manager, 'get_by_natural_key'):
-                            if hasattr(field_value, '__iter__') and not isinstance(field_value, six.text_type):
+                            if hasattr(field_value, '__iter__') and not isinstance(field_value, str):
                                 obj = default_manager.db_manager(db).get_by_natural_key(*field_value)
                                 value = getattr(obj, field.remote_field.field_name)
                                 # If this is a natural foreign key to an object that
diff --git a/django/core/serializers/pyyaml.py b/django/core/serializers/pyyaml.py
index 5dc847d4f5..16583782b9 100644
--- a/django/core/serializers/pyyaml.py
+++ b/django/core/serializers/pyyaml.py
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def Deserializer(stream_or_string, **options):
     """
     if isinstance(stream_or_string, bytes):
         stream_or_string = stream_or_string.decode('utf-8')
-    if isinstance(stream_or_string, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(stream_or_string, str):
         stream = StringIO(stream_or_string)
     else:
         stream = stream_or_string
diff --git a/django/core/validators.py b/django/core/validators.py
index 221f3e0934..e2fcd6f72e 100644
--- a/django/core/validators.py
+++ b/django/core/validators.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import os
 import re
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.deconstruct import deconstructible
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.functional import SimpleLazyObject
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ def _lazy_re_compile(regex, flags=0):
     """Lazily compile a regex with flags."""
     def _compile():
         # Compile the regex if it was not passed pre-compiled.
-        if isinstance(regex, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(regex, str):
             return re.compile(regex, flags)
         else:
             assert not flags, "flags must be empty if regex is passed pre-compiled"
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ class RegexValidator(object):
             self.inverse_match = inverse_match
         if flags is not None:
             self.flags = flags
-        if self.flags and not isinstance(self.regex, six.string_types):
+        if self.flags and not isinstance(self.regex, str):
             raise TypeError("If the flags are set, regex must be a regular expression string.")
 
         self.regex = _lazy_re_compile(self.regex, self.flags)
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/operations.py b/django/db/backends/base/operations.py
index 0539d71539..6f1248efc1 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/operations.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/operations.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from importlib import import_module
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.db.backends import utils
-from django.utils import six, timezone
+from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.dateparse import parse_duration
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 
@@ -201,17 +201,17 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations(object):
         exists for database backends to provide a better implementation
         according to their own quoting schemes.
         """
-        # Convert params to contain Unicode values.
-        def to_unicode(s):
+        # Convert params to contain string values.
+        def to_string(s):
             return force_text(s, strings_only=True, errors='replace')
         if isinstance(params, (list, tuple)):
-            u_params = tuple(to_unicode(val) for val in params)
+            u_params = tuple(to_string(val) for val in params)
         elif params is None:
             u_params = ()
         else:
-            u_params = {to_unicode(k): to_unicode(v) for k, v in params.items()}
+            u_params = {to_string(k): to_string(v) for k, v in params.items()}
 
-        return six.text_type("QUERY = %r - PARAMS = %r") % (sql, u_params)
+        return "QUERY = %r - PARAMS = %r" % (sql, u_params)
 
     def last_insert_id(self, cursor, table_name, pk_name):
         """
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations(object):
         """
         if value is None:
             return None
-        return six.text_type(value)
+        return str(value)
 
     def adapt_datetimefield_value(self, value):
         """
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations(object):
         """
         if value is None:
             return None
-        return six.text_type(value)
+        return str(value)
 
     def adapt_timefield_value(self, value):
         """
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations(object):
             return None
         if timezone.is_aware(value):
             raise ValueError("Django does not support timezone-aware times.")
-        return six.text_type(value)
+        return str(value)
 
     def adapt_decimalfield_value(self, value, max_digits=None, decimal_places=None):
         """
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/schema.py b/django/db/backends/base/schema.py
index b00853b74d..6cb6826a7f 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/schema.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/schema.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.db.backends.utils import strip_quotes
 from django.db.transaction import TransactionManagementError, atomic
-from django.utils import six, timezone
+from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
 
 logger = logging.getLogger('django.db.backends.schema')
@@ -206,9 +206,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor(object):
             default = field.get_default()
         elif not field.null and field.blank and field.empty_strings_allowed:
             if field.get_internal_type() == "BinaryField":
-                default = six.binary_type()
+                default = bytes()
             else:
-                default = six.text_type()
+                default = str()
         elif getattr(field, 'auto_now', False) or getattr(field, 'auto_now_add', False):
             default = datetime.now()
             internal_type = field.get_internal_type()
diff --git a/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py b/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py
index 495ca33221..f674687ff1 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
 
     def get_new_connection(self, conn_params):
         conn = Database.connect(**conn_params)
-        conn.encoders[SafeText] = conn.encoders[six.text_type]
+        conn.encoders[SafeText] = conn.encoders[str]
         conn.encoders[SafeBytes] = conn.encoders[bytes]
         return conn
 
diff --git a/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py b/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
index 4edc9272a9..acb86c62ac 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import uuid
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.db.backends.base.operations import BaseDatabaseOperations
-from django.utils import six, timezone
+from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 
 
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         if not self.connection.features.supports_microsecond_precision:
             value = value.replace(microsecond=0)
 
-        return six.text_type(value)
+        return str(value)
 
     def adapt_timefield_value(self, value):
         if value is None:
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         if timezone.is_aware(value):
             raise ValueError("MySQL backend does not support timezone-aware times.")
 
-        return six.text_type(value)
+        return str(value)
 
     def max_name_length(self):
         return 64
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/base.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/base.py
index 317599253d..c365c673c5 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/base.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/base.py
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ class OracleParam(object):
             # To transmit to the database, we need Unicode if supported
             # To get size right, we must consider bytes.
             self.force_bytes = force_text(param, cursor.charset, strings_only)
-            if isinstance(self.force_bytes, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(self.force_bytes, str):
                 # We could optimize by only converting up to 4000 bytes here
                 string_size = len(force_bytes(param, cursor.charset, strings_only))
         if hasattr(param, 'input_size'):
@@ -566,18 +566,5 @@ def _rowfactory(row, cursor):
                 value = decimal.Decimal(value)
             else:
                 value = int(value)
-        elif desc[1] in (Database.STRING, Database.FIXED_CHAR,
-                         Database.LONG_STRING):
-            value = to_unicode(value)
         casted.append(value)
     return tuple(casted)
-
-
-def to_unicode(s):
-    """
-    Convert strings to Unicode objects (and return all other data types
-    unchanged).
-    """
-    if isinstance(s, six.string_types):
-        return force_text(s)
-    return s
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/operations.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
index 9878fbd9bb..8d94319987 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import uuid
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.db.backends.base.operations import BaseDatabaseOperations
 from django.db.backends.utils import strip_quotes, truncate_name
-from django.utils import six, timezone
+from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_text
 
 from .base import Database
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ WHEN (new.%(col_name)s IS NULL)
         if hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
             return value
 
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             return datetime.datetime.strptime(value, '%H:%M:%S')
 
         # Oracle doesn't support tz-aware times
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py
index 15d361bf7a..44a1f3cd8d 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import re
 
 from django.db.backends.base.schema import BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.utils import DatabaseError
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.text import force_text
 
 
@@ -23,9 +22,9 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
     def quote_value(self, value):
         if isinstance(value, (datetime.date, datetime.time, datetime.datetime)):
             return "'%s'" % value
-        elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):
-            return "'%s'" % six.text_type(value).replace("\'", "\'\'")
-        elif isinstance(value, six.buffer_types):
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            return "'%s'" % value.replace("\'", "\'\'")
+        elif isinstance(value, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
             return "'%s'" % force_text(binascii.hexlify(value))
         elif isinstance(value, bool):
             return "1" if value else "0"
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py
index de3aa40000..44f81c8ba1 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.db import utils
 from django.db.backends import utils as backend_utils
 from django.db.backends.base.base import BaseDatabaseWrapper
-from django.utils import six, timezone
+from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.dateparse import (
     parse_date, parse_datetime, parse_duration, parse_time,
 )
@@ -425,12 +425,12 @@ def _sqlite_format_dtdelta(conn, lhs, rhs):
         - A string representing a datetime
     """
     try:
-        if isinstance(lhs, six.integer_types):
+        if isinstance(lhs, int):
             lhs = str(decimal.Decimal(lhs) / decimal.Decimal(1000000))
         real_lhs = parse_duration(lhs)
         if real_lhs is None:
             real_lhs = backend_utils.typecast_timestamp(lhs)
-        if isinstance(rhs, six.integer_types):
+        if isinstance(rhs, int):
             rhs = str(decimal.Decimal(rhs) / decimal.Decimal(1000000))
         real_rhs = parse_duration(rhs)
         if real_rhs is None:
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/operations.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/operations.py
index 529db94451..64486be737 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/operations.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/operations.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from django.db import utils
 from django.db.backends import utils as backend_utils
 from django.db.backends.base.operations import BaseDatabaseOperations
 from django.db.models import aggregates, fields
-from django.utils import six, timezone
+from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.dateparse import parse_date, parse_datetime, parse_time
 from django.utils.duration import duration_string
 
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
             else:
                 raise ValueError("SQLite backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False.")
 
-        return six.text_type(value)
+        return str(value)
 
     def adapt_timefield_value(self, value):
         if value is None:
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         if timezone.is_aware(value):
             raise ValueError("SQLite backend does not support timezone-aware times.")
 
-        return six.text_type(value)
+        return str(value)
 
     def get_db_converters(self, expression):
         converters = super(DatabaseOperations, self).get_db_converters(expression)
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py
index 36adb22584..d74f59d21c 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from decimal import Decimal
 
 from django.apps.registry import Apps
 from django.db.backends.base.schema import BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
@@ -46,15 +45,13 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # Manual emulation of SQLite parameter quoting
         if isinstance(value, type(True)):
             return str(int(value))
-        elif isinstance(value, (Decimal, float)):
+        elif isinstance(value, (Decimal, float, int)):
             return str(value)
-        elif isinstance(value, six.integer_types):
-            return str(value)
-        elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):
-            return "'%s'" % six.text_type(value).replace("\'", "\'\'")
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            return "'%s'" % value.replace("\'", "\'\'")
         elif value is None:
             return "NULL"
-        elif isinstance(value, (bytes, bytearray, six.memoryview)):
+        elif isinstance(value, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
             # Bytes are only allowed for BLOB fields, encoded as string
             # literals containing hexadecimal data and preceded by a single "X"
             # character:
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/autodetector.py b/django/db/migrations/autodetector.py
index 84ecf90b9e..d2b6f6d497 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/autodetector.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/autodetector.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ from django.db.migrations.questioner import MigrationQuestioner
 from django.db.migrations.utils import (
     COMPILED_REGEX_TYPE, RegexObject, get_migration_name_timestamp,
 )
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .topological_sort import stable_topological_sort
 
@@ -538,7 +537,7 @@ class MigrationAutodetector(object):
             ]
             # Depend on all bases
             for base in model_state.bases:
-                if isinstance(base, six.string_types) and "." in base:
+                if isinstance(base, str) and "." in base:
                     base_app_label, base_name = base.split(".", 1)
                     dependencies.append((base_app_label, base_name, None, True))
             # Depend on the other end of the primary key if it's a relation
@@ -659,7 +658,7 @@ class MigrationAutodetector(object):
             ]
             # Depend on all bases
             for base in model_state.bases:
-                if isinstance(base, six.string_types) and "." in base:
+                if isinstance(base, str) and "." in base:
                     base_app_label, base_name = base.split(".", 1)
                     dependencies.append((base_app_label, base_name, None, True))
             # Generate creation operation
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py b/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py
index 783cfcc519..f376324580 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.db.migrations.operations.base import Operation
 from django.db.migrations.state import ModelState
 from django.db.models.fields.related import RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT
 from django.db.models.options import normalize_together
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 from .fields import (
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ class CreateModel(ModelOperation):
         _check_for_duplicates('fields', (name for name, _ in self.fields))
         _check_for_duplicates('bases', (
             base._meta.label_lower if hasattr(base, '_meta') else
-            base.lower() if isinstance(base, six.string_types) else base
+            base.lower() if isinstance(base, str) else base
             for base in self.bases
         ))
         _check_for_duplicates('managers', (name for name, _ in self.managers))
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ class CreateModel(ModelOperation):
         # Check we didn't inherit from the model
         models_to_check = [
             base for base in self.bases
-            if base is not models.Model and isinstance(base, (models.base.ModelBase, six.string_types))
+            if base is not models.Model and isinstance(base, (models.base.ModelBase, str))
         ]
         # Check we have no FKs/M2Ms with it
         for fname, field in self.fields:
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ class CreateModel(ModelOperation):
         Take either a model class or an "app_label.ModelName" string
         and return (app_label, object_name).
         """
-        if isinstance(model, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(model, str):
             return model.split(".", 1)
         else:
             return model._meta.app_label, model._meta.object_name
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/serializer.py b/django/db/migrations/serializer.py
index 261fcabd73..bcd2268e2a 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/serializer.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/serializer.py
@@ -362,11 +362,11 @@ def serializer_factory(value):
         return SettingsReferenceSerializer(value)
     if isinstance(value, float):
         return FloatSerializer(value)
-    if isinstance(value, six.integer_types + (bool, type(None))):
+    if isinstance(value, (bool, int, type(None))):
         return BaseSimpleSerializer(value)
-    if isinstance(value, six.binary_type):
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
         return ByteTypeSerializer(value)
-    if isinstance(value, six.text_type):
+    if isinstance(value, str):
         return TextTypeSerializer(value)
     if isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
         return DecimalSerializer(value)
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/state.py b/django/db/migrations/state.py
index c88663ff3a..db42220918 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/state.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/state.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from django.db.models.fields.proxy import OrderWrt
 from django.db.models.fields.related import RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT
 from django.db.models.options import DEFAULT_NAMES, normalize_together
 from django.db.models.utils import make_model_tuple
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ from .exceptions import InvalidBasesError
 
 
 def _get_app_label_and_model_name(model, app_label=''):
-    if isinstance(model, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(model, str):
         split = model.split('.', 1)
         return (tuple(split) if len(split) == 2 else (app_label, split[0]))
     else:
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ def _get_related_models(m):
     ]
     related_fields_models = set()
     for f in m._meta.get_fields(include_parents=True, include_hidden=True):
-        if f.is_relation and f.related_model is not None and not isinstance(f.related_model, six.string_types):
+        if f.is_relation and f.related_model is not None and not isinstance(f.related_model, str):
             related_fields_models.add(f.model)
             related_models.append(f.related_model)
     # Reverse accessors of foreign keys to proxy models are attached to their
@@ -458,7 +457,7 @@ class ModelState(object):
                     options[name] = set(normalize_together(it))
                 else:
                     options[name] = model._meta.original_attrs[name]
-        # Force-convert all options to text_type (#23226)
+        # Force-convert all options to str (#23226)
         options = cls.force_text_recursive(options)
         # If we're ignoring relationships, remove all field-listing model
         # options (that option basically just means "make a stub model")
@@ -496,7 +495,7 @@ class ModelState(object):
             for base in flattened_bases
         )
         # Ensure at least one base inherits from models.Model
-        if not any((isinstance(base, six.string_types) or issubclass(base, models.Model)) for base in bases):
+        if not any((isinstance(base, str) or issubclass(base, models.Model)) for base in bases):
             bases = (models.Model,)
 
         managers = []
@@ -539,9 +538,7 @@ class ModelState(object):
 
     @classmethod
     def force_text_recursive(cls, value):
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
-            return force_text(value)
-        elif isinstance(value, list):
+        if isinstance(value, list):
             return [cls.force_text_recursive(x) for x in value]
         elif isinstance(value, tuple):
             return tuple(cls.force_text_recursive(x) for x in value)
@@ -588,7 +585,7 @@ class ModelState(object):
         # Then, work out our bases
         try:
             bases = tuple(
-                (apps.get_model(base) if isinstance(base, six.string_types) else base)
+                (apps.get_model(base) if isinstance(base, str) else base)
                 for base in self.bases
             )
         except LookupError:
diff --git a/django/db/models/base.py b/django/db/models/base.py
index 38d0b96217..95700edb13 100644
--- a/django/db/models/base.py
+++ b/django/db/models/base.py
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ class Model(six.with_metaclass(ModelBase)):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         try:
-            u = six.text_type(self)
+            u = str(self)
         except (UnicodeEncodeError, UnicodeDecodeError):
             u = '[Bad Unicode data]'
         return force_str('<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, u))
@@ -1089,12 +1089,12 @@ class Model(six.with_metaclass(ModelBase)):
             code='unique_for_date',
             params={
                 'model': self,
-                'model_name': six.text_type(capfirst(opts.verbose_name)),
+                'model_name': capfirst(opts.verbose_name),
                 'lookup_type': lookup_type,
                 'field': field_name,
-                'field_label': six.text_type(capfirst(field.verbose_name)),
+                'field_label': capfirst(field.verbose_name),
                 'date_field': unique_for,
-                'date_field_label': six.text_type(capfirst(opts.get_field(unique_for).verbose_name)),
+                'date_field_label': capfirst(opts.get_field(unique_for).verbose_name),
             }
         )
 
@@ -1104,14 +1104,14 @@ class Model(six.with_metaclass(ModelBase)):
         params = {
             'model': self,
             'model_class': model_class,
-            'model_name': six.text_type(capfirst(opts.verbose_name)),
+            'model_name': capfirst(opts.verbose_name),
             'unique_check': unique_check,
         }
 
         # A unique field
         if len(unique_check) == 1:
             field = opts.get_field(unique_check[0])
-            params['field_label'] = six.text_type(capfirst(field.verbose_name))
+            params['field_label'] = capfirst(field.verbose_name)
             return ValidationError(
                 message=field.error_messages['unique'],
                 code='unique',
@@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@ class Model(six.with_metaclass(ModelBase)):
         # unique_together
         else:
             field_labels = [capfirst(opts.get_field(f).verbose_name) for f in unique_check]
-            params['field_labels'] = six.text_type(get_text_list(field_labels, _('and')))
+            params['field_labels'] = get_text_list(field_labels, _('and'))
             return ValidationError(
                 message=_("%(model_name)s with this %(field_labels)s already exists."),
                 code='unique_together',
@@ -1647,7 +1647,7 @@ class Model(six.with_metaclass(ModelBase)):
 
         for f in cls._meta.local_many_to_many:
             # Skip nonexistent models.
-            if isinstance(f.remote_field.through, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(f.remote_field.through, str):
                 continue
 
             # Check if auto-generated name for the M2M field is too long
diff --git a/django/db/models/expressions.py b/django/db/models/expressions.py
index 36c2b969db..960435f169 100644
--- a/django/db/models/expressions.py
+++ b/django/db/models/expressions.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.core.exceptions import EmptyResultSet, FieldError
 from django.db.backends import utils as backend_utils
 from django.db.models import fields
 from django.db.models.query_utils import Q
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ class BaseExpression(object):
     def _parse_expressions(self, *expressions):
         return [
             arg if hasattr(arg, 'resolve_expression') else (
-                F(arg) if isinstance(arg, six.string_types) else Value(arg)
+                F(arg) if isinstance(arg, str) else Value(arg)
             ) for arg in expressions
         ]
 
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py b/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py
index 2e21a42672..3ac04effc7 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from django.core.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist  # NOQA
 from django.db import connection, connections, router
 from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP
 from django.db.models.query_utils import DeferredAttribute, RegisterLookupMixin
-from django.utils import six, timezone
+from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.datastructures import DictWrapper
 from django.utils.dateparse import (
     parse_date, parse_datetime, parse_duration, parse_time,
@@ -244,8 +244,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
 
     def _check_choices(self):
         if self.choices:
-            if (isinstance(self.choices, six.string_types) or
-                    not is_iterable(self.choices)):
+            if isinstance(self.choices, str) or not is_iterable(self.choices):
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
                         "'choices' must be an iterable (e.g., a list or tuple).",
@@ -253,7 +252,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
                         id='fields.E004',
                     )
                 ]
-            elif any(isinstance(choice, six.string_types) or
+            elif any(isinstance(choice, str) or
                      not is_iterable(choice) or len(choice) != 2
                      for choice in self.choices):
                 return [
@@ -763,7 +762,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
 
         if not self.empty_strings_allowed or self.null and not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
             return return_None
-        return six.text_type  # returns empty string
+        return str  # returns empty string
 
     def get_choices(self, include_blank=True, blank_choice=BLANK_CHOICE_DASH, limit_choices_to=None):
         """Returns choices with a default blank choices included, for use
@@ -1038,7 +1037,7 @@ class CharField(Field):
                     id='fields.E120',
                 )
             ]
-        elif not isinstance(self.max_length, six.integer_types) or self.max_length <= 0:
+        elif not isinstance(self.max_length, int) or self.max_length <= 0:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "'max_length' must be a positive integer.",
@@ -1053,7 +1052,7 @@ class CharField(Field):
         return "CharField"
 
     def to_python(self, value):
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types) or value is None:
+        if isinstance(value, str) or value is None:
             return value
         return force_text(value)
 
