Refs #33476 -- Refactored code to strictly match 88 characters line length.

django/apps/registry.py

@@ -224,9 +224,9 @@ class Apps:
                 and model.__module__ == app_models[model_name].__module__
             ):
                 warnings.warn(
-                    "Model '%s.%s' was already registered. "
-                    "Reloading models is not advised as it can lead to inconsistencies, "
-                    "most notably with related models." % (app_label, model_name),
+                    "Model '%s.%s' was already registered. Reloading models is not "
+                    "advised as it can lead to inconsistencies, most notably with "
+                    "related models." % (app_label, model_name),
                     RuntimeWarning,
                     stacklevel=2,
                 )

django/conf/global_settings.py

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ DEBUG = False
 # on a live site.
 DEBUG_PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS = False
 
-# People who get code error notifications.
-# In the format [('Full Name', 'email@example.com'), ('Full Name', 'anotheremail@example.com')]
+# People who get code error notifications. In the format
+# [('Full Name', 'email@example.com'), ('Full Name', 'anotheremail@example.com')]
 ADMINS = []
 
 # List of IP addresses, as strings, that:
@@ -319,7 +319,8 @@ DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS = 1000
 FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR = None
 
 # The numeric mode to set newly-uploaded files to. The value should be a mode
-# you'd pass directly to os.chmod; see https://docs.python.org/library/os.html#files-and-directories.
+# you'd pass directly to os.chmod; see
+# https://docs.python.org/library/os.html#files-and-directories.
 FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS = 0o644
 
 # The numeric mode to assign to newly-created directories, when uploading files.

django/contrib/admin/checks.py

@@ -447,9 +447,9 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
                 ):
                     return [
                         checks.Error(
-                            "The value of '%s' cannot include the ManyToManyField '%s', "
-                            "because that field manually specifies a relationship model."
-                            % (label, field_name),
+                            "The value of '%s' cannot include the ManyToManyField "
+                            "'%s', because that field manually specifies a "
+                            "relationship model." % (label, field_name),
                             obj=obj.__class__,
                             id="admin.E013",
                         )
@@ -568,8 +568,8 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
                         "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which is not an "
-                        "instance of ForeignKey, and does not have a 'choices' definition."
-                        % (label, field_name),
+                        "instance of ForeignKey, and does not have a 'choices' "
+                        "definition." % (label, field_name),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
                         id="admin.E023",
                     )
@@ -585,8 +585,8 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
         if val not in (HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    "The value of '%s' must be either admin.HORIZONTAL or admin.VERTICAL."
-                    % label,
+                    "The value of '%s' must be either admin.HORIZONTAL or "
+                    "admin.VERTICAL." % label,
                     obj=obj.__class__,
                     id="admin.E024",
                 )
@@ -598,7 +598,8 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
         if not callable(obj.view_on_site) and not isinstance(obj.view_on_site, bool):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    "The value of 'view_on_site' must be a callable or a boolean value.",
+                    "The value of 'view_on_site' must be a callable or a boolean "
+                    "value.",
                     obj=obj.__class__,
                     id="admin.E025",
                 )
@@ -643,9 +644,9 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
             ):
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which must not be a DateTimeField, "
-                        "a ForeignKey, a OneToOneField, or a ManyToManyField."
-                        % (label, field_name),
+                        "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which must not be a "
+                        "DateTimeField, a ForeignKey, a OneToOneField, or a "
+                        "ManyToManyField." % (label, field_name),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
                         id="admin.E028",
                     )
@@ -955,8 +956,8 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
         if field_name not in obj.list_display:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which is not defined in 'list_display'."
-                    % (label, field_name),
+                    "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which is not defined in "
+                    "'list_display'." % (label, field_name),
                     obj=obj.__class__,
                     id="admin.E111",
                 )
@@ -1027,8 +1028,8 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
             except (NotRelationField, FieldDoesNotExist):
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which does not refer to a Field."
-                        % (label, field),
+                        "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which does not refer to a "
+                        "Field." % (label, field),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
                         id="admin.E116",
                     )
@@ -1107,8 +1108,8 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
             elif obj.list_display_links and field_name in obj.list_display_links:
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "The value of '%s' cannot be in both 'list_editable' and 'list_display_links'."
-                        % field_name,
+                        "The value of '%s' cannot be in both 'list_editable' and "
+                        "'list_display_links'." % field_name,
                         obj=obj.__class__,
                         id="admin.E123",
                     )
@@ -1122,9 +1123,9 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
             ):
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "The value of '%s' refers to the first field in 'list_display' ('%s'), "
-                        "which cannot be used unless 'list_display_links' is set."
-                        % (label, obj.list_display[0]),
+                        "The value of '%s' refers to the first field in 'list_display' "
+                        "('%s'), which cannot be used unless 'list_display_links' is "
+                        "set." % (label, obj.list_display[0]),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
                         id="admin.E124",
                     )
@@ -1132,8 +1133,8 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
             elif not field.editable:
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which is not editable through the admin."
-                        % (label, field_name),
+                        "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which is not editable "
+                        "through the admin." % (label, field_name),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
                         id="admin.E125",
                     )