@@ -1535,7 +1534,7 @@ class DecimalField(Field):
             )
 
     def _format(self, value):
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             return value
         else:
             return self.format_number(value)
@@ -1703,7 +1702,7 @@ class FilePathField(Field):
         value = super(FilePathField, self).get_prep_value(value)
         if value is None:
             return None
-        return six.text_type(value)
+        return str(value)
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
         defaults = {
@@ -1867,7 +1866,7 @@ class IPAddressField(Field):
         value = super(IPAddressField, self).get_prep_value(value)
         if value is None:
             return None
-        return six.text_type(value)
+        return str(value)
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
         return "IPAddressField"
@@ -1922,7 +1921,7 @@ class GenericIPAddressField(Field):
     def to_python(self, value):
         if value is None:
             return None
-        if not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(value, str):
             value = force_text(value)
         value = value.strip()
         if ':' in value:
@@ -1943,7 +1942,7 @@ class GenericIPAddressField(Field):
                 return clean_ipv6_address(value, self.unpack_ipv4)
             except exceptions.ValidationError:
                 pass
-        return six.text_type(value)
+        return str(value)
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
         defaults = {
@@ -2094,7 +2093,7 @@ class TextField(Field):
         return "TextField"
 
     def to_python(self, value):
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types) or value is None:
+        if isinstance(value, str) or value is None:
             return value
         return force_text(value)
 
@@ -2310,8 +2309,8 @@ class BinaryField(Field):
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         # If it's a string, it should be base64-encoded data
-        if isinstance(value, six.text_type):
-            return six.memoryview(b64decode(force_bytes(value)))
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            return memoryview(b64decode(force_bytes(value)))
         return value
 
 
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/files.py b/django/db/models/fields/files.py
index e52cc1164d..90b6515409 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/files.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/files.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from django.core.files.storage import default_storage
 from django.core.validators import validate_image_file_extension
 from django.db.models import signals
 from django.db.models.fields import Field
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_str, force_text
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ class FileDescriptor(object):
         # subclasses might also want to subclass the attribute class]. This
         # object understands how to convert a path to a file, and also how to
         # handle None.
-        if isinstance(file, six.string_types) or file is None:
+        if isinstance(file, str) or file is None:
             attr = self.field.attr_class(instance, self.field, file)
             instance.__dict__[self.field.name] = attr
 
@@ -253,7 +252,7 @@ class FileField(Field):
             return []
 
     def _check_upload_to(self):
-        if isinstance(self.upload_to, six.string_types) and self.upload_to.startswith('/'):
+        if isinstance(self.upload_to, str) and self.upload_to.startswith('/'):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "%s's 'upload_to' argument must be a relative path, not an "
@@ -284,7 +283,7 @@ class FileField(Field):
         # Need to convert File objects provided via a form to unicode for database insertion
         if value is None:
             return None
-        return six.text_type(value)
+        return str(value)
 
     def pre_save(self, model_instance, add):
         "Returns field's value just before saving."
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/related.py b/django/db/models/fields/related.py
index 7f7a6d3ea8..65d0da41e1 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/related.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/related.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP
 from django.db.models.deletion import CASCADE, SET_DEFAULT, SET_NULL
 from django.db.models.query_utils import PathInfo
 from django.db.models.utils import make_model_tuple
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property, curry
 from django.utils.lru_cache import lru_cache
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ def resolve_relation(scope_model, relation):
         relation = scope_model
 
     # Look for an "app.Model" relation
-    if isinstance(relation, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(relation, str):
         if "." not in relation:
             relation = "%s.%s" % (scope_model._meta.app_label, relation)
 
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ class RelatedField(Field):
 
     def _check_relation_model_exists(self):
         rel_is_missing = self.remote_field.model not in self.opts.apps.get_models()
-        rel_is_string = isinstance(self.remote_field.model, six.string_types)
+        rel_is_string = isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str)
         model_name = self.remote_field.model if rel_is_string else self.remote_field.model._meta.object_name
         if rel_is_missing and (rel_is_string or not self.remote_field.model._meta.swapped):
             return [
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ class RelatedField(Field):
 
     def _check_referencing_to_swapped_model(self):
         if (self.remote_field.model not in self.opts.apps.get_models() and
-                not isinstance(self.remote_field.model, six.string_types) and
+                not isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str) and
                 self.remote_field.model._meta.swapped):
             model = "%s.%s" % (
                 self.remote_field.model._meta.app_label,
@@ -364,7 +363,7 @@ class RelatedField(Field):
         """
         if self.swappable:
             # Work out string form of "to"
-            if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str):
                 to_string = self.remote_field.model
             else:
                 to_string = self.remote_field.model._meta.label
@@ -479,7 +478,7 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
 
     def _check_to_fields_exist(self):
         # Skip nonexistent models.
-        if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str):
             return []
 
         errors = []
@@ -500,7 +499,7 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
         return errors
 
     def _check_unique_target(self):
-        rel_is_string = isinstance(self.remote_field.model, six.string_types)
+        rel_is_string = isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str)
         if rel_is_string or not self.requires_unique_target:
             return []
 
@@ -568,7 +567,7 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
         if self.remote_field.parent_link:
             kwargs['parent_link'] = self.remote_field.parent_link
         # Work out string form of "to"
-        if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str):
             kwargs['to'] = self.remote_field.model
         else:
             kwargs['to'] = "%s.%s" % (
@@ -598,7 +597,7 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
     def resolve_related_fields(self):
         if len(self.from_fields) < 1 or len(self.from_fields) != len(self.to_fields):
             raise ValueError('Foreign Object from and to fields must be the same non-zero length')
-        if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str):
             raise ValueError('Related model %r cannot be resolved' % self.remote_field.model)
         related_fields = []
         for index in range(len(self.from_fields)):
@@ -772,7 +771,7 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
         try:
             to._meta.model_name
         except AttributeError:
-            assert isinstance(to, six.string_types), (
+            assert isinstance(to, str), (
                 "%s(%r) is invalid. First parameter to ForeignKey must be "
                 "either a model, a model name, or the string %r" % (
                     self.__class__.__name__, to,
@@ -926,7 +925,7 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
         db = kwargs.pop('using', None)
-        if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str):
             raise ValueError("Cannot create form field for %r yet, because "
                              "its related model %r has not been loaded yet" %
                              (self.name, self.remote_field.model))
@@ -948,7 +947,7 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
         return {"type": self.db_type(connection), "check": self.db_check(connection)}
 
     def convert_empty_strings(self, value, expression, connection, context):
-        if (not value) and isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if (not value) and isinstance(value, str):
             return None
         return value
 
@@ -1082,14 +1081,11 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         try:
             to._meta
         except AttributeError:
-            assert isinstance(to, six.string_types), (
+            assert isinstance(to, str), (
                 "%s(%r) is invalid. First parameter to ManyToManyField must be "
                 "either a model, a model name, or the string %r" %
                 (self.__class__.__name__, to, RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT)
             )
-            # Class names must be ASCII in Python 2.x, so we forcibly coerce it
-            # here to break early if there's a problem.
-            to = str(to)
 
         if symmetrical is None:
             symmetrical = (to == RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT)
@@ -1197,7 +1193,7 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
             # Set some useful local variables
             to_model = resolve_relation(from_model, self.remote_field.model)
             from_model_name = from_model._meta.object_name
-            if isinstance(to_model, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(to_model, str):
                 to_model_name = to_model
             else:
                 to_model_name = to_model._meta.object_name
@@ -1368,7 +1364,7 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         return errors
 
     def _check_table_uniqueness(self, **kwargs):
-        if isinstance(self.remote_field.through, six.string_types) or not self.remote_field.through._meta.managed:
+        if isinstance(self.remote_field.through, str) or not self.remote_field.through._meta.managed:
             return []
         registered_tables = {
             model._meta.db_table: model
@@ -1411,7 +1407,7 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         if self.remote_field.related_query_name is not None:
             kwargs['related_query_name'] = self.remote_field.related_query_name
         # Rel needs more work.
-        if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str):
             kwargs['to'] = self.remote_field.model
         else:
             kwargs['to'] = "%s.%s" % (
@@ -1419,7 +1415,7 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
                 self.remote_field.model._meta.object_name,
             )
         if getattr(self.remote_field, 'through', None) is not None:
-            if isinstance(self.remote_field.through, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(self.remote_field.through, str):
                 kwargs['through'] = self.remote_field.through
             elif not self.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
                 kwargs['through'] = "%s.%s" % (
diff --git a/django/db/models/options.py b/django/db/models/options.py
index a4593d125a..cf3e031104 100644
--- a/django/db/models/options.py
+++ b/django/db/models/options.py
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ class Options(object):
         """
         if self.proxy or self.swapped or not self.managed:
             return False
-        if isinstance(connection, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(connection, str):
             connection = connections[connection]
         if self.required_db_vendor:
             return self.required_db_vendor == connection.vendor
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ class Options(object):
                 if f.is_relation and f.related_model is not None
             )
             for f in fields_with_relations:
-                if not isinstance(f.remote_field.model, six.string_types):
+                if not isinstance(f.remote_field.model, str):
                     related_objects_graph[f.remote_field.model._meta.concrete_model._meta].append(f)
 
         for model in all_models:
diff --git a/django/db/models/query.py b/django/db/models/query.py
index 2dbe3b7461..69f84d72a9 100644
--- a/django/db/models/query.py
+++ b/django/db/models/query.py
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ class QuerySet(object):
         """
         Retrieves an item or slice from the set of results.
         """
-        if not isinstance(k, (slice,) + six.integer_types):
+        if not isinstance(k, (int, slice)):
             raise TypeError
         assert ((not isinstance(k, slice) and (k >= 0)) or
                 (isinstance(k, slice) and (k.start is None or k.start >= 0) and
diff --git a/django/db/models/signals.py b/django/db/models/signals.py
index 9f9fbccde3..a511024342 100644
--- a/django/db/models/signals.py
+++ b/django/db/models/signals.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from functools import partial
 
 from django.db.models.utils import make_model_tuple
 from django.dispatch import Signal
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class_prepared = Signal(providing_args=["class"])
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ class ModelSignal(Signal):
 
         # This partial takes a single optional argument named "sender".
         partial_method = partial(method, receiver, **kwargs)
-        if isinstance(sender, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(sender, str):
             apps = apps or Options.default_apps
             apps.lazy_model_operation(partial_method, make_model_tuple(sender))
         else:
diff --git a/django/db/models/utils.py b/django/db/models/utils.py
index cda96277a6..7d563c4ae0 100644
--- a/django/db/models/utils.py
+++ b/django/db/models/utils.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from django.utils import six
-
-
 def make_model_tuple(model):
     """
     Takes a model or a string of the form "app_label.ModelName" and returns a
@@ -10,7 +7,7 @@ def make_model_tuple(model):
     try:
         if isinstance(model, tuple):
             model_tuple = model
-        elif isinstance(model, six.string_types):
+        elif isinstance(model, str):
             app_label, model_name = model.split(".")
             model_tuple = app_label, model_name.lower()
         else:
diff --git a/django/db/utils.py b/django/db/utils.py
index 4451f5a60e..a65510ea80 100644
--- a/django/db/utils.py
+++ b/django/db/utils.py
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class ConnectionRouter(object):
             self._routers = settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS
         routers = []
         for r in self._routers:
-            if isinstance(r, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(r, str):
                 router = import_string(r)()
             else:
                 router = r
diff --git a/django/forms/boundfield.py b/django/forms/boundfield.py
index 6faff6ffc9..dc40bca508 100644
--- a/django/forms/boundfield.py
+++ b/django/forms/boundfield.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import warnings
 
 from django.forms.utils import flatatt, pretty_name
 from django.forms.widgets import Textarea, TextInput
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango21Warning
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ class BoundField(object):
     def __getitem__(self, idx):
         # Prevent unnecessary reevaluation when accessing BoundField's attrs
         # from templates.
-        if not isinstance(idx, six.integer_types + (slice,)):
+        if not isinstance(idx, (int, slice)):
             raise TypeError
         return self.subwidgets[idx]
 
diff --git a/django/forms/fields.py b/django/forms/fields.py
index 65824fbd97..5be10708c3 100644
--- a/django/forms/fields.py
+++ b/django/forms/fields.py
@@ -393,10 +393,10 @@ class BaseTemporalField(Field):
     def to_python(self, value):
         # Try to coerce the value to unicode.
         unicode_value = force_text(value, strings_only=True)
-        if isinstance(unicode_value, six.text_type):
+        if isinstance(unicode_value, str):
             value = unicode_value.strip()
         # If unicode, try to strptime against each input format.
-        if isinstance(value, six.text_type):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             for format in self.input_formats:
                 try:
                     return self.strptime(value, format)
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ class RegexField(CharField):
         return self._regex
 
     def _set_regex(self, regex):
-        if isinstance(regex, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(regex, str):
             regex = re.compile(regex, re.UNICODE)
         self._regex = regex
         if hasattr(self, '_regex_validator') and self._regex_validator in self.validators:
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ class BooleanField(Field):
         # will submit for False. Also check for '0', since this is what
         # RadioSelect will provide. Because bool("True") == bool('1') == True,
         # we don't need to handle that explicitly.
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types) and value.lower() in ('false', '0'):
+        if isinstance(value, str) and value.lower() in ('false', '0'):
             value = False
         else:
             value = bool(value)
diff --git a/django/forms/forms.py b/django/forms/forms.py
index 3971893aa2..c8086b1361 100644
--- a/django/forms/forms.py
+++ b/django/forms/forms.py
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class BaseForm(object):
                     top_errors.extend(
                         [_('(Hidden field %(name)s) %(error)s') % {'name': name, 'error': force_text(e)}
                          for e in bf_errors])
-                hidden_fields.append(six.text_type(bf))
+                hidden_fields.append(str(bf))
             else:
                 # Create a 'class="..."' attribute if the row should have any
                 # CSS classes applied.
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class BaseForm(object):
                 output.append(normal_row % {
                     'errors': force_text(bf_errors),
                     'label': force_text(label),
-                    'field': six.text_type(bf),
+                    'field': str(bf),
                     'help_text': help_text,
                     'html_class_attr': html_class_attr,
                     'css_classes': css_classes,
diff --git a/django/forms/formsets.py b/django/forms/formsets.py
index 81788626e1..60638c475c 100644
--- a/django/forms/formsets.py
+++ b/django/forms/formsets.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.forms import Form
 from django.forms.fields import BooleanField, IntegerField
 from django.forms.utils import ErrorList
 from django.forms.widgets import HiddenInput
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.html import html_safe
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
@@ -416,17 +415,17 @@ class BaseFormSet(object):
         # probably should be. It might make sense to render each form as a
         # table row with each field as a td.
         forms = ' '.join(form.as_table() for form in self)
-        return mark_safe('\n'.join([six.text_type(self.management_form), forms]))
+        return mark_safe('\n'.join([str(self.management_form), forms]))
 
     def as_p(self):
         "Returns this formset rendered as HTML <p>s."
         forms = ' '.join(form.as_p() for form in self)
-        return mark_safe('\n'.join([six.text_type(self.management_form), forms]))
+        return mark_safe('\n'.join([str(self.management_form), forms]))
 
     def as_ul(self):
         "Returns this formset rendered as HTML <li>s."
         forms = ' '.join(form.as_ul() for form in self)
-        return mark_safe('\n'.join([six.text_type(self.management_form), forms]))
+        return mark_safe('\n'.join([str(self.management_form), forms]))
 
 
 def formset_factory(form, formset=BaseFormSet, extra=1, can_order=False,
diff --git a/django/forms/models.py b/django/forms/models.py
index 38f6812ba0..c3a1b81c8c 100644
--- a/django/forms/models.py
+++ b/django/forms/models.py
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class ModelFormMetaclass(DeclarativeFieldsMetaclass):
         # of ('foo',)
         for opt in ['fields', 'exclude', 'localized_fields']:
             value = getattr(opts, opt)
-            if isinstance(value, six.string_types) and value != ALL_FIELDS:
+            if isinstance(value, str) and value != ALL_FIELDS:
                 msg = ("%(model)s.Meta.%(opt)s cannot be a string. "
                        "Did you mean to type: ('%(value)s',)?" % {
                            'model': new_class.__name__,
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
             }
         else:
             return ugettext("Please correct the duplicate data for %(field)s, which must be unique.") % {
-                "field": get_text_list(unique_check, six.text_type(_("and"))),
+                "field": get_text_list(unique_check, _("and")),
             }
 
     def get_date_error_message(self, date_check):
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
         ) % {
             'field_name': date_check[2],
             'date_field': date_check[3],
-            'lookup': six.text_type(date_check[1]),
+            'lookup': str(date_check[1]),
         }
 
     def get_form_error(self):
@@ -1305,7 +1305,7 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField):
 
     def prepare_value(self, value):
         if (hasattr(value, '__iter__') and
-                not isinstance(value, six.text_type) and
+                not isinstance(value, str) and
                 not hasattr(value, '_meta')):
             return [super(ModelMultipleChoiceField, self).prepare_value(v) for v in value]
         return super(ModelMultipleChoiceField, self).prepare_value(value)
diff --git a/django/forms/widgets.py b/django/forms/widgets.py
index c4bbb7fe4f..e21dba0607 100644
--- a/django/forms/widgets.py
+++ b/django/forms/widgets.py
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ class CheckboxInput(Input):
         value = data.get(name)
         # Translate true and false strings to boolean values.
         values = {'true': True, 'false': False}
-        if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             value = values.get(value.lower(), value)
         return bool(value)
 
@@ -671,10 +671,7 @@ class Select(ChoiceWidget):
     def _choice_has_empty_value(choice):
         """Return True if the choice's value is empty string or None."""
         value, _ = choice
-        return (
-            (isinstance(value, six.string_types) and not bool(value)) or
-            value is None
-        )
+        return (isinstance(value, str) and not bool(value)) or value is None
 
     def use_required_attribute(self, initial):
         """
@@ -986,7 +983,7 @@ class SelectDateWidget(Widget):
         year, month, day = None, None, None
         if isinstance(value, (datetime.date, datetime.datetime)):
             year, month, day = value.year, value.month, value.day
-        elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
             if settings.USE_L10N:
                 try:
                     input_format = get_format('DATE_INPUT_FORMATS')[0]
diff --git a/django/http/multipartparser.py b/django/http/multipartparser.py
index 812e83eff0..b1db1f81ca 100644
--- a/django/http/multipartparser.py
+++ b/django/http/multipartparser.py
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class MultiPartParser(object):
             # This means we shouldn't continue...raise an error.
             raise MultiPartParserError("Invalid content length: %r" % content_length)
 
-        if isinstance(boundary, six.text_type):
+        if isinstance(boundary, str):
             boundary = boundary.encode('ascii')
         self._boundary = boundary
         self._input_data = input_data
diff --git a/django/http/request.py b/django/http/request.py
index b4053142ac..fe1684ee58 100644
--- a/django/http/request.py
+++ b/django/http/request.py
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ def bytes_to_text(s, encoding):
     Returns any non-basestring objects without change.
     """
     if isinstance(s, bytes):
-        return six.text_type(s, encoding, 'replace')
+        return str(s, encoding, 'replace')
     else:
         return s
 
diff --git a/django/http/response.py b/django/http/response.py
index e4cce4fdbe..1c2677035d 100644
--- a/django/http/response.py
+++ b/django/http/response.py
@@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ class HttpResponseBase(six.Iterator):
         `value` can't be represented in the given charset, MIME-encoding
         is applied.
         """
-        if not isinstance(value, (bytes, six.text_type)):
+        if not isinstance(value, (bytes, str)):
             value = str(value)
         if ((isinstance(value, bytes) and (b'\n' in value or b'\r' in value)) or
-                isinstance(value, six.text_type) and ('\n' in value or '\r' in value)):
+                isinstance(value, str) and ('\n' in value or '\r' in value)):
             raise BadHeaderError("Header values can't contain newlines (got %r)" % value)
         try:
             if isinstance(value, str):
@@ -226,11 +226,11 @@ class HttpResponseBase(six.Iterator):
         # This doesn't make a copy when `value` already contains bytes.
 
         # Handle string types -- we can't rely on force_bytes here because:
-        # - under Python 3 it attempts str conversion first
+        # - Python attempts str conversion first
         # - when self._charset != 'utf-8' it re-encodes the content
         if isinstance(value, bytes):
             return bytes(value)
-        if isinstance(value, six.text_type):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
             return bytes(value.encode(self.charset))
 
         # Handle non-string types (#16494)
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class HttpResponse(HttpResponseBase):
     @content.setter
     def content(self, value):
         # Consume iterators upon assignment to allow repeated iteration.
-        if hasattr(value, '__iter__') and not isinstance(value, (bytes, six.string_types)):
+        if hasattr(value, '__iter__') and not isinstance(value, (bytes, str)):
             content = b''.join(self.make_bytes(chunk) for chunk in value)
             if hasattr(value, 'close'):
                 try:
diff --git a/django/shortcuts.py b/django/shortcuts.py
index f4fa0600ac..b27a75206f 100644
--- a/django/shortcuts.py
+++ b/django/shortcuts.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from django.http import (
 )
 from django.template import loader
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, reverse
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.functional import Promise
 
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ def resolve_url(to, *args, **kwargs):
         # further to some Python functions like urlparse.
         to = force_text(to)
 
-    if isinstance(to, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(to, str):
         # Handle relative URLs
         if to.startswith(('./', '../')):
             return to
diff --git a/django/template/base.py b/django/template/base.py
index aa30d2e2b3..c7c2249aa0 100644
--- a/django/template/base.py
+++ b/django/template/base.py
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ import re
 from django.template.context import (  # NOQA: imported for backwards compatibility
     BaseContext, Context, ContextPopException, RequestContext,
 )
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_str, force_text
 from django.utils.formats import localize
 from django.utils.html import conditional_escape, escape
@@ -771,7 +770,7 @@ class Variable(object):
         self.translate = False
         self.message_context = None
 
-        if not isinstance(var, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(var, str):
             raise TypeError(
                 "Variable must be a string or number, got %s" % type(var))
         try:
diff --git a/django/template/defaultfilters.py b/django/template/defaultfilters.py
index fc249953ea..828255b73c 100644
--- a/django/template/defaultfilters.py
+++ b/django/template/defaultfilters.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from functools import wraps
 from operator import itemgetter
 from pprint import pformat
 
-from django.utils import formats, six
+from django.utils import formats
 from django.utils.dateformat import format, time_format
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text, iri_to_uri
 from django.utils.html import (
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ def floatformat(text, arg=-1):
         # Avoid conversion to scientific notation by accessing `sign`, `digits`
         # and `exponent` from `Decimal.as_tuple()` directly.
         sign, digits, exponent = d.quantize(exp, ROUND_HALF_UP, Context(prec=prec)).as_tuple()
-        digits = [six.text_type(digit) for digit in reversed(digits)]
+        digits = [str(digit) for digit in reversed(digits)]
         while len(digits) <= abs(exponent):
             digits.append('0')
         digits.insert(-exponent, '.')
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ def linenumbers(value, autoescape=True):
     lines = value.split('\n')
     # Find the maximum width of the line count, for use with zero padding
     # string format command
-    width = six.text_type(len(six.text_type(len(lines))))
+    width = str(len(str(len(lines))))
     if not autoescape or isinstance(value, SafeData):
         for i, line in enumerate(lines):
             lines[i] = ("%0" + width + "d. %s") % (i + 1, line)
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def stringformat(value, arg):
     for documentation of Python string formatting.
     """
     try:
-        return ("%" + six.text_type(arg)) % value
+        return ("%" + str(arg)) % value
     except (ValueError, TypeError):
         return ""
 
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ def unordered_list(value, autoescape=True):
                 except StopIteration:
                     yield item, None
                     break
-                if not isinstance(next_item, six.string_types):
+                if not isinstance(next_item, str):
                     try:
                         iter(next_item)
                     except TypeError:
diff --git a/django/template/engine.py b/django/template/engine.py
index 154276a5b0..6d73569e02 100644
--- a/django/template/engine.py
+++ b/django/template/engine.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
-from django.utils import lru_cache, six
+from django.utils import lru_cache
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class Engine(object):
         else:
             args = []
 
-        if isinstance(loader, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(loader, str):
             loader_class = import_string(loader)
             return loader_class(self, *args)
         else:
diff --git a/django/template/library.py b/django/template/library.py
index 8a6c98ee09..b7e3cad532 100644
--- a/django/template/library.py
+++ b/django/template/library.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import functools
 from importlib import import_module
 
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.html import conditional_escape
 from django.utils.inspect import getargspec
 from django.utils.itercompat import is_iterable
@@ -220,7 +219,7 @@ class InclusionNode(TagHelperNode):
                 t = self.filename
             elif isinstance(getattr(self.filename, 'template', None), Template):
                 t = self.filename.template
-            elif not isinstance(self.filename, six.string_types) and is_iterable(self.filename):
+            elif not isinstance(self.filename, str) and is_iterable(self.filename):
                 t = context.template.engine.select_template(self.filename)
             else:
                 t = context.template.engine.get_template(self.filename)
diff --git a/django/template/loader.py b/django/template/loader.py
index 17b278812b..fe598bc816 100644
--- a/django/template/loader.py
+++ b/django/template/loader.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from django.utils import six
-
 from . import engines
 from .exceptions import TemplateDoesNotExist
 
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ def select_template(template_name_list, using=None):
 
     Raises TemplateDoesNotExist if no such template exists.
     """
-    if isinstance(template_name_list, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(template_name_list, str):
         raise TypeError(
             'select_template() takes an iterable of template names but got a '
             'string: %r. Use get_template() if you want to load a single '
diff --git a/django/template/response.py b/django/template/response.py
index 95cb335ab4..e5c1fbfa66 100644
--- a/django/template/response.py
+++ b/django/template/response.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from django.http import HttpResponse
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .loader import get_template, select_template
 
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponse(HttpResponse):
         "Accepts a template object, path-to-template or list of paths"
         if isinstance(template, (list, tuple)):
             return select_template(template, using=self.using)
-        elif isinstance(template, six.string_types):
+        elif isinstance(template, str):
             return get_template(template, using=self.using)
         else:
             return template
diff --git a/django/templatetags/i18n.py b/django/templatetags/i18n.py
index 4a32e628c2..407ce87609 100644
--- a/django/templatetags/i18n.py
+++ b/django/templatetags/i18n.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class TranslateNode(Node):
         self.asvar = asvar
         self.message_context = message_context
         self.filter_expression = filter_expression
-        if isinstance(self.filter_expression.var, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.filter_expression.var, str):
             self.filter_expression.var = Variable("'%s'" %
                                                   self.filter_expression.var)
 
diff --git a/django/templatetags/tz.py b/django/templatetags/tz.py
index 4088ba7eb8..99d391e45d 100644
--- a/django/templatetags/tz.py
+++ b/django/templatetags/tz.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from datetime import datetime, tzinfo
 import pytz
 
 from django.template import Library, Node, TemplateSyntaxError
-from django.utils import six, timezone
+from django.utils import timezone
 
 register = Library()
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def do_timezone(value, arg):
     # Obtain a tzinfo instance
     if isinstance(arg, tzinfo):
         tz = arg
-    elif isinstance(arg, six.string_types):
+    elif isinstance(arg, str):
         try:
             tz = pytz.timezone(arg)
         except pytz.UnknownTimeZoneError:
diff --git a/django/test/client.py b/django/test/client.py
index 8134c17253..1c08ada1cf 100644
--- a/django/test/client.py
+++ b/django/test/client.py
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ def encode_multipart(boundary, data):
     for (key, value) in data.items():
         if is_file(value):
             lines.extend(encode_file(boundary, key, value))
-        elif not isinstance(value, six.string_types) and is_iterable(value):
+        elif not isinstance(value, str) and is_iterable(value):
             for item in value:
                 if is_file(item):
                     lines.extend(encode_file(boundary, key, item))
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ def encode_file(boundary, key, file):
 
     # file.name might not be a string. For example, it's an int for
     # tempfile.TemporaryFile().
-    file_has_string_name = hasattr(file, 'name') and isinstance(file.name, six.string_types)
+    file_has_string_name = hasattr(file, 'name') and isinstance(file.name, str)
     filename = os.path.basename(file.name) if file_has_string_name else ''
 
     if hasattr(file, 'content_type'):
diff --git a/django/test/html.py b/django/test/html.py
index fd78e6b713..d84b9770e1 100644
--- a/django/test/html.py
+++ b/django/test/html.py
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ Comparing two html documents.
 
 import re
 
-from django.utils import six
-from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.html_parser import HTMLParseError, HTMLParser
 
 WHITESPACE = re.compile(r'\s+')
@@ -22,11 +20,10 @@ class Element(object):
         self.children = []
 
     def append(self, element):
-        if isinstance(element, six.string_types):
-            element = force_text(element)
+        if isinstance(element, str):
             element = normalize_whitespace(element)
             if self.children:
-                if isinstance(self.children[-1], six.string_types):
+                if isinstance(self.children[-1], str):
                     self.children[-1] += element
                     self.children[-1] = normalize_whitespace(self.children[-1])
                     return
@@ -34,7 +31,7 @@ class Element(object):
             # removing last children if it is only whitespace
             # this can result in incorrect dom representations since
             # whitespace between inline tags like <span> is significant
-            if isinstance(self.children[-1], six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(self.children[-1], str):
                 if self.children[-1].isspace():
                     self.children.pop()
         if element:
@@ -43,7 +40,7 @@ class Element(object):
     def finalize(self):
         def rstrip_last_element(children):
             if children:
-                if isinstance(children[-1], six.string_types):
+                if isinstance(children[-1], str):
                     children[-1] = children[-1].rstrip()
                     if not children[-1]:
                         children.pop()
@@ -52,7 +49,7 @@ class Element(object):
 
         rstrip_last_element(self.children)
         for i, child in enumerate(self.children):
-            if isinstance(child, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(child, str):
                 self.children[i] = child.strip()
             elif hasattr(child, 'finalize'):
                 child.finalize()
@@ -88,7 +85,7 @@ class Element(object):
         return not self.__eq__(element)
 
     def _count(self, element, count=True):
-        if not isinstance(element, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(element, str):
             if self == element:
                 return 1
         if isinstance(element, RootElement):
@@ -98,8 +95,8 @@ class Element(object):
         for child in self.children:
             # child is text content and element is also text content, then
             # make a simple "text" in "text"
-            if isinstance(child, six.string_types):
-                if isinstance(element, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(child, str):
+                if isinstance(element, str):
                     if count:
                         i += child.count(element)
                     elif element in child:
@@ -128,14 +125,14 @@ class Element(object):
                 output += ' %s' % key
         if self.children:
             output += '>\n'
-            output += ''.join(six.text_type(c) for c in self.children)
+            output += ''.join(str(c) for c in self.children)
             output += '\n</%s>' % self.name
         else:
             output += ' />'
         return output
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return six.text_type(self)
+        return str(self)
 
 
 class RootElement(Element):
@@ -143,7 +140,7 @@ class RootElement(Element):
         super(RootElement, self).__init__(None, ())
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return ''.join(six.text_type(c) for c in self.children)
+        return ''.join(str(c) for c in self.children)
 
 
 class Parser(HTMLParser):
@@ -232,6 +229,6 @@ def parse_html(html):
     document.finalize()
     # Removing ROOT element if it's not necessary
     if len(document.children) == 1:
-        if not isinstance(document.children[0], six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(document.children[0], str):
             document = document.children[0]
     return document
diff --git a/django/test/testcases.py b/django/test/testcases.py
index 7e8cee5c0d..9d08940f5a 100644
--- a/django/test/testcases.py
+++ b/django/test/testcases.py
@@ -674,8 +674,7 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             standardMsg = '%s != %s' % (
                 safe_repr(dom1, True), safe_repr(dom2, True))
             diff = ('\n' + '\n'.join(difflib.ndiff(
-                six.text_type(dom1).splitlines(),
-                six.text_type(dom2).splitlines(),
+                str(dom1).splitlines(), str(dom2).splitlines(),
             )))
             standardMsg = self._truncateMessage(standardMsg, diff)
             self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
@@ -712,7 +711,7 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             data = json.loads(raw)
         except ValueError:
             self.fail("First argument is not valid JSON: %r" % raw)
-        if isinstance(expected_data, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(expected_data, str):
             try:
                 expected_data = json.loads(expected_data)
             except ValueError:
@@ -729,7 +728,7 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             data = json.loads(raw)
         except ValueError:
             self.fail("First argument is not valid JSON: %r" % raw)
-        if isinstance(expected_data, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(expected_data, str):
             try:
                 expected_data = json.loads(expected_data)
             except ValueError:
@@ -751,10 +750,7 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             if not result:
                 standardMsg = '%s != %s' % (safe_repr(xml1, True), safe_repr(xml2, True))
                 diff = ('\n' + '\n'.join(
-                    difflib.ndiff(
-                        six.text_type(xml1).splitlines(),
-                        six.text_type(xml2).splitlines(),
-                    )
+                    difflib.ndiff(xml1.splitlines(), xml2.splitlines())
                 ))
                 standardMsg = self._truncateMessage(standardMsg, diff)
                 self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
diff --git a/django/test/utils.py b/django/test/utils.py
index 5ed32dbab5..7395396fbb 100644
--- a/django/test/utils.py
+++ b/django/test/utils.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class ContextList(list):
     in a list of context objects.
     """
     def __getitem__(self, key):
-        if isinstance(key, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(key, str):
             for subcontext in self:
                 if key in subcontext:
                     return subcontext[key]
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ class modify_settings(override_settings):
                 value = list(getattr(settings, name, []))
             for action, items in operations.items():
                 # items my be a single value or an iterable.
-                if isinstance(items, six.string_types):
+                if isinstance(items, str):
                     items = [items]
                 if action == 'append':
                     value = value + [item for item in items if item not in value]
diff --git a/django/urls/base.py b/django/urls/base.py
index 8e30acb860..c09eeed8f6 100644
--- a/django/urls/base.py
+++ b/django/urls/base.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from threading import local
 
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text, iri_to_uri
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 from django.utils.six.moves.urllib.parse import urlsplit, urlunsplit
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ def reverse(viewname, urlconf=None, args=None, kwargs=None, current_app=None):
 
     prefix = get_script_prefix()
 
-    if not isinstance(viewname, six.string_types):
+    if not isinstance(viewname, str):
         view = viewname
     else:
         parts = viewname.split(':')
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ def reverse(viewname, urlconf=None, args=None, kwargs=None, current_app=None):
     return force_text(iri_to_uri(resolver._reverse_with_prefix(view, prefix, *args, **kwargs)))
 
 
-reverse_lazy = lazy(reverse, six.text_type)
+reverse_lazy = lazy(reverse, str)
 
 
 def clear_url_caches():
diff --git a/django/urls/resolvers.py b/django/urls/resolvers.py
index 4e8bded3db..cf2fe0ecec 100644
--- a/django/urls/resolvers.py
+++ b/django/urls/resolvers.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.checks import Warning
 from django.core.checks.urls import check_resolver
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
-from django.utils import lru_cache, six
+from django.utils import lru_cache
 from django.utils.datastructures import MultiValueDict
 from django.utils.encoding import force_str, force_text
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class LocaleRegexDescriptor(object):
         # As a performance optimization, if the given regex string is a regular
         # string (not a lazily-translated string proxy), compile it once and
         # avoid per-language compilation.
-        if isinstance(instance._regex, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(instance._regex, str):
             instance.__dict__['regex'] = self._compile(instance._regex)
             return instance.__dict__['regex']
         language_code = get_language()
@@ -103,8 +103,7 @@ class LocaleRegexDescriptor(object):
             return re.compile(regex, re.UNICODE)
         except re.error as e:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                '"%s" is not a valid regular expression: %s' %
-                (regex, six.text_type(e))
+                '"%s" is not a valid regular expression: %s' % (regex, e)
             )
 
 
@@ -388,7 +387,7 @@ class RegexURLResolver(LocaleRegexProvider):
 
     @cached_property
     def urlconf_module(self):
-        if isinstance(self.urlconf_name, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.urlconf_name, str):
             return import_module(self.urlconf_name)
         else:
             return self.urlconf_name
diff --git a/django/urls/utils.py b/django/urls/utils.py
index 8558b82bba..3cf5439e77 100644
--- a/django/urls/utils.py
+++ b/django/urls/utils.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from importlib import import_module
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ViewDoesNotExist
-from django.utils import lru_cache, six
+from django.utils import lru_cache
 from django.utils.module_loading import module_has_submodule
 
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def get_callable(lookup_view):
     if callable(lookup_view):
         return lookup_view
 
-    if not isinstance(lookup_view, six.string_types):
+    if not isinstance(lookup_view, str):
         raise ViewDoesNotExist("'%s' is not a callable or a dot-notation path" % lookup_view)
 
     mod_name, func_name = get_mod_func(lookup_view)
diff --git a/django/utils/archive.py b/django/utils/archive.py
index 57e87658a6..456145a520 100644
--- a/django/utils/archive.py
+++ b/django/utils/archive.py
@@ -27,8 +27,6 @@ import stat
 import tarfile
 import zipfile
 
-from django.utils import six
-
 
 class ArchiveException(Exception):
     """
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ class Archive(object):
     @staticmethod
     def _archive_cls(file):
         cls = None
-        if isinstance(file, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(file, str):
             filename = file
         else:
             try:
diff --git a/django/utils/dateformat.py b/django/utils/dateformat.py
index 861bf8f923..ded952df99 100644
--- a/django/utils/dateformat.py
+++ b/django/utils/dateformat.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import datetime
 import re
 import time
 
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.dates import (
     MONTHS, MONTHS_3, MONTHS_ALT, MONTHS_AP, WEEKDAYS, WEEKDAYS_ABBR,
 )
@@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ class TimeFormat(Formatter):
             pass
         if name is None:
             name = self.format('O')
-        return six.text_type(name)
+        return str(name)
 
     def u(self):
         "Microseconds; i.e. '000000' to '999999'"
@@ -350,7 +349,7 @@ class DateFormat(TimeFormat):
 
     def y(self):
         "Year, 2 digits; e.g. '99'"
-        return six.text_type(self.data.year)[2:]
+        return str(self.data.year)[2:]
 
     def Y(self):
         "Year, 4 digits; e.g. '1999'"
diff --git a/django/utils/encoding.py b/django/utils/encoding.py
index f0627f5d39..abd17526c6 100644
--- a/django/utils/encoding.py
+++ b/django/utils/encoding.py
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ def smart_text(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
     return force_text(s, encoding, strings_only, errors)
 
 
-_PROTECTED_TYPES = six.integer_types + (
-    type(None), float, Decimal, datetime.datetime, datetime.date, datetime.time
+_PROTECTED_TYPES = (
+    type(None), int, float, Decimal, datetime.datetime, datetime.date, datetime.time,
 )
 