django/contrib/admin/models.py

@@ -64,7 +64,8 @@ class LogEntry(models.Model):
         null=True,
     )
     object_id = models.TextField(_("object id"), blank=True, null=True)
-    # Translators: 'repr' means representation (https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#repr)
+    # Translators: 'repr' means representation
+    # (https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#repr)
     object_repr = models.CharField(_("object repr"), max_length=200)
     action_flag = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(
         _("action flag"), choices=ACTION_FLAG_CHOICES

django/contrib/admin/options.py

@@ -1276,7 +1276,9 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
                 "has_add_permission": self.has_add_permission(request),
                 "has_change_permission": self.has_change_permission(request, obj),
                 "has_delete_permission": self.has_delete_permission(request, obj),
-                "has_editable_inline_admin_formsets": has_editable_inline_admin_formsets,
+                "has_editable_inline_admin_formsets": (
+                    has_editable_inline_admin_formsets
+                ),
                 "has_file_field": context["adminform"].form.is_multipart()
                 or any(
                     admin_formset.formset.is_multipart()
@@ -1383,7 +1385,8 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         elif "_addanother" in request.POST:
             msg = format_html(
                 _(
-                    "The {name} “{obj}” was added successfully. You may add another {name} below."
+                    "The {name} “{obj}” was added successfully. You may add another "
+                    "{name} below."
                 ),
                 **msg_dict,
             )
@@ -1444,7 +1447,8 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         if "_continue" in request.POST:
             msg = format_html(
                 _(
-                    "The {name} “{obj}” was changed successfully. You may edit it again below."
+                    "The {name} “{obj}” was changed successfully. You may edit it "
+                    "again below."
                 ),
                 **msg_dict,
             )
@@ -1458,7 +1462,8 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         elif "_saveasnew" in request.POST:
             msg = format_html(
                 _(
-                    "The {name} “{obj}” was added successfully. You may edit it again below."
+                    "The {name} “{obj}” was added successfully. You may edit it again "
+                    "below."
                 ),
                 **msg_dict,
             )
@@ -1476,7 +1481,8 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         elif "_addanother" in request.POST:
             msg = format_html(
                 _(
-                    "The {name} “{obj}” was changed successfully. You may add another {name} below."
+                    "The {name} “{obj}” was changed successfully. You may add another "
+                    "{name} below."
                 ),
                 **msg_dict,
             )
@@ -2389,8 +2395,9 @@ class InlineModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
                         objs = []
                         for p in collector.protected:
                             objs.append(
-                                # Translators: Model verbose name and instance representation,
-                                # suitable to be an item in a list.
+                                # Translators: Model verbose name and instance
+                                # representation, suitable to be an item in a
+                                # list.
                                 _("%(class_name)s %(instance)s")
                                 % {"class_name": p._meta.verbose_name, "instance": p}
                             )

django/contrib/admin/templatetags/log.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def get_admin_log(parser, token):
 
     Usage::
 
-        {% get_admin_log [limit] as [varname] for_user [context_var_containing_user_obj] %}
+        {% get_admin_log [limit] as [varname] for_user [context_var_with_user_obj] %}
 