 
@@ -58,18 +58,18 @@ def force_text(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
     If strings_only is True, don't convert (some) non-string-like objects.
     """
     # Handle the common case first for performance reasons.
-    if issubclass(type(s), six.text_type):
+    if issubclass(type(s), str):
         return s
     if strings_only and is_protected_type(s):
         return s
     try:
-        if not issubclass(type(s), six.string_types):
+        if not issubclass(type(s), str):
             if isinstance(s, bytes):
-                s = six.text_type(s, encoding, errors)
+                s = str(s, encoding, errors)
             else:
-                s = six.text_type(s)
+                s = str(s)
         else:
-            # Note: We use .decode() here, instead of six.text_type(s, encoding,
+            # Note: We use .decode() here, instead of str(s, encoding,
             # errors), so that if s is a SafeBytes, it ends up being a
             # SafeText at the end.
             s = s.decode(encoding, errors)
@@ -114,13 +114,13 @@ def force_bytes(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
             return s.decode('utf-8', errors).encode(encoding, errors)
     if strings_only and is_protected_type(s):
         return s
-    if isinstance(s, six.memoryview):
+    if isinstance(s, memoryview):
         return bytes(s)
     if isinstance(s, Promise):
-        return six.text_type(s).encode(encoding, errors)
-    if not isinstance(s, six.string_types):
+        return str(s).encode(encoding, errors)
+    if not isinstance(s, str):
         try:
-            return six.text_type(s).encode(encoding)
+            return str(s).encode(encoding)
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             if isinstance(s, Exception):
                 # An Exception subclass containing non-ASCII data that doesn't
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ def force_bytes(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
                 # further exception.
                 return b' '.join(force_bytes(arg, encoding, strings_only, errors)
                                  for arg in s)
-            return six.text_type(s).encode(encoding, errors)
+            return str(s).encode(encoding, errors)
     else:
         return s.encode(encoding, errors)
 
diff --git a/django/utils/formats.py b/django/utils/formats.py
index e381c1fbca..894003b4fa 100644
--- a/django/utils/formats.py
+++ b/django/utils/formats.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import unicodedata
 from importlib import import_module
 
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.utils import dateformat, datetime_safe, numberformat, six
+from django.utils import dateformat, datetime_safe, numberformat
 from django.utils.encoding import force_str
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def iter_format_modules(lang, format_module_path=None):
 
     format_locations = []
     if format_module_path:
-        if isinstance(format_module_path, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(format_module_path, str):
             format_module_path = [format_module_path]
         for path in format_module_path:
             format_locations.append(path + '.%s')
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ def get_format(format_type, lang=None, use_l10n=None):
     return val
 
 
-get_format_lazy = lazy(get_format, six.text_type, list, tuple)
+get_format_lazy = lazy(get_format, str, list, tuple)
 
 
 def date_format(value, format=None, use_l10n=None):
@@ -201,11 +201,11 @@ def localize(value, use_l10n=None):
     If use_l10n is provided and is not None, that will force the value to
     be localized (or not), overriding the value of settings.USE_L10N.
     """
-    if isinstance(value, six.string_types):  # Handle strings first for performance reasons.
+    if isinstance(value, str):  # Handle strings first for performance reasons.
         return value
     elif isinstance(value, bool):  # Make sure booleans don't get treated as numbers
-        return mark_safe(six.text_type(value))
-    elif isinstance(value, (decimal.Decimal, float) + six.integer_types):
+        return mark_safe(str(value))
+    elif isinstance(value, (decimal.Decimal, float, int)):
         return number_format(value, use_l10n=use_l10n)
     elif isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
         return date_format(value, 'DATETIME_FORMAT', use_l10n=use_l10n)
@@ -221,11 +221,11 @@ def localize_input(value, default=None):
     Checks if an input value is a localizable type and returns it
     formatted with the appropriate formatting string of the current locale.
     """
-    if isinstance(value, six.string_types):  # Handle strings first for performance reasons.
+    if isinstance(value, str):  # Handle strings first for performance reasons.
         return value
     elif isinstance(value, bool):  # Don't treat booleans as numbers.
-        return six.text_type(value)
-    elif isinstance(value, (decimal.Decimal, float) + six.integer_types):
+        return str(value)
+    elif isinstance(value, (decimal.Decimal, float, int)):
         return number_format(value)
     elif isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
         value = datetime_safe.new_datetime(value)
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def sanitize_separators(value):
     Sanitizes a value according to the current decimal and
     thousand separator setting. Used with form field input.
     """
-    if settings.USE_L10N and isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+    if settings.USE_L10N and isinstance(value, str):
         parts = []
         decimal_separator = get_format('DECIMAL_SEPARATOR')
         if decimal_separator in value:
diff --git a/django/utils/functional.py b/django/utils/functional.py
index 933085391d..3e35582cbf 100644
--- a/django/utils/functional.py
+++ b/django/utils/functional.py
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def lazy(func, *resultclasses):
                         meth = cls.__promise__(method_name)
                         setattr(cls, method_name, meth)
             cls._delegate_bytes = bytes in resultclasses
-            cls._delegate_text = six.text_type in resultclasses
+            cls._delegate_text = str in resultclasses
             assert not (cls._delegate_bytes and cls._delegate_text), (
                 "Cannot call lazy() with both bytes and text return types.")
             if cls._delegate_text:
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ def lazy(func, *resultclasses):
 
         def __mod__(self, rhs):
             if self._delegate_text:
-                return six.text_type(self) % rhs
+                return str(self) % rhs
             return self.__cast() % rhs
 
         def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ def lazystr(text):
     Shortcut for the common case of a lazy callable that returns str.
     """
     from django.utils.encoding import force_text  # Avoid circular import
-    return lazy(force_text, six.text_type)(text)
+    return lazy(force_text, str)(text)
 
 
 def keep_lazy(*resultclasses):
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ def keep_lazy_text(func):
     """
     A decorator for functions that accept lazy arguments and return text.
     """
-    return keep_lazy(six.text_type)(func)
+    return keep_lazy(str)(func)
 
 
 empty = object()
diff --git a/django/utils/html.py b/django/utils/html.py
index 36b5d53283..430350fed6 100644
--- a/django/utils/html.py
+++ b/django/utils/html.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ simple_url_2_re = re.compile(r'^www\.|^(?!http)\w[^@]+\.(com|edu|gov|int|mil|net
 simple_email_re = re.compile(r'^\S+@\S+\.\S+$')
 
 
-@keep_lazy(six.text_type, SafeText)
+@keep_lazy(str, SafeText)
 def escape(text):
     """
     Returns the given text with ampersands, quotes and angle brackets encoded
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ _js_escapes = {
 _js_escapes.update((ord('%c' % z), '\\u%04X' % z) for z in range(32))
 
 
-@keep_lazy(six.text_type, SafeText)
+@keep_lazy(str, SafeText)
 def escapejs(value):
     """Hex encodes characters for use in JavaScript strings."""
     return mark_safe(force_text(value).translate(_js_escapes))
diff --git a/django/utils/numberformat.py b/django/utils/numberformat.py
index d4c9ad74a5..1931015e7b 100644
--- a/django/utils/numberformat.py
+++ b/django/utils/numberformat.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from decimal import Decimal
 
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 
 
@@ -24,13 +23,13 @@ def format(number, decimal_sep, decimal_pos=None, grouping=0, thousand_sep='',
     use_grouping = use_grouping and grouping != 0
     # Make the common case fast
     if isinstance(number, int) and not use_grouping and not decimal_pos:
-        return mark_safe(six.text_type(number))
+        return mark_safe(str(number))
     # sign
     sign = ''
     if isinstance(number, Decimal):
         str_number = '{:f}'.format(number)
     else:
-        str_number = six.text_type(number)
+        str_number = str(number)
     if str_number[0] == '-':
         sign = '-'
         str_number = str_number[1:]
diff --git a/django/utils/regex_helper.py b/django/utils/regex_helper.py
index 41f2459491..bc4a09b359 100644
--- a/django/utils/regex_helper.py
+++ b/django/utils/regex_helper.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ should be good enough for a large class of URLS, however.
 """
 import warnings
 
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango21Warning
 from django.utils.six.moves import zip
 
@@ -318,7 +317,7 @@ def flatten_result(source):
     result_args = [[]]
     pos = last = 0
     for pos, elt in enumerate(source):
-        if isinstance(elt, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(elt, str):
             continue
         piece = ''.join(source[last:pos])
         if isinstance(elt, Group):
diff --git a/django/utils/safestring.py b/django/utils/safestring.py
index 3f4b3d48fd..609f8f45ac 100644
--- a/django/utils/safestring.py
+++ b/django/utils/safestring.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ that the producer of the string has already turned characters that should not
 be interpreted by the HTML engine (e.g. '<') into the appropriate entities.
 """
 
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.functional import Promise, curry, wraps
 
 
@@ -52,10 +51,10 @@ class SafeBytes(bytes, SafeData):
     decode = curry(_proxy_method, method=bytes.decode)
 
 
-class SafeText(six.text_type, SafeData):
+class SafeText(str, SafeData):
     """
-    A unicode (Python 2) / str (Python 3) subclass that has been specifically
-    marked as "safe" for HTML output purposes.
+    A str subclass that has been specifically marked as "safe" for HTML output
+    purposes.
     """
     def __add__(self, rhs):
         """
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ class SafeText(six.text_type, SafeData):
         else:
             return SafeText(data)
 
-    encode = curry(_proxy_method, method=six.text_type.encode)
+    encode = curry(_proxy_method, method=str.encode)
 
 
 SafeString = SafeText
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ def mark_safe(s):
         return s
     if isinstance(s, bytes) or (isinstance(s, Promise) and s._delegate_bytes):
         return SafeBytes(s)
-    if isinstance(s, (six.text_type, Promise)):
+    if isinstance(s, (str, Promise)):
         return SafeText(s)
     if callable(s):
         return _safety_decorator(mark_safe, s)
diff --git a/django/utils/text.py b/django/utils/text.py
index fc8677cf4e..15a9b6160a 100644
--- a/django/utils/text.py
+++ b/django/utils/text.py
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ def unescape_string_literal(s):
     return s[1:-1].replace(r'\%s' % quote, quote).replace(r'\\', '\\')
 
 
-@keep_lazy(six.text_type, SafeText)
+@keep_lazy(str, SafeText)
 def slugify(value, allow_unicode=False):
     """
     Convert to ASCII if 'allow_unicode' is False. Convert spaces to hyphens.
@@ -441,4 +441,4 @@ def _format_lazy(format_string, *args, **kwargs):
     return format_string.format(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
-format_lazy = lazy(_format_lazy, six.text_type)
+format_lazy = lazy(_format_lazy, str)
diff --git a/django/utils/timezone.py b/django/utils/timezone.py
index 090750793a..992e80086a 100644
--- a/django/utils/timezone.py
+++ b/django/utils/timezone.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from threading import local
 import pytz
 
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.utils import lru_cache, six
+from django.utils import lru_cache
 from django.utils.decorators import ContextDecorator
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ def activate(timezone):
     """
     if isinstance(timezone, tzinfo):
         _active.value = timezone
-    elif isinstance(timezone, six.string_types):
+    elif isinstance(timezone, str):
         _active.value = pytz.timezone(timezone)
     else:
         raise ValueError("Invalid timezone: %r" % timezone)
diff --git a/django/utils/translation/__init__.py b/django/utils/translation/__init__.py
index fd02fa16a3..345015d994 100644
--- a/django/utils/translation/__init__.py
+++ b/django/utils/translation/__init__.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ Internationalization support.
 import re
 import warnings
 
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.decorators import ContextDecorator
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango21Warning
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
@@ -100,12 +99,12 @@ def npgettext(context, singular, plural, number):
 
 
 gettext_lazy = lazy(gettext, str)
-ugettext_lazy = lazy(ugettext, six.text_type)
-pgettext_lazy = lazy(pgettext, six.text_type)
+ugettext_lazy = lazy(ugettext, str)
+pgettext_lazy = lazy(pgettext, str)
 
 
 def lazy_number(func, resultclass, number=None, **kwargs):
-    if isinstance(number, six.integer_types):
+    if isinstance(number, int):
         kwargs['number'] = number
         proxy = lazy(func, resultclass)(**kwargs)
     else:
@@ -153,11 +152,11 @@ def ngettext_lazy(singular, plural, number=None):
 
 
 def ungettext_lazy(singular, plural, number=None):
-    return lazy_number(ungettext, six.text_type, singular=singular, plural=plural, number=number)
+    return lazy_number(ungettext, str, singular=singular, plural=plural, number=number)
 
 
 def npgettext_lazy(context, singular, plural, number=None):
-    return lazy_number(npgettext, six.text_type, context=context, singular=singular, plural=plural, number=number)
+    return lazy_number(npgettext, str, context=context, singular=singular, plural=plural, number=number)
 
 
 def activate(language):
@@ -234,7 +233,7 @@ def _string_concat(*strings):
     return ''.join(force_text(s) for s in strings)
 
 
-string_concat = lazy(_string_concat, six.text_type)
+string_concat = lazy(_string_concat, str)
 
 
 def get_language_info(lang_code):
diff --git a/django/views/debug.py b/django/views/debug.py
index 2390995b56..de8c4319bf 100644
--- a/django/views/debug.py
+++ b/django/views/debug.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotFound
 from django.template import Context, Engine, TemplateDoesNotExist
 from django.template.defaultfilters import force_escape, pprint
 from django.urls import Resolver404, resolve
-from django.utils import lru_cache, six, timezone
+from django.utils import lru_cache, timezone
 from django.utils.datastructures import MultiValueDict
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_text
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class ExceptionReporter(object):
         self.postmortem = None
 
         # Handle deprecated string exceptions
-        if isinstance(self.exc_type, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(self.exc_type, str):
             self.exc_value = Exception('Deprecated String Exception: %r' % self.exc_type)
             self.exc_type = type(self.exc_value)
 
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class ExceptionReporter(object):
                 for k, v in frame['vars']:
                     v = pprint(v)
                     # The force_escape filter assume unicode, make sure that works
-                    if isinstance(v, six.binary_type):
+                    if isinstance(v, bytes):
                         v = v.decode('utf-8', 'replace')  # don't choke on non-utf-8 input
                     # Trim large blobs of data
                     if len(v) > 4096:
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class ExceptionReporter(object):
         # If we just read the source from a file, or if the loader did not
         # apply tokenize.detect_encoding to decode the source into a Unicode
         # string, then we should do that ourselves.
-        if isinstance(source[0], six.binary_type):
+        if isinstance(source[0], bytes):
             encoding = 'ascii'
             for line in source[:2]:
                 # File coding may be specified. Match pattern from PEP-263
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ class ExceptionReporter(object):
                 if match:
                     encoding = match.group(1).decode('ascii')
                     break
-            source = [six.text_type(sline, encoding, 'replace') for sline in source]
+            source = [str(sline, encoding, 'replace') for sline in source]
 
         lower_bound = max(0, lineno - context_lines)
         upper_bound = lineno + context_lines
diff --git a/django/views/defaults.py b/django/views/defaults.py
index 348837ed99..12218e8048 100644
--- a/django/views/defaults.py
+++ b/django/views/defaults.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from django import http
 from django.template import Context, Engine, TemplateDoesNotExist, loader
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.views.decorators.csrf import requires_csrf_token
 
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ def page_not_found(request, exception, template_name=ERROR_404_TEMPLATE_NAME):
     except (AttributeError, IndexError):
         pass
     else:
-        if isinstance(message, six.text_type):
+        if isinstance(message, str):
             exception_repr = message
     context = {
         'request_path': request.path,
diff --git a/django/views/generic/list.py b/django/views/generic/list.py
index 951c11f5a5..e37f4f1ac0 100644
--- a/django/views/generic/list.py
+++ b/django/views/generic/list.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.core.paginator import InvalidPage, Paginator
 from django.db.models.query import QuerySet
 from django.http import Http404
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _
 from django.views.generic.base import ContextMixin, TemplateResponseMixin, View
 
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ class MultipleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
             )
         ordering = self.get_ordering()
         if ordering:
-            if isinstance(ordering, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(ordering, str):
                 ordering = (ordering,)
             queryset = queryset.order_by(*ordering)
 
diff --git a/django/views/i18n.py b/django/views/i18n.py
index ba8fce67e7..1fc5461b1c 100644
--- a/django/views/i18n.py
+++ b/django/views/i18n.py
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def get_formats():
         result[attr] = get_format(attr)
     formats = {}
     for k, v in result.items():
-        if isinstance(v, (six.string_types, int)):
+        if isinstance(v, (int, str)):
             formats[k] = force_text(v)
         elif isinstance(v, (tuple, list)):
             formats[k] = [force_text(value) for value in v]
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ class JavaScriptCatalog(View):
         for key, value in itertools.chain(six.iteritems(trans_cat), six.iteritems(trans_fallback_cat)):
             if key == '' or key in catalog:
                 continue
-            if isinstance(key, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(key, str):
                 catalog[key] = value
             elif isinstance(key, tuple):
                 msgid = key[0]
diff --git a/tests/admin_changelist/tests.py b/tests/admin_changelist/tests.py
index 48e7460314..33bf85a9ff 100644
--- a/tests/admin_changelist/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_changelist/tests.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from django.template import Context, Template
 from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.client import RequestFactory
 from django.urls import reverse
-from django.utils import formats, six
+from django.utils import formats
 
 from .admin import (
     BandAdmin, ChildAdmin, ChordsBandAdmin, ConcertAdmin,
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         event = Event.objects.create(date=datetime.date.today())
         response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_changelist_event_changelist'))
         self.assertContains(response, formats.localize(event.date))
-        self.assertNotContains(response, six.text_type(event.date))
+        self.assertNotContains(response, str(event.date))
 
     def test_dynamic_list_display(self):
         """
@@ -581,9 +581,9 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/swallow/', superuser)
         response = model_admin.changelist_view(request)
         # just want to ensure it doesn't blow up during rendering
-        self.assertContains(response, six.text_type(swallow.origin))
-        self.assertContains(response, six.text_type(swallow.load))
-        self.assertContains(response, six.text_type(swallow.speed))
+        self.assertContains(response, str(swallow.origin))
+        self.assertContains(response, str(swallow.load))
+        self.assertContains(response, str(swallow.speed))
         # Reverse one-to-one relations should work.
         self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-swallowonetoone">-</td>')
         self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-swallowonetoone">%s</td>' % swallow_o2o)
diff --git a/tests/admin_utils/models.py b/tests/admin_utils/models.py
index 1af2f09411..cf90421e9a 100644
--- a/tests/admin_utils/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_utils/models.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from django.db import models
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
 
 
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ class Count(models.Model):
     parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return six.text_type(self.num)
+        return str(self.num)
 
 
 class Event(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/admin_utils/test_logentry.py b/tests/admin_utils/test_logentry.py
index 89b25f462b..c2eee96f48 100644
--- a/tests/admin_utils/test_logentry.py
+++ b/tests/admin_utils/test_logentry.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
 from django.urls import reverse
-from django.utils import six, translation
+from django.utils import translation
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
 from django.utils.html import escape
 
@@ -164,17 +164,17 @@ class LogEntryTests(TestCase):
         log_entry = LogEntry()
 
         log_entry.action_flag = ADDITION
-        self.assertTrue(six.text_type(log_entry).startswith('Added '))
+        self.assertTrue(str(log_entry).startswith('Added '))
 
         log_entry.action_flag = CHANGE
-        self.assertTrue(six.text_type(log_entry).startswith('Changed '))
+        self.assertTrue(str(log_entry).startswith('Changed '))
 
         log_entry.action_flag = DELETION
-        self.assertTrue(six.text_type(log_entry).startswith('Deleted '))
+        self.assertTrue(str(log_entry).startswith('Deleted '))
 
         # Make sure custom action_flags works
         log_entry.action_flag = 4
-        self.assertEqual(six.text_type(log_entry), 'LogEntry Object')
+        self.assertEqual(str(log_entry), 'LogEntry Object')
 
     def test_log_action(self):
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Article).pk
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/tests.py b/tests/admin_views/tests.py
index 2353a9ee7a..fb404e5fd2 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/tests.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from django.test import (
 )
 from django.test.utils import override_script_prefix, patch_logger
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, resolve, reverse
-from django.utils import formats, six, translation
+from django.utils import formats, translation
 from django.utils._os import upath
 from django.utils.cache import get_max_age
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango21Warning
@@ -3759,7 +3759,7 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(ShortMessage.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name. The ugly(!)
-        # instance representation is set by six.text_type()
+        # instance representation is set by __str__().
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The short message "<a href="%s">'
@@ -3806,7 +3806,7 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(Paper.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name. The ugly(!)
-        # instance representation is set by six.text_type()
+        # instance representation is set by __str__().
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The paper "<a href="%s">'
@@ -3863,8 +3863,8 @@ class AdminInlineFileUploadTest(TestCase):
             "pictures-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
             "pictures-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
             "pictures-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-            "pictures-0-id": six.text_type(self.picture.id),
-            "pictures-0-gallery": six.text_type(self.gallery.id),
+            "pictures-0-id": str(self.picture.id),
+            "pictures-0-gallery": str(self.gallery.id),
             "pictures-0-name": "Test Picture",
             "pictures-0-image": "",
             "pictures-1-id": "",
diff --git a/tests/admin_widgets/tests.py b/tests/admin_widgets/tests.py
index 8eadab07d5..ae8443565d 100644
--- a/tests/admin_widgets/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_widgets/tests.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile
 from django.db.models import CharField, DateField, DateTimeField
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings
 from django.urls import reverse
-from django.utils import six, translation
+from django.utils import translation
 
 from .models import (
     Advisor, Album, Band, Bee, Car, Company, Event, Honeycomb, Individual,
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class AdminFormfieldForDBFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         ma = AdvisorAdmin(Advisor, admin.site)
         f = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(Advisor._meta.get_field('companies'), request=None)
         self.assertEqual(
-            six.text_type(f.help_text),
+            f.help_text,
             'Hold down "Control", or "Command" on a Mac, to select more than one.'
         )
 
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_management.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_management.py
index ac57bbd511..9335b75dba 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_management.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_management.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class GetDefaultUsernameTestCase(TestCase):
         management.get_system_username = self.old_get_system_username
 
     def test_actual_implementation(self):
-        self.assertIsInstance(management.get_system_username(), six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(management.get_system_username(), str)
 
     def test_simple(self):
         management.get_system_username = lambda: 'joe'
diff --git a/tests/backends/tests.py b/tests/backends/tests.py
index 7a102b040a..a7939ed8be 100644
--- a/tests/backends/tests.py
+++ b/tests/backends/tests.py
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ from django.test import (
     SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase, mock, override_settings,
     skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.six.moves import range
 
 from .models import (
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ class OracleTests(unittest.TestCase):
         # than 4000 chars and read it properly
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute('CREATE TABLE ltext ("TEXT" NCLOB)')
-            long_str = ''.join(six.text_type(x) for x in range(4000))
+            long_str = ''.join(str(x) for x in range(4000))
             cursor.execute('INSERT INTO ltext VALUES (%s)', [long_str])
             cursor.execute('SELECT text FROM ltext')
             row = cursor.fetchone()
@@ -419,7 +418,7 @@ class LastExecutedQueryTest(TestCase):
         sql, params = data.query.sql_with_params()
         cursor = data.query.get_compiler('default').execute_sql(CURSOR)
         last_sql = cursor.db.ops.last_executed_query(cursor, sql, params)
-        self.assertIsInstance(last_sql, six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(last_sql, str)
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite',
                          "This test is specific to SQLite.")
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_models.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_models.py
index bb0f8c890f..4c16e0b4aa 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_models.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_models.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.contrib.contenttypes.views import shortcut
 from django.contrib.sites.shortcuts import get_current_site
 from django.http import Http404, HttpRequest
 from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import (
     ConcreteModel, FooWithBrokenAbsoluteUrl, FooWithoutUrl, FooWithUrl,
@@ -242,7 +241,7 @@ class ContentTypesTests(TestCase):
             app_label='contenttypes',
             model='OldModel',
         )
-        self.assertEqual(six.text_type(ct), 'OldModel')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ct), 'OldModel')
         self.assertIsNone(ct.model_class())
 
         # Make sure stale ContentTypes can be fetched like any other object.
diff --git a/tests/csrf_tests/tests.py b/tests/csrf_tests/tests.py
index 33f30a8353..49247b7af8 100644
--- a/tests/csrf_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/csrf_tests/tests.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from django.middleware.csrf import (
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import patch_logger
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
-from django.utils.six import text_type
 from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt, requires_csrf_token
 
 from .views import (
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(object):
         return req
 
     def _check_token_present(self, response, csrf_id=None):
-        text = text_type(response.content, response.charset)
+        text = str(response.content, response.charset)
         match = re.search("name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='(.*?)'", text)
         csrf_token = csrf_id or self._csrf_id
         self.assertTrue(
diff --git a/tests/custom_columns/tests.py b/tests/custom_columns/tests.py
index 04aca12914..2d7044b8de 100644
--- a/tests/custom_columns/tests.py
+++ b/tests/custom_columns/tests.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.test import TestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import Article, Author
 
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ class CustomColumnsTests(TestCase):
             Author.objects.all(), [
                 "Peter Jones", "John Smith",
             ],
-            six.text_type
+            str
         )
 
     def test_get_first_name(self):
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class CustomColumnsTests(TestCase):
             Author.objects.filter(first_name__exact="John"), [
                 "John Smith",
             ],
-            six.text_type
+            str
         )
 
     def test_field_error(self):
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ class CustomColumnsTests(TestCase):
                 "Peter Jones",
                 "John Smith",
             ],
-            six.text_type
+            str
         )
 
     def test_get_all_articles_for_an_author(self):
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ class CustomColumnsTests(TestCase):
             self.article.authors.filter(last_name='Jones'), [
                 "Peter Jones"
             ],
-            six.text_type
+            str
         )
 
     def test_author_querying(self):
diff --git a/tests/custom_managers/tests.py b/tests/custom_managers/tests.py
index 1bfaf52766..54f3b58a79 100644
--- a/tests/custom_managers/tests.py
+++ b/tests/custom_managers/tests.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from django.db import models
 from django.test import TestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import (
     Book, Car, CustomManager, CustomQuerySet, DeconstructibleCustomManager,
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
             Person.objects.get_fun_people(), [
                 "Bugs Bunny"
             ],
-            six.text_type
+            str
         )
 
     def test_queryset_copied_to_default(self):
@@ -67,12 +66,12 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         for manager_name in self.custom_manager_names:
             manager = getattr(Person, manager_name)
             queryset = manager.filter()
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(queryset, ["Bugs Bunny"], six.text_type)
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(queryset, ["Bugs Bunny"], str)
             self.assertIs(queryset._filter_CustomQuerySet, True)
 
             # Specialized querysets inherit from our custom queryset.
             queryset = manager.values_list('first_name', flat=True).filter()
-            self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [six.text_type("Bugs")])
+            self.assertEqual(list(queryset), ["Bugs"])
             self.assertIs(queryset._filter_CustomQuerySet, True)
 
             self.assertIsInstance(queryset.values(), CustomQuerySet)
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         Queryset method doesn't override the custom manager method.
         """
         queryset = Person.custom_queryset_custom_manager.filter()
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(queryset, ["Bugs Bunny"], six.text_type)
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(queryset, ["Bugs Bunny"], str)
         self.assertIs(queryset._filter_CustomManager, True)
 
     def test_related_manager(self):
diff --git a/tests/custom_pk/fields.py b/tests/custom_pk/fields.py
index eb63f66679..fa61a72a0d 100644
--- a/tests/custom_pk/fields.py
+++ b/tests/custom_pk/fields.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import random
 import string
 
 from django.db import models
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class MyWrapper(object):
@@ -50,12 +49,12 @@ class MyAutoField(models.CharField):
         if not value:
             return
         if isinstance(value, MyWrapper):
-            return six.text_type(value)
+            return str(value)
         return value
 
     def get_db_prep_value(self, value, connection, prepared=False):
         if not value:
             return
         if isinstance(value, MyWrapper):
-            return six.text_type(value)
+            return str(value)
         return value
diff --git a/tests/custom_pk/tests.py b/tests/custom_pk/tests.py
index 01150a46d2..7c89b6d120 100644
--- a/tests/custom_pk/tests.py
+++ b/tests/custom_pk/tests.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from django.db import IntegrityError, transaction
 from django.test import TestCase, skipIfDBFeature
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import Bar, Business, Employee, Foo
 
@@ -25,14 +24,14 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
             Employee.objects.filter(pk=123), [
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
-            six.text_type
+            str
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Employee.objects.filter(employee_code=123), [
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
-            six.text_type
+            str
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
                 "Fran Bones",
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
-            six.text_type
+            str
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
                 "Fran Bones",
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
-            six.text_type
+            str
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
                 "Fran Bones",
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
-            six.text_type
+            str
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             self.fran.business_set.all(), [
@@ -91,14 +90,14 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
                 "Fran Bones",
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
-            six.text_type,
+            str,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Employee.objects.filter(business__pk="Sears"), [
                 "Fran Bones",
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
-            six.text_type,
+            str,
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
                 "Dan Jones",
                 "Fran Jones",
             ],
-            six.text_type
+            str
         )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/datatypes/tests.py b/tests/datatypes/tests.py
index b6899c7609..5c3dffa457 100644
--- a/tests/datatypes/tests.py
+++ b/tests/datatypes/tests.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import datetime
 
 from django.test import TestCase, skipIfDBFeature
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from .models import Donut, RumBaba
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ class DataTypesTestCase(TestCase):
         database should be unicode."""
         d = Donut.objects.create(name='Jelly Donut', review='Outstanding')
         newd = Donut.objects.get(id=d.id)
-        self.assertIsInstance(newd.review, six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(newd.review, str)
 
     @skipIfDBFeature('supports_timezones')
     def test_error_on_timezone(self):
diff --git a/tests/expressions/tests.py b/tests/expressions/tests.py
index d3eabb6dbb..0a41494217 100644
--- a/tests/expressions/tests.py
+++ b/tests/expressions/tests.py
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ from django.db.models.sql import constants
 from django.db.models.sql.datastructures import Join
 from django.test import TestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import Approximate
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import (
     UUID, Company, Employee, Experiment, Number, Result, SimulationRun, Time,
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
                 "Frank Meyer",
                 "Max Mustermann",
             ],
-            lambda c: six.text_type(c.point_of_contact),
+            lambda c: str(c.point_of_contact),
             ordered=False
         )
 
diff --git a/tests/expressions_case/tests.py b/tests/expressions_case/tests.py
index 414c4353a5..a662ffbc3b 100644
--- a/tests/expressions_case/tests.py
+++ b/tests/expressions_case/tests.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from django.db import connection, models
 from django.db.models import F, Max, Min, Q, Sum, Value
 from django.db.models.expressions import Case, When
 from django.test import TestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import CaseTestModel, Client, FKCaseTestModel, O2OCaseTestModel
 
@@ -648,7 +647,7 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
             [(1, b'one'), (2, b'two'), (3, b''), (2, b'two'), (3, b''), (3, b''), (4, b'')],
-            transform=lambda o: (o.integer, six.binary_type(o.binary))
+            transform=lambda o: (o.integer, bytes(o.binary))
         )
 
     def test_update_boolean(self):
@@ -757,7 +756,7 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
             [(1, '~/1'), (2, '~/2'), (3, ''), (2, '~/2'), (3, ''), (3, ''), (4, '')],
-            transform=lambda o: (o.integer, six.text_type(o.file))
+            transform=lambda o: (o.integer, str(o.file))
         )
 
     def test_update_file_path(self):
@@ -798,7 +797,7 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
             [(1, '~/1'), (2, '~/2'), (3, ''), (2, '~/2'), (3, ''), (3, ''), (4, '')],
-            transform=lambda o: (o.integer, six.text_type(o.image))
+            transform=lambda o: (o.integer, str(o.image))
         )
 
     def test_update_generic_ip_address(self):
diff --git a/tests/field_deconstruction/tests.py b/tests/field_deconstruction/tests.py
index bb16f4d76e..7b816b8bf0 100644
--- a/tests/field_deconstruction/tests.py
+++ b/tests/field_deconstruction/tests.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.apps import apps
 from django.db import models
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import isolate_lru_cache
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -21,7 +20,6 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         field.set_attributes_from_name("is_awesome_test")
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(name, "is_awesome_test")
-        self.assertIsInstance(name, six.text_type)
         # Now try with a ForeignKey
         field = models.ForeignKey("some_fake.ModelName", models.CASCADE)
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
diff --git a/tests/field_defaults/tests.py b/tests/field_defaults/tests.py
index 031fd75fe3..19b05aa537 100644
--- a/tests/field_defaults/tests.py
+++ b/tests/field_defaults/tests.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.test import TestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import Article
 
@@ -12,6 +11,6 @@ class DefaultTests(TestCase):
         now = datetime.now()
         a.save()
 
-        self.assertIsInstance(a.id, six.integer_types)
+        self.assertIsInstance(a.id, int)
         self.assertEqual(a.headline, "Default headline")
         self.assertLess((now - a.pub_date).seconds, 5)
diff --git a/tests/file_uploads/views.py b/tests/file_uploads/views.py
index bba71b87c2..c4166087ac 100644
--- a/tests/file_uploads/views.py
+++ b/tests/file_uploads/views.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import os
 
 from django.core.files.uploadedfile import UploadedFile
 from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseServerError
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_str
 
 from .models import FileModel
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ def file_upload_view(request):
     """
     form_data = request.POST.copy()
     form_data.update(request.FILES)
-    if isinstance(form_data.get('file_field'), UploadedFile) and isinstance(form_data['name'], six.text_type):
+    if isinstance(form_data.get('file_field'), UploadedFile) and isinstance(form_data['name'], str):
         # If a file is posted, the dummy client should only post the file name,
         # not the full path.
         if os.path.dirname(form_data['file_field'].name) != '':
diff --git a/tests/files/tests.py b/tests/files/tests.py
index a0ff3d4782..50db4b7436 100644
--- a/tests/files/tests.py
+++ b/tests/files/tests.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from django.core.files.move import file_move_safe
 from django.core.files.temp import NamedTemporaryFile
 from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile, UploadedFile
 from django.test import mock
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils._os import upath
 
 try:
@@ -177,11 +176,11 @@ class ContentFileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_content_file_input_type(self):
         """
-        ContentFile can accept both bytes and unicode and that the
-        retrieved content is of the same type.
+        ContentFile can accept both bytes and strings and the retrieved content
+        is of the same type.
         """
         self.assertIsInstance(ContentFile(b"content").read(), bytes)
-        self.assertIsInstance(ContentFile("español").read(), six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(ContentFile("español").read(), str)
 
 
 class DimensionClosingBug(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/tests/fixtures_regress/models.py b/tests/fixtures_regress/models.py
index a631fa44d1..d76642ac97 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/fixtures_regress/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.db import models
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class Animal(models.Model):
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ class Stuff(models.Model):
     owner = models.ForeignKey(User, models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return six.text_type(self.name) + ' is owned by ' + six.text_type(self.owner)
+        return self.name + ' is owned by ' + str(self.owner)
 
 
 class Absolute(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_filepathfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_filepathfield.py
index 07ebe67f06..71164b5b7a 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_filepathfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_filepathfield.py
@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@ import os.path
 
 from django.forms import FilePathField, ValidationError, forms
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils._os import upath
 
 
 def fix_os_paths(x):
-    if isinstance(x, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(x, str):
         return x.replace('\\', '/')
     elif isinstance(x, tuple):
         return tuple(fix_os_paths(list(x)))
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_typedchoicefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_typedchoicefield.py
index c08a8bb611..bf0fdb4d47 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_typedchoicefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_typedchoicefield.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import decimal
 
 from django.forms import TypedChoiceField, ValidationError
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class TypedChoiceFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ class TypedChoiceFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertFalse(f.has_changed('1', '1'))
 
         f = TypedChoiceField(
-            choices=[('', '---------'), ('a', "a"), ('b', "b")], coerce=six.text_type,
+            choices=[('', '---------'), ('a', "a"), ('b', "b")], coerce=str,
             required=False, initial=None, empty_value=None,
         )
         self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, ''))
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_utils.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_utils.py
index f06b60a620..f52c195637 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import copy
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.forms.utils import ErrorDict, ErrorList, flatatt
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ class FormsUtilsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         )
         # Can take a unicode string.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            six.text_type(ErrorList(ValidationError("Not \u03C0.").messages)),
+            str(ErrorList(ValidationError("Not \u03C0.").messages)),
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Not π.</li></ul>'
         )
         # Can take a lazy string.
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/tests.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/tests.py
index 025b749762..0119410fc8 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/tests.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from django.forms import (
 )
 from django.forms.models import ModelFormMetaclass
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 from ..models import (
     BoundaryModel, ChoiceFieldModel, ChoiceModel, ChoiceOptionModel, Defaults,
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ class ModelFormCallableModelDefault(TestCase):
 
         choices = list(ChoiceFieldForm().fields['choice'].choices)
         self.assertEqual(len(choices), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[0], (option.pk, six.text_type(option)))
+        self.assertEqual(choices[0], (option.pk, str(option)))
 
     def test_callable_initial_value(self):
         "The initial value for a callable default returning a queryset is the pk (refs #13769)"
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/tests.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/tests.py
index 23fa8071b3..96877c26e3 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/tests.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/tests.py
@@ -96,6 +96,6 @@ class GeoAdminTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(logger_calls), 1)
         self.assertEqual(
             logger_calls[0],
-            "Error creating geometry from value 'INVALID()' (String or unicode input "
+            "Error creating geometry from value 'INVALID()' (String input "
             "unrecognized as WKT EWKT, and HEXEWKB.)"
         )
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_functions.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_functions.py
index 2767b7974b..4d3913a7a3 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_functions.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_functions.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.measure import Area
 from django.db import connection
 from django.db.models import Sum
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
-from django.utils import six
 
 from ..utils import mysql, oracle, postgis, spatialite
 from .models import City, Country, CountryWebMercator, State, Track
@@ -361,7 +360,7 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(TestCase):
         for bad_args in ((), range(3), range(5)):
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 Country.objects.annotate(snap=functions.SnapToGrid('mpoly', *bad_args))
-        for bad_args in (('1.0',), (1.0, None), tuple(map(six.text_type, range(4)))):
+        for bad_args in (('1.0',), (1.0, None), tuple(map(str, range(4)))):
             with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                 Country.objects.annotate(snap=functions.SnapToGrid('mpoly', *bad_args))
 
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_geos.py b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_geos.py
index ff28eebf0f..7877e1f2d6 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_geos.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_geos.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.shortcuts import numpy
 from django.template import Context
 from django.template.engine import Engine
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, mock
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
 from django.utils.six.moves import range
 
@@ -65,8 +64,8 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         self.assertIs(GEOSGeometry(hexewkb_3d).hasz, True)
 
         # Same for EWKB.
-        self.assertEqual(six.memoryview(a2b_hex(hexewkb_2d)), pnt_2d.ewkb)
-        self.assertEqual(six.memoryview(a2b_hex(hexewkb_3d)), pnt_3d.ewkb)
+        self.assertEqual(memoryview(a2b_hex(hexewkb_2d)), pnt_2d.ewkb)
+        self.assertEqual(memoryview(a2b_hex(hexewkb_3d)), pnt_3d.ewkb)
 
         # Redundant sanity check.
         self.assertEqual(4326, GEOSGeometry(hexewkb_2d).srid)
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
         # Bad WKB
         with self.assertRaises(GEOSException):
-            GEOSGeometry(six.memoryview(b'0'))
+            GEOSGeometry(memoryview(b'0'))
 
         class NotAGeometry(object):
             pass
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
     def test_create_wkb(self):
         "Testing creation from WKB."
         for g in self.geometries.hex_wkt:
-            wkb = six.memoryview(a2b_hex(g.hex.encode()))
+            wkb = memoryview(a2b_hex(g.hex.encode()))
             geom_h = GEOSGeometry(wkb)
             # we need to do this so decimal places get normalized
             geom_t = fromstr(g.wkt)
@@ -1164,13 +1163,13 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
         g = GEOSGeometry("POINT(0 0)")
         self.assertTrue(g.valid)
-        self.assertIsInstance(g.valid_reason, six.string_types)
+        self.assertIsInstance(g.valid_reason, str)
         self.assertEqual(g.valid_reason, "Valid Geometry")
 
         g = GEOSGeometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 0 0)")
 
         self.assertFalse(g.valid)
-        self.assertIsInstance(g.valid_reason, six.string_types)
+        self.assertIsInstance(g.valid_reason, str)
         self.assertTrue(g.valid_reason.startswith("Too few points in geometry component"))
 
     def test_linearref(self):
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_io.py b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_io.py
index 81e0ff357f..98b2aba3b4 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_io.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_io.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.geos import (
     WKTWriter,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils.six import memoryview
 
 
 @skipUnless(HAS_GEOS, "Geos is required.")
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ class GEOSIOTest(SimpleTestCase):
         for geom in (g1, g2):
             self.assertEqual(ref, geom)
 
-        # Should only accept six.string_types objects.
+        # Should only accept string objects.
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             wkt_r.read(1)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_mutable_list.py b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_mutable_list.py
index 3f7d8c30a1..26bdeb8045 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_mutable_list.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_mutable_list.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 import unittest
 
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.mutable_list import ListMixin
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class UserListA(ListMixin):
@@ -298,7 +297,7 @@ class ListMixinTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test07_allowed_types(self):
         'Type-restricted list'
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
-        ul._allowed = six.integer_types
+        ul._allowed = int
         ul[1] = 50
         ul[:2] = [60, 70, 80]
 
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/test_geoforms.py b/tests/gis_tests/test_geoforms.py
index 27b80ce9b2..6fe0996721 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/test_geoforms.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/test_geoforms.py
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class GeometryFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(logger_calls), 1)
         self.assertEqual(
             logger_calls[0],
-            "Error creating geometry from value 'PNT(0)' (String or unicode input "
+            "Error creating geometry from value 'PNT(0)' (String input "
             "unrecognized as WKT EWKT, and HEXEWKB.)"
         )
 
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/test_geoip2.py b/tests/gis_tests/test_geoip2.py
index 54f20412a4..d35dcc336e 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/test_geoip2.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/test_geoip2.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.gis.geoip2 import HAS_GEOIP2
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import HAS_GEOS, GEOSGeometry
 from django.test import mock
-from django.utils import six
 
 if HAS_GEOIP2:
     from django.contrib.gis.geoip2 import GeoIP2, GeoIP2Exception
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class GeoIPTest(unittest.TestCase):
         for bad in bad_params:
             with self.assertRaises(GeoIP2Exception):
                 GeoIP2(cache=bad)
-            if isinstance(bad, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(bad, str):
                 e = GeoIP2Exception
             else:
                 e = TypeError
diff --git a/tests/handlers/tests.py b/tests/handlers/tests.py
index 72ba98b1d3..d7cfaadf62 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/tests.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/tests.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from django.db import close_old_connections, connection
 from django.test import (
     RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TransactionTestCase, override_settings,
 )
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_str
 
 try:
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ class HandlerRequestTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_environ_path_info_type(self):
         environ = RequestFactory().get('/%E2%A8%87%87%A5%E2%A8%A0').environ
-        self.assertIsInstance(environ['PATH_INFO'], six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(environ['PATH_INFO'], str)
 
     @unittest.skipIf(HTTPStatus is None, 'HTTPStatus only exists on Python 3.5+')
     def test_handle_accepts_httpstatus_enum_value(self):
diff --git a/tests/httpwrappers/tests.py b/tests/httpwrappers/tests.py
index 9042f8ed6e..b8d359de41 100644
--- a/tests/httpwrappers/tests.py
+++ b/tests/httpwrappers/tests.py
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ class StreamingHttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         chunks = list(r)
         self.assertEqual(chunks, [b'hello', b'world'])
         for chunk in chunks:
-            self.assertIsInstance(chunk, six.binary_type)
+            self.assertIsInstance(chunk, bytes)
 
         # and the response can only be iterated once.
         self.assertEqual(list(r), [])
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ class StreamingHttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # '\xc3\xa9' == unichr(233).encode('utf-8')
         self.assertEqual(chunks, [b'hello', b'caf\xc3\xa9'])
         for chunk in chunks:
-            self.assertIsInstance(chunk, six.binary_type)
+            self.assertIsInstance(chunk, bytes)
 
         # streaming responses don't have a `content` attribute.
         self.assertFalse(hasattr(r, 'content'))
@@ -616,8 +616,7 @@ class StreamingHttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # coercing a streaming response to bytes doesn't return a complete HTTP
         # message like a regular response does. it only gives us the headers.
         r = StreamingHttpResponse(iter(['hello', 'world']))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            six.binary_type(r), b'Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8')
+        self.assertEqual(bytes(r), b'Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8')
 
         # and this won't consume its content.
         self.assertEqual(list(r), [b'hello', b'world'])
diff --git a/tests/i18n/contenttypes/tests.py b/tests/i18n/contenttypes/tests.py
index 2a14e25972..94f355aba7 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/contenttypes/tests.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/contenttypes/tests.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import os
 
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
-from django.utils import six, translation
+from django.utils import translation
 from django.utils._os import upath
 
 
@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ class ContentTypeTests(TestCase):
     def test_verbose_name(self):
         company_type = ContentType.objects.get(app_label='i18n', model='company')
         with translation.override('en'):
-            self.assertEqual(six.text_type(company_type), 'Company')
+            self.assertEqual(str(company_type), 'Company')
         with translation.override('fr'):
-            self.assertEqual(six.text_type(company_type), 'Société')
+            self.assertEqual(str(company_type), 'Société')
diff --git a/tests/i18n/test_extraction.py b/tests/i18n/test_extraction.py
index 33e136e1dd..b8342865a9 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/test_extraction.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/test_extraction.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ from django.core.management.commands.makemessages import \
 from django.core.management.utils import find_command
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, mock, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import captured_stderr, captured_stdout
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.six import StringIO
 from django.utils.translation import TranslatorCommentWarning
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ class ExtractorTests(POFileAssertionMixin, RunInTmpDirMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         path = os.path.join(cwd_prefix, *comment_parts)
         parts = [path]
 
-        if isinstance(line_number, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(line_number, str):
             line_number = self._get_token_line_number(path, line_number)
         if line_number is not None:
             parts.append(':%d' % line_number)
diff --git a/tests/i18n/tests.py b/tests/i18n/tests.py
index d039d016ce..c3acdfe2fc 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/tests.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/tests.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from django.template import Context, Template
 from django.test import (
     RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings,
 )
-from django.utils import six, translation
+from django.utils import translation
 from django.utils._os import upath
 from django.utils.formats import (
     date_format, get_format, get_format_modules, iter_format_modules, localize,
@@ -140,9 +140,9 @@ class TranslationTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_lazy_pickle(self):
         s1 = ugettext_lazy("test")
-        self.assertEqual(six.text_type(s1), "test")
+        self.assertEqual(str(s1), "test")
         s2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(s1))
-        self.assertEqual(six.text_type(s2), "test")
+        self.assertEqual(str(s2), "test")
 
     @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=extended_locale_paths)
     def test_ungettext_lazy(self):
diff --git a/tests/inline_formsets/tests.py b/tests/inline_formsets/tests.py
index 0fb2fd2f02..fd51714cda 100644
--- a/tests/inline_formsets/tests.py
+++ b/tests/inline_formsets/tests.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from django.forms.models import ModelForm, inlineformset_factory
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import Child, Parent, Poem, Poet, School
 
@@ -65,8 +64,8 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
             'poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
             'poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
             'poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'poem_set-0-id': six.text_type(poem.id),
-            'poem_set-0-poem': six.text_type(poem.id),
+            'poem_set-0-id': str(poem.id),
+            'poem_set-0-poem': str(poem.id),
             'poem_set-0-name': 'x' * 1000,
         }
         formset = PoemFormSet(data, instance=poet)
diff --git a/tests/lookup/models.py b/tests/lookup/models.py
index 9cf053d873..14742e8a8c 100644
--- a/tests/lookup/models.py
+++ b/tests/lookup/models.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ This demonstrates features of the database API.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class Alarm(models.Model):
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class Season(models.Model):
     gt = models.IntegerField(null=True, blank=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return six.text_type(self.year)
+        return str(self.year)
 
 
 class Game(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/m2m_and_m2o/models.py b/tests/m2m_and_m2o/models.py
index 7174e6369a..d9da2bf534 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_and_m2o/models.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_and_m2o/models.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ Many-to-many and many-to-one relationships to the same table
 Make sure to set ``related_name`` if you use relationships to the same table.
 """
 from django.db import models
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class User(models.Model):
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ class Issue(models.Model):
     client = models.ForeignKey(User, models.CASCADE, related_name='test_issue_client')
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return six.text_type(self.num)
+        return str(self.num)
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('num',)
diff --git a/tests/m2m_intermediary/tests.py b/tests/m2m_intermediary/tests.py
index d429bf6516..215f6f86c6 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_intermediary/tests.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_intermediary/tests.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.test import TestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import Article, Reporter, Writer
 
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class M2MIntermediaryTests(TestCase):
                 ("John Smith", "Main writer"),
                 ("Jane Doe", "Contributor"),
             ],
-            lambda w: (six.text_type(w.reporter), w.position)
+            lambda w: (str(w.reporter), w.position)
         )
         self.assertEqual(w1.reporter, r1)
         self.assertEqual(w2.reporter, r2)
@@ -35,5 +34,5 @@ class M2MIntermediaryTests(TestCase):
             r1.writer_set.all(), [
                 ("John Smith", "Main writer")
             ],
-            lambda w: (six.text_type(w.reporter), w.position)
+            lambda w: (str(w.reporter), w.position)
         )
diff --git a/tests/mail/tests.py b/tests/mail/tests.py
index cfe2889aa6..7c2cd8342a 100644
--- a/tests/mail/tests.py
+++ b/tests/mail/tests.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import requires_tz_support
 from django.utils._os import upath
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_text
-from django.utils.six import StringIO, binary_type
+from django.utils.six import StringIO
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy
 
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class HeadersCheckMixin(object):
                  with the contents of an email message.
         headers: should be a set of (header-name, header-value) tuples.
         """
-        if isinstance(message, binary_type):
+        if isinstance(message, bytes):
             message = message_from_bytes(message)
         msg_headers = set(message.items())
         self.assertTrue(headers.issubset(msg_headers), msg='Message is missing '
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_state.py b/tests/migrations/test_state.py
index c8eb1726ba..a6b027e079 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_state.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_state.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from django.db.migrations.state import (
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import (
     FoodManager, FoodQuerySet, ModelWithCustomBase, NoMigrationFoodManager,
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # The default manager is used in migrations
         self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in food_state.managers], ['food_mgr'])
-        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(name, six.text_type) for name, mgr in food_state.managers))
+        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(name, str) for name, mgr in food_state.managers))
         self.assertEqual(food_state.managers[0][1].args, ('a', 'b', 1, 2))
 
         # No explicit managers defined. Migrations will fall back to the default
@@ -167,13 +166,13 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # default
         self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in food_no_default_manager_state.managers],
                          ['food_no_mgr', 'food_mgr'])
-        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(name, six.text_type) for name, mgr in food_no_default_manager_state.managers))
+        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(name, str) for name, mgr in food_no_default_manager_state.managers))
         self.assertEqual(food_no_default_manager_state.managers[0][1].__class__, models.Manager)
         self.assertIsInstance(food_no_default_manager_state.managers[1][1], FoodManager)
 
         self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in food_order_manager_state.managers],
                          ['food_mgr1', 'food_mgr2'])
-        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(name, six.text_type) for name, mgr in food_order_manager_state.managers))
+        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(name, str) for name, mgr in food_order_manager_state.managers))
         self.assertEqual([mgr.args for name, mgr in food_order_manager_state.managers],
                          [('a', 'b', 1, 2), ('x', 'y', 3, 4)])
 
@@ -373,7 +372,7 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Food = new_apps.get_model("migrations", "Food")
         self.assertEqual([mgr.name for mgr in Food._meta.managers],
                          ['default', 'food_mgr1', 'food_mgr2'])
-        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(mgr.name, six.text_type) for mgr in Food._meta.managers))
+        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(mgr.name, str) for mgr in Food._meta.managers))
         self.assertEqual([mgr.__class__ for mgr in Food._meta.managers],
                          [models.Manager, FoodManager, FoodManager])
 
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_writer.py b/tests/migrations/test_writer.py
index b926757920..59fd8eece5 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_writer.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_writer.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class Money(decimal.Decimal):
     def deconstruct(self):
         return (
             '%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__),
-            [six.text_type(self)],
+            [str(self)],
             {}
         )
 
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_foreignkey.py b/tests/model_fields/test_foreignkey.py
index a521d1aa23..2580e3b650 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_foreignkey.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_foreignkey.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.core import checks
 from django.db import models
 from django.test import TestCase, skipIfDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import Bar, FkToChar, Foo, PrimaryKeyCharModel
 
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ class ForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_related_name_converted_to_text(self):
         rel_name = Bar._meta.get_field('a').remote_field.related_name
-        self.assertIsInstance(rel_name, six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(rel_name, str)
 
     def test_abstract_model_pending_operations(self):
         """
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_integerfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_integerfield.py
index a474e6e602..99d7b1797c 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_integerfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_integerfield.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.core import validators
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.db import connection, models
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import (
     BigIntegerModel, IntegerModel, PositiveIntegerModel,
@@ -121,11 +120,11 @@ class IntegerFieldTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_types(self):
         instance = self.model(value=0)
-        self.assertIsInstance(instance.value, six.integer_types)
+        self.assertIsInstance(instance.value, int)
         instance.save()
-        self.assertIsInstance(instance.value, six.integer_types)
+        self.assertIsInstance(instance.value, int)
         instance = self.model.objects.get()
-        self.assertIsInstance(instance.value, six.integer_types)
+        self.assertIsInstance(instance.value, int)
 
     def test_coercing(self):
         self.model.objects.create(value='10')
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_promises.py b/tests/model_fields/test_promises.py
index 0dcb1abf3b..afbf36651a 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_promises.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_promises.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from django.db.models.fields import (
 )
 from django.db.models.fields.files import FileField, ImageField
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 
 
@@ -29,10 +28,10 @@ class PromiseTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(BooleanField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), bool)
 
     def test_CharField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: '', six.text_type)
-        self.assertIsInstance(CharField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: '', str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(CharField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
-        self.assertIsInstance(CharField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(CharField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_DateField(self):
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: datetime.date.today(), datetime.date)
@@ -47,44 +46,44 @@ class PromiseTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(DecimalField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), Decimal)
 
     def test_EmailField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'mailbox@domain.com', six.text_type)
-        self.assertIsInstance(EmailField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'mailbox@domain.com', str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(EmailField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_FileField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'filename.ext', six.text_type)
-        self.assertIsInstance(FileField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'filename.ext', str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(FileField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
-        self.assertIsInstance(FileField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(FileField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_FilePathField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'tests.py', six.text_type)
-        self.assertIsInstance(FilePathField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'tests.py', str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(FilePathField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
-        self.assertIsInstance(FilePathField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(FilePathField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_FloatField(self):
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 1.2, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(FloatField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), float)
 
     def test_ImageField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'filename.ext', six.text_type)
-        self.assertIsInstance(ImageField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'filename.ext', str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(ImageField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_IntegerField(self):
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 1, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(IntegerField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), int)
 
     def test_IPAddressField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: '127.0.0.1', six.text_type)
-        self.assertIsInstance(IPAddressField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: '127.0.0.1', str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(IPAddressField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
-        self.assertIsInstance(IPAddressField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(IPAddressField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_GenericIPAddressField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: '127.0.0.1', six.text_type)
-        self.assertIsInstance(GenericIPAddressField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: '127.0.0.1', str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(GenericIPAddressField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
-        self.assertIsInstance(GenericIPAddressField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(GenericIPAddressField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_NullBooleanField(self):
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: True, bool)
@@ -99,25 +98,25 @@ class PromiseTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(PositiveSmallIntegerField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), int)
 
     def test_SlugField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'slug', six.text_type)
-        self.assertIsInstance(SlugField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'slug', str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(SlugField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
-        self.assertIsInstance(SlugField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(SlugField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_SmallIntegerField(self):
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 1, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(SmallIntegerField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), int)
 
     def test_TextField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'Abc', six.text_type)
-        self.assertIsInstance(TextField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'Abc', str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(TextField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
-        self.assertIsInstance(TextField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(TextField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_TimeField(self):
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: datetime.datetime.now().time(), datetime.time)
         self.assertIsInstance(TimeField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), datetime.time)
 
     def test_URLField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'http://domain.com', six.text_type)
-        self.assertIsInstance(URLField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), six.text_type)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'http://domain.com', str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(URLField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
diff --git a/tests/model_forms/models.py b/tests/model_forms/models.py
index 333a6050ab..0914fc2587 100644
--- a/tests/model_forms/models.py
+++ b/tests/model_forms/models.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ from django.core import validators
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
 from django.db import models
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils._os import upath
 from django.utils.six.moves import range
 
@@ -319,7 +318,7 @@ class BigInt(models.Model):
     biggie = models.BigIntegerField()
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return six.text_type(self.biggie)
+        return str(self.biggie)
 
 
 class MarkupField(models.CharField):
diff --git a/tests/model_forms/tests.py b/tests/model_forms/tests.py
index 0fc516b55c..27143e97f4 100644
--- a/tests/model_forms/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_forms/tests.py
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
         # inserted as 'initial' data in each Field.
         f = RoykoForm(auto_id=False, instance=self.w_royko)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            six.text_type(f),
+            str(f),
             '''<tr><th>Name:</th><td><input type="text" name="name" value="Mike Royko" maxlength="50" required /><br />
             <span class="helptext">Use both first and last names.</span></td></tr>'''
         )
@@ -1204,7 +1204,7 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
             'headline': 'Test headline',
             'slug': 'test-headline',
             'pub_date': '1984-02-06',
-            'writer': six.text_type(self.w_royko.pk),
+            'writer': str(self.w_royko.pk),
             'article': 'Hello.'
         }, instance=art)
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
@@ -1294,7 +1294,7 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
         # fields with the 'choices' attribute are represented by a ChoiceField.
         f = ArticleForm(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            six.text_type(f),
+            str(f),
             '''<tr><th>Headline:</th><td><input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" required /></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Slug:</th><td><input type="text" name="slug" maxlength="50" required /></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Pub date:</th><td><input type="text" name="pub_date" required /></td></tr>
@@ -1360,7 +1360,7 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 
         f = PartialArticleForm(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            six.text_type(f),
+            str(f),
             '''<tr><th>Headline:</th><td><input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" required /></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Pub date:</th><td><input type="text" name="pub_date" required /></td></tr>''')
 
@@ -1398,9 +1398,9 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
             'headline': 'New headline',
             'slug': 'new-headline',
             'pub_date': '1988-01-04',
-            'writer': six.text_type(self.w_royko.pk),
+            'writer': str(self.w_royko.pk),
             'article': 'Hello.',
-            'categories': [six.text_type(self.c1.id), six.text_type(self.c2.id)]
+            'categories': [str(self.c1.id), str(self.c2.id)]
         }
         # Create a new article, with categories, via the form.
         f = ArticleForm(form_data)
@@ -1427,7 +1427,7 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 
         # Create a new article, with categories, via the form, but use commit=False.
         # The m2m data won't be saved until save_m2m() is invoked on the form.
-        form_data['categories'] = [six.text_type(self.c1.id), six.text_type(self.c2.id)]
+        form_data['categories'] = [str(self.c1.id), str(self.c2.id)]
         f = ArticleForm(form_data)
         new_art = f.save(commit=False)
 
@@ -1979,12 +1979,12 @@ class ModelOneToOneFieldTests(TestCase):
         )
 
         data = {
-            'writer': six.text_type(self.w_woodward.pk),
+            'writer': str(self.w_woodward.pk),
             'age': '65',
         }
         form = WriterProfileForm(data)
         instance = form.save()
-        self.assertEqual(six.text_type(instance), 'Bob Woodward is 65')
+        self.assertEqual(str(instance), 'Bob Woodward is 65')
 
         form = WriterProfileForm(instance=instance)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -2062,14 +2062,14 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
                 fields = '__all__'
 
         form = DocumentForm()
-        self.assertIn('name="myfile"', six.text_type(form))
-        self.assertNotIn('myfile-clear', six.text_type(form))
+        self.assertIn('name="myfile"', str(form))
+        self.assertNotIn('myfile-clear', str(form))
         form = DocumentForm(files={'myfile': SimpleUploadedFile('something.txt', b'content')})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         doc = form.save(commit=False)
         self.assertEqual(doc.myfile.name, 'something.txt')
         form = DocumentForm(instance=doc)
-        self.assertIn('myfile-clear', six.text_type(form))
+        self.assertIn('myfile-clear', str(form))
         form = DocumentForm(instance=doc, data={'myfile-clear': 'true'})
         doc = form.save(commit=False)
         self.assertFalse(doc.myfile)
@@ -2094,7 +2094,7 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         self.assertTrue(not form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(form.errors['myfile'],
                          ['Please either submit a file or check the clear checkbox, not both.'])
-        rendered = six.text_type(form)
+        rendered = str(form)
         self.assertIn('something.txt', rendered)
         self.assertIn('myfile-clear', rendered)
 
@@ -2469,7 +2469,7 @@ class OtherModelFormTests(TestCase):
         # the ModelForm.
         f = ModelFormWithMedia()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            six.text_type(f.media),
+            str(f.media),
             '''<link href="/some/form/css" type="text/css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />
 <script type="text/javascript" src="/some/form/javascript"></script>'''
         )
@@ -2520,7 +2520,7 @@ class OtherModelFormTests(TestCase):
             (22, 'Pear')))
 
         form = InventoryForm(instance=core)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(six.text_type(form['parent']), '''<select name="parent" id="id_parent">
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(form['parent']), '''<select name="parent" id="id_parent">
 <option value="">---------</option>
 <option value="86" selected>Apple</option>
 <option value="87">Core</option>
@@ -2543,7 +2543,7 @@ class OtherModelFormTests(TestCase):
                          ['description', 'url'])
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            six.text_type(CategoryForm()),
+            str(CategoryForm()),
             '''<tr><th><label for="id_description">Description:</label></th>
 <td><input type="text" name="description" id="id_description" required /></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_url">The URL:</label></th>
@@ -2564,7 +2564,7 @@ class OtherModelFormTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(list(CustomFieldForExclusionForm.base_fields),
                          ['name'])
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            six.text_type(CustomFieldForExclusionForm()),
+            str(CustomFieldForExclusionForm()),
             '''<tr><th><label for="id_name">Name:</label></th>
 <td><input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="10" required /></td></tr>'''
         )
diff --git a/tests/model_formsets/models.py b/tests/model_formsets/models.py
index b7b1f1edb9..744a7f6019 100644
--- a/tests/model_formsets/models.py
+++ b/tests/model_formsets/models.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import datetime
 import uuid
 
 from django.db import models
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class Author(models.Model):
@@ -172,7 +171,7 @@ class Revision(models.Model):
         unique_together = (("repository", "revision"),)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "%s (%s)" % (self.revision, six.text_type(self.repository))
+        return "%s (%s)" % (self.revision, str(self.repository))
 
 
 # models for testing callable defaults (see bug #7975). If you define a model
diff --git a/tests/model_formsets/tests.py b/tests/model_formsets/tests.py
index b928944097..832dbe63ee 100644
--- a/tests/model_formsets/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_formsets/tests.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from django.forms.models import (
     modelformset_factory,
 )
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import (
     AlternateBook, Author, AuthorMeeting, BetterAuthor, Book, BookWithCustomPK,
@@ -54,11 +53,11 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
             'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
             'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
             'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': six.text_type(poet.id),
+            'form-0-id': str(poet.id),
             'form-0-name': 'test',
             'form-1-id': '',
             'form-1-name': 'x' * 1000,  # Too long
-            'form-2-id': six.text_type(poet.id),  # Violate unique constraint
+            'form-2-id': str(poet.id),  # Violate unique constraint
             'form-2-name': 'test2',
         }
         formset = PoetFormSet(data, queryset=Poet.objects.all())
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
             'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
             'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
             'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': six.text_type(poet.id),
+            'form-0-id': str(poet.id),
             'form-0-name': 'x' * 1000,
         }
         formset = PoetFormSet(data, queryset=Poet.objects.all())
@@ -1109,7 +1108,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             'owner_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
             'owner_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
             'owner_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'owner_set-0-auto_id': six.text_type(owner1.auto_id),
+            'owner_set-0-auto_id': str(owner1.auto_id),
             'owner_set-0-name': 'Joe Perry',
             'owner_set-1-auto_id': '',
             'owner_set-1-name': 'Jack Berry',
@@ -1184,7 +1183,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             'ownerprofile-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
             'ownerprofile-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
             'ownerprofile-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'ownerprofile-0-owner': six.text_type(owner1.auto_id),
+            'ownerprofile-0-owner': str(owner1.auto_id),
             'ownerprofile-0-age': '55',
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=owner1)
@@ -1383,8 +1382,8 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             'membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
             'membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
             'membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'membership_set-0-date_joined': six.text_type(now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')),
-            'initial-membership_set-0-date_joined': six.text_type(now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')),
+            'membership_set-0-date_joined': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
+            'initial-membership_set-0-date_joined': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
             'membership_set-0-karma': '',
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=person)
@@ -1397,8 +1396,8 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             'membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
             'membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
             'membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'membership_set-0-date_joined': six.text_type(one_day_later.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')),
-            'initial-membership_set-0-date_joined': six.text_type(now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')),
+            'membership_set-0-date_joined': one_day_later.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
+            'initial-membership_set-0-date_joined': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
             'membership_set-0-karma': '',
         }
         formset = FormSet(filled_data, instance=person)
@@ -1429,9 +1428,9 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             'membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
             'membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
             'membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'membership_set-0-date_joined_0': six.text_type(now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')),
-            'membership_set-0-date_joined_1': six.text_type(now.strftime('%H:%M:%S')),
-            'initial-membership_set-0-date_joined': six.text_type(now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')),
+            'membership_set-0-date_joined_0': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
+            'membership_set-0-date_joined_1': now.strftime('%H:%M:%S'),
+            'initial-membership_set-0-date_joined': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
             'membership_set-0-karma': '',
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=person)
diff --git a/tests/model_formsets_regress/tests.py b/tests/model_formsets_regress/tests.py
index a9b50b3699..5bad8a741a 100644
--- a/tests/model_formsets_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_formsets_regress/tests.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from django.forms.models import (
 )
 from django.forms.utils import ErrorDict, ErrorList
 from django.test import TestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import (
     Host, Manager, Network, ProfileNetwork, Restaurant, User, UserProfile,
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
             'usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
             'usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
             'usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'usersite_set-0-id': six.text_type(usersite[0]['id']),
+            'usersite_set-0-id': str(usersite[0]['id']),
             'usersite_set-0-data': '11',
             'usersite_set-0-user': 'apollo13'
         }
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
             'usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
             'usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
             'usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'usersite_set-0-id': six.text_type(usersite[0]['id']),
+            'usersite_set-0-id': str(usersite[0]['id']),
             'usersite_set-0-data': '11',
             'usersite_set-0-user': 'apollo13',
             'usersite_set-1-data': '42',
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
             'manager_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
             'manager_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
             'manager_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'manager_set-0-id': six.text_type(manager[0]['id']),
+            'manager_set-0-id': str(manager[0]['id']),
             'manager_set-0-name': 'Terry Gilliam'
         }
         form_set = FormSet(data, instance=restaurant)
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
             'manager_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
             'manager_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
             'manager_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'manager_set-0-id': six.text_type(manager[0]['id']),
+            'manager_set-0-id': str(manager[0]['id']),
             'manager_set-0-name': 'Terry Gilliam',
             'manager_set-1-name': 'John Cleese'
         }
@@ -226,7 +225,7 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
             'host_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
             'host_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
             'host_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'host_set-0-id': six.text_type(host1.id),
+            'host_set-0-id': str(host1.id),
             'host_set-0-hostname': 'tranquility.hub.dal.net',
             'host_set-1-hostname': 'matrix.de.eu.dal.net'
         }
@@ -505,7 +504,7 @@ class RedeleteTests(TestCase):
             'usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
             'usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
             'usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'usersite_set-0-id': six.text_type(us.pk),
+            'usersite_set-0-id': str(us.pk),
             'usersite_set-0-data': '7',
             'usersite_set-0-user': 'foo',
             'usersite_set-0-DELETE': '1'
@@ -531,7 +530,7 @@ class RedeleteTests(TestCase):
             'usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
             'usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
             'usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'usersite_set-0-id': six.text_type(us.pk),
+            'usersite_set-0-id': str(us.pk),
             'usersite_set-0-data': '7',
             'usersite_set-0-user': 'foo',
             'usersite_set-0-DELETE': '1'
diff --git a/tests/model_inheritance/tests.py b/tests/model_inheritance/tests.py
index 8bb74d7ccb..feff4a1407 100644
--- a/tests/model_inheritance/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_inheritance/tests.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.core.exceptions import FieldError, ValidationError
 from django.db import connection, models
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
 from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext, isolate_apps
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import (
     Base, Chef, CommonInfo, GrandChild, GrandParent, ItalianRestaurant,
@@ -25,8 +24,8 @@ class ModelInheritanceTests(TestCase):
 
         s = Student.objects.create(name="Pebbles", age=5, school_class="1B")
 
-        self.assertEqual(six.text_type(w1), "Worker Fred")
-        self.assertEqual(six.text_type(s), "Student Pebbles")
+        self.assertEqual(str(w1), "Worker Fred")
+        self.assertEqual(str(s), "Student Pebbles")
 
         # The children inherit the Meta class of their parents (if they don't
         # specify their own).
diff --git a/tests/model_regress/tests.py b/tests/model_regress/tests.py
index 808729979f..e9374d9d93 100644
--- a/tests/model_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_regress/tests.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.db import router
 from django.db.models.sql import InsertQuery
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone
 
 from .models import (
@@ -53,10 +52,9 @@ class ModelTests(TestCase):
         # An empty choice field should return None for the display name.
         self.assertIs(a.get_status_display(), None)
 
-        # Empty strings should be returned as Unicode
+        # Empty strings should be returned as string
         a = Article.objects.get(pk=a.pk)
         self.assertEqual(a.misc_data, '')
-        self.assertIs(type(a.misc_data), six.text_type)
 
     def test_long_textfield(self):
         # TextFields can hold more than 4000 characters (this was broken in
@@ -186,7 +184,7 @@ class ModelTests(TestCase):
         # Check Department and Worker (non-default PK type)
         d = Department.objects.create(id=10, name="IT")
         w = Worker.objects.create(department=d, name="Full-time")
-        self.assertEqual(six.text_type(w), "Full-time")
+        self.assertEqual(str(w), "Full-time")
 
     def test_broken_unicode(self):
         # Models with broken unicode methods should still have a printable repr
diff --git a/tests/order_with_respect_to/models.py b/tests/order_with_respect_to/models.py
index 8f50b42252..7f6cd8f8fd 100644
--- a/tests/order_with_respect_to/models.py
+++ b/tests/order_with_respect_to/models.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ Tests for the order_with_respect_to Meta attribute.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class Question(models.Model):
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ class Answer(models.Model):
         order_with_respect_to = 'question'
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return six.text_type(self.text)
+        return self.text
 
 
 class Post(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/pagination/tests.py b/tests/pagination/tests.py
index fe967631ab..cc3a0efbc2 100644
--- a/tests/pagination/tests.py
+++ b/tests/pagination/tests.py
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class ModelPaginationTests(TestCase):
     def test_first_page(self):
         paginator = Paginator(Article.objects.order_by('id'), 5)
         p = paginator.page(1)
-        self.assertEqual("<Page 1 of 2>", six.text_type(p))
+        self.assertEqual("<Page 1 of 2>", str(p))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(p.object_list, [
             "<Article: Article 1>",
             "<Article: Article 2>",
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ class ModelPaginationTests(TestCase):
     def test_last_page(self):
         paginator = Paginator(Article.objects.order_by('id'), 5)
         p = paginator.page(2)
-        self.assertEqual("<Page 2 of 2>", six.text_type(p))
+        self.assertEqual("<Page 2 of 2>", str(p))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(p.object_list, [
             "<Article: Article 6>",
             "<Article: Article 7>",
diff --git a/tests/prefetch_related/tests.py b/tests/prefetch_related/tests.py
index 126a8bc035..33456069aa 100644
--- a/tests/prefetch_related/tests.py
+++ b/tests/prefetch_related/tests.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.db.models import Prefetch, QuerySet
 from django.db.models.query import get_prefetcher
 from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 
 from .models import (
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestCase):
         """A m2m can be followed through another m2m."""
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related('books__read_by')
-            lists = [[[six.text_type(r) for r in b.read_by.all()]
+            lists = [[[str(r) for r in b.read_by.all()]
                       for b in a.books.all()]
                      for a in qs]
             self.assertEqual(lists, [
@@ -143,7 +142,7 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestCase):
     def test_overriding_prefetch(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related('books', 'books__read_by')
-            lists = [[[six.text_type(r) for r in b.read_by.all()]
+            lists = [[[str(r) for r in b.read_by.all()]
                       for b in a.books.all()]
                      for a in qs]
             self.assertEqual(lists, [
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestCase):
             ])
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related('books__read_by', 'books')
-            lists = [[[six.text_type(r) for r in b.read_by.all()]
+            lists = [[[str(r) for r in b.read_by.all()]
                       for b in a.books.all()]
                      for a in qs]
             self.assertEqual(lists, [
@@ -171,7 +170,7 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestCase):
         # Need a double
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             author = Author.objects.prefetch_related('books__read_by').get(name="Charlotte")
-            lists = [[six.text_type(r) for r in b.read_by.all()] for b in author.books.all()]
+            lists = [[str(r) for r in b.read_by.all()] for b in author.books.all()]
             self.assertEqual(lists, [["Amy"], ["Belinda"]])  # Poems, Jane Eyre
 
     def test_foreign_key_then_m2m(self):
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestCase):
         """
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             qs = Author.objects.select_related('first_book').prefetch_related('first_book__read_by')
-            lists = [[six.text_type(r) for r in a.first_book.read_by.all()]
+            lists = [[str(r) for r in a.first_book.read_by.all()]
                      for a in qs]
             self.assertEqual(lists, [["Amy"], ["Amy"], ["Amy"], ["Amy", "Belinda"]])
 
@@ -758,7 +757,7 @@ class DefaultManagerTests(TestCase):
             # qualifications, since this will do one query per teacher.
             qs = Department.objects.prefetch_related('teachers')
             depts = "".join("%s department: %s\n" %
-                            (dept.name, ", ".join(six.text_type(t) for t in dept.teachers.all()))
+                            (dept.name, ", ".join(str(t) for t in dept.teachers.all()))
                             for dept in qs)
 
             self.assertEqual(depts,
@@ -895,8 +894,8 @@ class MultiTableInheritanceTest(TestCase):
     def test_foreignkey(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             qs = AuthorWithAge.objects.prefetch_related('addresses')
-            addresses = [[six.text_type(address) for address in obj.addresses.all()] for obj in qs]
-        self.assertEqual(addresses, [[six.text_type(self.author_address)], [], []])
+            addresses = [[str(address) for address in obj.addresses.all()] for obj in qs]
+        self.assertEqual(addresses, [[str(self.author_address)], [], []])
 
     def test_foreignkey_to_inherited(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
@@ -907,16 +906,16 @@ class MultiTableInheritanceTest(TestCase):
     def test_m2m_to_inheriting_model(self):
         qs = AuthorWithAge.objects.prefetch_related('books_with_year')
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            lst = [[six.text_type(book) for book in author.books_with_year.all()] for author in qs]
+            lst = [[str(book) for book in author.books_with_year.all()] for author in qs]
         qs = AuthorWithAge.objects.all()
-        lst2 = [[six.text_type(book) for book in author.books_with_year.all()] for author in qs]
+        lst2 = [[str(book) for book in author.books_with_year.all()] for author in qs]
         self.assertEqual(lst, lst2)
 
         qs = BookWithYear.objects.prefetch_related('aged_authors')
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            lst = [[six.text_type(author) for author in book.aged_authors.all()] for book in qs]
+            lst = [[str(author) for author in book.aged_authors.all()] for book in qs]
         qs = BookWithYear.objects.all()
-        lst2 = [[six.text_type(author) for author in book.aged_authors.all()] for book in qs]
+        lst2 = [[str(author) for author in book.aged_authors.all()] for book in qs]
         self.assertEqual(lst, lst2)
 
     def test_parent_link_prefetch(self):
@@ -953,23 +952,23 @@ class ForeignKeyToFieldTest(TestCase):
     def test_foreignkey(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related('addresses')
-            addresses = [[six.text_type(address) for address in obj.addresses.all()]
+            addresses = [[str(address) for address in obj.addresses.all()]
                          for obj in qs]
-        self.assertEqual(addresses, [[six.text_type(self.author_address)], [], []])
+        self.assertEqual(addresses, [[str(self.author_address)], [], []])
 
     def test_m2m(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             qs = Author.objects.all().prefetch_related('favorite_authors', 'favors_me')
             favorites = [(
-                [six.text_type(i_like) for i_like in author.favorite_authors.all()],
-                [six.text_type(likes_me) for likes_me in author.favors_me.all()]
+                [str(i_like) for i_like in author.favorite_authors.all()],
+                [str(likes_me) for likes_me in author.favors_me.all()]
             ) for author in qs]
             self.assertEqual(
                 favorites,
                 [
-                    ([six.text_type(self.author2)], [six.text_type(self.author3)]),
-                    ([six.text_type(self.author3)], [six.text_type(self.author1)]),
-                    ([six.text_type(self.author1)], [six.text_type(self.author2)])
+                    ([str(self.author2)], [str(self.author3)]),
+                    ([str(self.author3)], [str(self.author1)]),
+                    ([str(self.author1)], [str(self.author2)])
                 ]
             )
 
diff --git a/tests/queries/models.py b/tests/queries/models.py
index 4d5ed14ff0..8c20e76dee 100644
--- a/tests/queries/models.py
+++ b/tests/queries/models.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ Various complex queries that have been problematic in the past.
 import threading
 
 from django.db import models
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class DumbCategory(models.Model):
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ class Number(models.Model):
     num = models.IntegerField()
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return six.text_type(self.num)
+        return str(self.num)
 
 # Symmetrical m2m field with a normal field using the reverse accessor name
 # ("valid").
diff --git a/tests/redirects_tests/tests.py b/tests/redirects_tests/tests.py
index 29c88bd1df..558bbaaf7e 100644
--- a/tests/redirects_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/redirects_tests/tests.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.contrib.redirects.models import Redirect
 from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.test import TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 @modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={'append': 'django.contrib.redirects.middleware.RedirectFallbackMiddleware'})
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ class RedirectTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_model(self):
         r1 = Redirect.objects.create(site=self.site, old_path='/initial', new_path='/new_target')
-        self.assertEqual(six.text_type(r1), "/initial ---> /new_target")
+        self.assertEqual(str(r1), "/initial ---> /new_target")
 
     def test_redirect(self):
         Redirect.objects.create(site=self.site, old_path='/initial', new_path='/new_target')
diff --git a/tests/resolve_url/tests.py b/tests/resolve_url/tests.py
index 73556a93be..5a90282afa 100644
--- a/tests/resolve_url/tests.py
+++ b/tests/resolve_url/tests.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from django.shortcuts import resolve_url
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, reverse_lazy
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import UnimportantThing
 from .urls import some_view
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ class ResolveUrlTests(SimpleTestCase):
         string.
         """
         resolved_url = resolve_url(reverse_lazy('some-view'))
-        self.assertIsInstance(resolved_url, six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(resolved_url, str)
         self.assertEqual('/some-url/', resolved_url)
 
     def test_valid_view_name(self):
diff --git a/tests/runtests.py b/tests/runtests.py
index 82cd8207ba..6e86bf7a93 100755
--- a/tests/runtests.py
+++ b/tests/runtests.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from django.test import TestCase, TransactionTestCase
 from django.test.runner import default_test_processes
 from django.test.selenium import SeleniumTestCaseBase
 from django.test.utils import get_runner
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils._os import upath
 from django.utils.deprecation import (
     RemovedInDjango21Warning, RemovedInDjango30Warning,
@@ -42,10 +41,8 @@ TMPDIR = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='django_')
 # so that children processes inherit it.
 tempfile.tempdir = os.environ['TMPDIR'] = TMPDIR
 
-# Removing the temporary TMPDIR. Ensure we pass in unicode so that it will
-# successfully remove temp trees containing non-ASCII filenames on Windows.
-# (We're assuming the temp dir name itself only contains ASCII characters.)
-atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, six.text_type(TMPDIR))
+# Removing the temporary TMPDIR.
+atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, TMPDIR)
 
 
 SUBDIRS_TO_SKIP = [
diff --git a/tests/save_delete_hooks/tests.py b/tests/save_delete_hooks/tests.py
index e0cb2f51ab..874cb7eb72 100644
--- a/tests/save_delete_hooks/tests.py
+++ b/tests/save_delete_hooks/tests.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from django.test import TestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import Person
 
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ class SaveDeleteHookTests(TestCase):
             Person.objects.all(), [
                 "John Smith",
             ],
-            six.text_type
+            str
         )
 
         p.delete()
diff --git a/tests/select_related_regress/tests.py b/tests/select_related_regress/tests.py
index bb5f7774a3..753114a6d2 100644
--- a/tests/select_related_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/select_related_regress/tests.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from django.test import TestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import (
     A, B, Building, C, Chick, Child, Class, Client, ClientStatus, Connection,
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ class SelectRelatedRegressTests(TestCase):
 
         connections = Connection.objects.filter(start__device__building=b, end__device__building=b).order_by('id')
         self.assertEqual(
-            [(c.id, six.text_type(c.start), six.text_type(c.end)) for c in connections],
+            [(c.id, str(c.start), str(c.end)) for c in connections],
             [(c1.id, 'router/4', 'switch/7'), (c2.id, 'switch/7', 'server/1')]
         )
 
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ class SelectRelatedRegressTests(TestCase):
             .order_by('id')
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            [(c.id, six.text_type(c.start), six.text_type(c.end)) for c in connections],
+            [(c.id, str(c.start), str(c.end)) for c in connections],
             [(c1.id, 'router/4', 'switch/7'), (c2.id, 'switch/7', 'server/1')]
         )
 
diff --git a/tests/serializers/models/base.py b/tests/serializers/models/base.py
index aa55b87c61..9421578478 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/models/base.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/models/base.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ Serialization
 from decimal import Decimal
 
 from django.db import models
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class CategoryMetaDataManager(models.Manager):
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ class TeamField(models.CharField):
         super(TeamField, self).__init__(max_length=100)
 
     def get_db_prep_save(self, value, connection):
-        return six.text_type(value.title)
+        return str(value.title)
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         if isinstance(value, Team):
diff --git a/tests/serializers/test_xml.py b/tests/serializers/test_xml.py
index 71b38d48fa..ea9677d87f 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/test_xml.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/test_xml.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from xml.dom import minidom
 from django.core import serializers
 from django.core.serializers.xml_serializer import DTDForbidden
 from django.test import TestCase, TransactionTestCase
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .tests import SerializersTestBase, SerializersTransactionTestBase
 
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class XmlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
     def _comparison_value(value):
         # The XML serializer handles everything as strings, so comparisons
         # need to be performed on the stringified value
-        return six.text_type(value)
+        return str(value)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _validate_output(serial_str):
diff --git a/tests/serializers/test_yaml.py b/tests/serializers/test_yaml.py
index 038227efea..f3988d7ff1 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/test_yaml.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/test_yaml.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import unittest
 from django.core import management, serializers
 from django.core.serializers.base import DeserializationError
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.six import StringIO
 
 from .models import Author
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ class YamlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
                 # yaml.safe_load will return non-string objects for some
                 # of the fields we are interested in, this ensures that
                 # everything comes back as a string
-                if isinstance(field_value, six.string_types):
+                if isinstance(field_value, str):
                     ret_list.append(field_value)
                 else:
                     ret_list.append(str(field_value))
diff --git a/tests/servers/tests.py b/tests/servers/tests.py
index ff1d4aff8c..ee0d8629cf 100644
--- a/tests/servers/tests.py
+++ b/tests/servers/tests.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import socket
 from django.test import LiveServerTestCase, override_settings
 from django.utils._os import upath
 from django.utils.http import urlencode
-from django.utils.six import text_type
 from django.utils.six.moves.urllib.error import HTTPError
 from django.utils.six.moves.urllib.request import urlopen
 
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class LiveServerAddress(LiveServerBase):
         cls.live_server_url_test = [cls.live_server_url]
 
     def test_live_server_url_is_class_property(self):
-        self.assertIsInstance(self.live_server_url_test[0], text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.live_server_url_test[0], str)
         self.assertEqual(self.live_server_url_test[0], self.live_server_url)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/signals/tests.py b/tests/signals/tests.py
index 9cb470b8cf..88572ad44f 100644
--- a/tests/signals/tests.py
+++ b/tests/signals/tests.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db.models import signals
 from django.dispatch import receiver
 from django.test import TestCase, mock
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
-from django.utils import six
 
 from .models import Author, Book, Car, Person
 
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalTest):
                 Person.objects.all(), [
                     "James Jones",
                 ],
-                six.text_type
+                str
             )
         finally:
             signals.pre_delete.disconnect(pre_delete_handler)
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/cases.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/cases.py
index f278e6a974..069402c6f6 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/cases.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/cases.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.template import Context, Template
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 
 from .settings import TEST_SETTINGS
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ class BaseStaticFilesMixin(object):
             self._get_file(filepath)
 
     def render_template(self, template, **kwargs):
-        if isinstance(template, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(template, str):
             template = Template(template)
         return template.render(Context(**kwargs)).strip()
 
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ class CollectionTestCase(BaseStaticFilesMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         self.patched_settings.enable()
         self.run_collectstatic()
         # Same comment as in runtests.teardown.
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, six.text_type(temp_dir))
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, temp_dir)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         self.patched_settings.disable()
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_management.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_management.py
index e8c00eb3f5..7d17f2abe1 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_management.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_management.py
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class TestCollectionClear(CollectionTestCase):
         self.assertFileNotFound('cleared.txt')
 
     def test_dir_not_exists(self, **kwargs):
-        shutil.rmtree(six.text_type(settings.STATIC_ROOT))
+        shutil.rmtree(settings.STATIC_ROOT)
         super(TestCollectionClear, self).run_collectstatic(clear=True)
 
     @override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.PathNotImplementedStorage')
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ class TestInteractiveMessages(CollectionTestCase):
 
     def test_no_warning_when_staticdir_does_not_exist(self):
         stdout = six.StringIO()
-        shutil.rmtree(six.text_type(settings.STATIC_ROOT))
+        shutil.rmtree(settings.STATIC_ROOT)
         call_command('collectstatic', interactive=True, stdout=stdout)
         output = force_text(stdout.getvalue())
         self.assertNotIn(self.overwrite_warning_msg, output)
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class TestInteractiveMessages(CollectionTestCase):
         static_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='collectstatic_empty_staticdir_test')
         with override_settings(STATIC_ROOT=static_dir):
             call_command('collectstatic', interactive=True, stdout=stdout)
-        shutil.rmtree(six.text_type(static_dir))
+        shutil.rmtree(static_dir)
         output = force_text(stdout.getvalue())
         self.assertNotIn(self.overwrite_warning_msg, output)
         self.assertNotIn(self.delete_warning_msg, output)
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_storage.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_storage.py
index d1b7a49626..6333be7549 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_storage.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_storage.py
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ class TestCollectionManifestStorage(TestHashedFiles, CollectionTestCase):
         self.patched_settings = self.settings(
             STATICFILES_DIRS=settings.STATICFILES_DIRS + [temp_dir])
         self.patched_settings.enable()
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, six.text_type(temp_dir))
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, temp_dir)
         self._manifest_strict = storage.staticfiles_storage.manifest_strict
 
     def tearDown(self):
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escape.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escape.py
index 6f28b972a2..22d5ca7d55 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escape.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escape.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from django.template.defaultfilters import escape
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.functional import Promise, lazy
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class EscapeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;y")
 
     def test_escape_lazy_string(self):
-        add_html = lazy(lambda string: string + 'special characters > here', six.text_type)
+        add_html = lazy(lambda string: string + 'special characters > here', str)
         escaped = escape(add_html('<some html & '))
         self.assertIsInstance(escaped, Promise)
         self.assertEqual(escaped, '&lt;some html &amp; special characters &gt; here')
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escapejs.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escapejs.py
index 3b038726b2..9aa98819e1 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escapejs.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escapejs.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from django.template.defaultfilters import escapejs_filter
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 
 from ..utils import setup
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_lazy_string(self):
-        append_script = lazy(lambda string: r'<script>this</script>' + string, six.text_type)
+        append_script = lazy(lambda string: r'<script>this</script>' + string, str)
         self.assertEqual(
             escapejs_filter(append_script('whitespace: \r\n\t\v\f\b')),
             '\\u003Cscript\\u003Ethis\\u003C/script\\u003E'
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_floatformat.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_floatformat.py
index d4a4526d1d..8474238f21 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_floatformat.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_floatformat.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from decimal import Decimal, localcontext
 
 from django.template.defaultfilters import floatformat
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 
 from ..utils import setup
@@ -64,13 +63,13 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_infinity(self):
         pos_inf = float(1e30000)
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(pos_inf), six.text_type(pos_inf))
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(pos_inf), str(pos_inf))
 
         neg_inf = float(-1e30000)
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(neg_inf), six.text_type(neg_inf))
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(neg_inf), str(neg_inf))
 
         nan = pos_inf / pos_inf
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(nan), six.text_type(nan))
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(nan), str(nan))
 
     def test_float_dunder_method(self):
         class FloatWrapper(object):
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linebreaks.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linebreaks.py
index 50a66f3c47..0f3cd7a117 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linebreaks.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linebreaks.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from django.template.defaultfilters import linebreaks_filter
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_lazy_string_input(self):
-        add_header = lazy(lambda string: 'Header\n\n' + string, six.text_type)
+        add_header = lazy(lambda string: 'Header\n\n' + string, str)
         self.assertEqual(
             linebreaks_filter(add_header('line 1\r\nline2')),
             '<p>Header</p>\n\n<p>line 1<br />line2</p>'
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_slugify.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_slugify.py
index ec9f2bb736..cb23e9b320 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_slugify.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_slugify.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from django.template.defaultfilters import slugify
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(slugify(123), '123')
 
     def test_slugify_lazy_string(self):
-        lazy_str = lazy(lambda string: force_text(string), six.text_type)
+        lazy_str = lazy(lambda string: force_text(string), str)
         self.assertEqual(
             slugify(lazy_str(' Jack & Jill like numbers 1,2,3 and 4 and silly characters ?%.$!/')),
             'jack-jill-like-numbers-123-and-4-and-silly-characters',
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlize.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlize.py
index 3096213a22..2bf94126d4 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlize.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlize.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from django.template.defaultfilters import urlize
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 
@@ -367,7 +366,7 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_lazystring(self):
-        prepend_www = lazy(lambda url: 'www.' + url, six.text_type)
+        prepend_www = lazy(lambda url: 'www.' + url, str)
         self.assertEqual(
             urlize(prepend_www('google.com')),
             '<a href="http://www.google.com" rel="nofollow">www.google.com</a>',
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/templatetags/custom.py b/tests/template_tests/templatetags/custom.py
index 3c3e4ce8ed..363e7094ce 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/templatetags/custom.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/templatetags/custom.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ simple_one_default.anything = "Expected simple_one_default __dict__"
 def simple_unlimited_args(one, two='hi', *args):
     """Expected simple_unlimited_args __doc__"""
     return "simple_unlimited_args - Expected result: %s" % (
-        ', '.join(six.text_type(arg) for arg in [one, two] + list(args))
+        ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two] + list(args))
     )
 
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ simple_unlimited_args.anything = "Expected simple_unlimited_args __dict__"
 @register.simple_tag
 def simple_only_unlimited_args(*args):
     """Expected simple_only_unlimited_args __doc__"""
-    return "simple_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: %s" % ', '.join(six.text_type(arg) for arg in args)
+    return "simple_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: %s" % ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in args)
 
 
 simple_only_unlimited_args.anything = "Expected simple_only_unlimited_args __dict__"
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ def simple_unlimited_args_kwargs(one, two='hi', *args, **kwargs):
     # Sort the dictionary by key to guarantee the order for testing.
     sorted_kwarg = sorted(six.iteritems(kwargs), key=operator.itemgetter(0))
     return "simple_unlimited_args_kwargs - Expected result: %s / %s" % (
-        ', '.join(six.text_type(arg) for arg in [one, two] + list(args)),
+        ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two] + list(args)),
         ', '.join('%s=%s' % (k, v) for (k, v) in sorted_kwarg)
     )
 
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/templatetags/inclusion.py b/tests/template_tests/templatetags/inclusion.py
index dbdfa45c95..745dd7ffae 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/templatetags/inclusion.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/templatetags/inclusion.py
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def inclusion_unlimited_args(one, two='hi', *args):
     return {
         "result": (
             "inclusion_unlimited_args - Expected result: %s" % (
-                ', '.join(six.text_type(arg) for arg in [one, two] + list(args))
+                ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two] + list(args))
             )
         )
     }
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ def inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template(one, two='hi', *args):
     return {
         "result": (
             "inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: %s" % (
-                ', '.join(six.text_type(arg) for arg in [one, two] + list(args))
+                ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two] + list(args))
             )
         )
     }
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ def inclusion_only_unlimited_args(*args):
     """Expected inclusion_only_unlimited_args __doc__"""
     return {
         "result": "inclusion_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: %s" % (
-            ', '.join(six.text_type(arg) for arg in args)
+            ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in args)
         )
     }
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ def inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template(*args):
     """Expected inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template __doc__"""
     return {
         "result": "inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: %s" % (
-            ', '.join(six.text_type(arg) for arg in args)
+            ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in args)
         )
     }
 
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ def inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs(one, two='hi', *args, **kwargs):
     # Sort the dictionary by key to guarantee the order for testing.
     sorted_kwarg = sorted(six.iteritems(kwargs), key=operator.itemgetter(0))
     return {"result": "inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs - Expected result: %s / %s" % (
-        ', '.join(six.text_type(arg) for arg in [one, two] + list(args)),
+        ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two] + list(args)),
         ', '.join('%s=%s' % (k, v) for (k, v) in sorted_kwarg)
     )}
 
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_unicode.py b/tests/template_tests/test_unicode.py
index f6471e72e0..dbd18eb495 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_unicode.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_unicode.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from unittest import TestCase
 
 from django.template import Context, Engine
 from django.template.base import TemplateEncodingError
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.safestring import SafeData
 
 
@@ -28,5 +27,5 @@ class UnicodeTests(TestCase):
         # they all render the same (and are returned as unicode objects and
         # "safe" objects as well, for auto-escaping purposes).
         self.assertEqual(t1.render(c3), t2.render(c3))
-        self.assertIsInstance(t1.render(c3), six.text_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(t1.render(c3), str)
         self.assertIsInstance(t1.render(c3), SafeData)
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/tests.py b/tests/test_utils/tests.py
index e63c6774ae..4d29f1a491 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils/tests.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils/tests.py
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ class AssertQuerysetEqualTests(TestCase):
 class CaptureQueriesContextManagerTests(TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.person_pk = six.text_type(Person.objects.create(name='test').pk)
+        self.person_pk = str(Person.objects.create(name='test').pk)
 
     def test_simple(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
diff --git a/tests/update/models.py b/tests/update/models.py
index 1fbab38ca9..bfcc29bee9 100644
--- a/tests/update/models.py
+++ b/tests/update/models.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ updates.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
-from django.utils import six
 
 
 class DataPoint(models.Model):
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ class DataPoint(models.Model):
     another_value = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return six.text_type(self.name)
+        return self.name
 
 
 class RelatedPoint(models.Model):
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ class RelatedPoint(models.Model):
     data = models.ForeignKey(DataPoint, models.CASCADE)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return six.text_type(self.name)
+        return self.name
 
 
 class A(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/tests.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/tests.py
index 157479a579..62d199c030 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/tests.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/tests.py
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ from django.urls import (
     NoReverseMatch, RegexURLPattern, RegexURLResolver, Resolver404,
     ResolverMatch, get_callable, get_resolver, resolve, reverse, reverse_lazy,
 )
-from django.utils import six
 
 from . import middleware, urlconf_outer, views
 from .utils import URLObject
@@ -336,13 +335,6 @@ class URLPatternReverse(SimpleTestCase):
             '/script:name/optional/foo:bar/'
         )
 
-    def test_reverse_returns_unicode(self):
-        name, expected, args, kwargs = test_data[0]
-        self.assertIsInstance(
-            reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs),
-            six.text_type
-        )
-
     def test_view_not_found_message(self):
         msg = (
             "Reverse for 'non-existent-view' not found. 'non-existent-view' "
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_encoding.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_encoding.py
index b4e7b9c0ac..faf30a59c0 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_encoding.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_encoding.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import datetime
 import unittest
 
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.encoding import (
     escape_uri_path, filepath_to_uri, force_bytes, force_text, iri_to_uri,
     smart_text, uri_to_iri,
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ class TestEncodingUtils(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_force_text_lazy(self):
         s = SimpleLazyObject(lambda: 'x')
-        self.assertTrue(issubclass(type(force_text(s)), six.text_type))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(type(force_text(s)), str))
 
     def test_force_bytes_exception(self):
         """
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_functional.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_functional.py
index 0ca534445f..f53e212f93 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_functional.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_functional.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import unittest
 
-from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property, lazy
 
 
@@ -45,8 +44,8 @@ class FunctionalTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 return b"\xc3\x8e am \xc4\x81 binary \xc7\xa8l\xc3\xa2zz."
 
         t = lazy(lambda: Klazz(), Klazz)()
-        self.assertEqual(six.text_type(t), "Î am ā Ǩlâzz.")
-        self.assertEqual(six.binary_type(t), b"\xc3\x8e am \xc4\x81 binary \xc7\xa8l\xc3\xa2zz.")
+        self.assertEqual(str(t), "Î am ā Ǩlâzz.")
+        self.assertEqual(bytes(t), b"\xc3\x8e am \xc4\x81 binary \xc7\xa8l\xc3\xa2zz.")
 
     def test_cached_property(self):
         """
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ class FunctionalTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_lazy_repr_text(self):
         original_object = 'Lazy translation text'
-        lazy_obj = lazy(lambda: original_object, six.text_type)
+        lazy_obj = lazy(lambda: original_object, str)
         self.assertEqual(repr(original_object), repr(lazy_obj()))
 
     def test_lazy_repr_int(self):
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_lazyobject.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_lazyobject.py
index 588e85afc5..8c9b997b3c 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_lazyobject.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_lazyobject.py
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class LazyObjectTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_text(self):
         obj = self.lazy_wrap('foo')
-        self.assertEqual(six.text_type(obj), 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(str(obj), 'foo')
 
     def test_bool(self):
         # Refs #21840
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_safestring.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_safestring.py
index 96f42d5ddd..9e99b6e20b 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_safestring.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_safestring.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from django.template import Context, Template
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils import html, six, text
+from django.utils import html, text
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
 from django.utils.functional import lazy, lazystr
 from django.utils.safestring import SafeData, mark_safe
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from django.utils.safestring import SafeData, mark_safe
 lazybytes = lazy(force_bytes, bytes)
 
 
-class customescape(six.text_type):
+class customescape(str):
     def __html__(self):
         # implement specific and obviously wrong escaping
         # in order to be able to tell for sure when it runs
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_text.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_text.py
index 9128fb0247..22695277a4 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_text.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_text.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import json
 
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils import six, text
+from django.utils import text
 from django.utils.functional import lazystr
 from django.utils.text import format_lazy
 from django.utils.translation import override, ugettext_lazy
@@ -161,7 +161,6 @@ class TestUtilsText(SimpleTestCase):
         """normalize_newlines should be able to handle bytes too"""
         normalized = text.normalize_newlines(b"abc\ndef\rghi\r\n")
         self.assertEqual(normalized, "abc\ndef\nghi\n")
-        self.assertIsInstance(normalized, six.text_type)
 
     def test_phone2numeric(self):
         numeric = text.phone2numeric('0800 flowers')