     Examples::
 

django/contrib/auth/__init__.py

@@ -70,12 +70,14 @@ def authenticate(request=None, **credentials):
         try:
             backend_signature.bind(request, **credentials)
         except TypeError:
-            # This backend doesn't accept these credentials as arguments. Try the next one.
+            # This backend doesn't accept these credentials as arguments. Try
+            # the next one.
             continue
         try:
             user = backend.authenticate(request, **credentials)
         except PermissionDenied:
-            # This backend says to stop in our tracks - this user should not be allowed in at all.
+            # This backend says to stop in our tracks - this user should not be
+            # allowed in at all.
             break
         if user is None:
             continue

django/contrib/auth/checks.py

@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ def check_user_model(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
         ]:
             errors.append(
                 checks.Error(
-                    "'%s.%s' must be unique because it is named as the 'USERNAME_FIELD'."
-                    % (cls._meta.object_name, cls.USERNAME_FIELD),
+                    "'%s.%s' must be unique because it is named as the "
+                    "'USERNAME_FIELD'." % (cls._meta.object_name, cls.USERNAME_FIELD),
                     obj=cls,
                     id="auth.E003",
                 )
@@ -72,7 +72,10 @@ def check_user_model(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
                 checks.Warning(
                     "'%s.%s' is named as the 'USERNAME_FIELD', but it is not unique."
                     % (cls._meta.object_name, cls.USERNAME_FIELD),
-                    hint="Ensure that your authentication backend(s) can handle non-unique usernames.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Ensure that your authentication backend(s) can handle "
+                        "non-unique usernames."
+                    ),
                     obj=cls,
                     id="auth.W004",
                 )
@@ -197,8 +200,8 @@ def check_models_permissions(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
             if codename in builtin_permissions:
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
-                        "The permission codenamed '%s' clashes with a builtin permission "
-                        "for model '%s'." % (codename, opts.label),
+                        "The permission codenamed '%s' clashes with a builtin "
+                        "permission for model '%s'." % (codename, opts.label),
                         obj=model,
                         id="auth.E005",
                     )

django/contrib/auth/management/commands/changepassword.py

@@ -24,7 +24,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         parser.add_argument(
             "username",
             nargs="?",
-            help="Username to change password for; by default, it's the current username.",
+            help=(
+                "Username to change password for; by default, it's the current "
+                "username."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--database",

django/contrib/auth/migrations/0001_initial.py

@@ -102,14 +102,20 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                     "is_superuser",
                     models.BooleanField(
                         default=False,
-                        help_text="Designates that this user has all permissions without explicitly assigning them.",
+                        help_text=(
+                            "Designates that this user has all permissions without "
+                            "explicitly assigning them."
+                        ),
                         verbose_name="superuser status",
                     ),
                 ),
                 (
                     "username",
                     models.CharField(
-                        help_text="Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.",
+                        help_text=(
+                            "Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and "
+                            "@/./+/-/_ only."
+                        ),
                         unique=True,
                         max_length=30,
                         verbose_name="username",
@@ -138,7 +144,9 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                     "is_staff",
                     models.BooleanField(
                         default=False,
-                        help_text="Designates whether the user can log into this admin site.",
+                        help_text=(
+                            "Designates whether the user can log into this admin site."
+                        ),
                         verbose_name="staff status",
                     ),
                 ),
@@ -148,8 +156,8 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                         default=True,
                         verbose_name="active",
                         help_text=(
-                            "Designates whether this user should be treated as active. Unselect this instead of deleting "
-                            "accounts."
+                            "Designates whether this user should be treated as active. "
+                            "Unselect this instead of deleting accounts."
                         ),
                     ),
                 ),
@@ -168,8 +176,8 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                         related_name="user_set",
                         related_query_name="user",
                         help_text=(
-                            "The groups this user belongs to. A user will get all permissions granted to each of their "
-                            "groups."
+                            "The groups this user belongs to. A user will get all "
+                            "permissions granted to each of their groups."
                         ),
                     ),
                 ),

django/contrib/auth/migrations/0004_alter_user_username_opts.py

@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 error_messages={"unique": "A user with that username already exists."},
                 max_length=30,
                 validators=[validators.UnicodeUsernameValidator()],
-                help_text="Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.",
+                help_text=(
+                    "Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ "
+                    "only."
+                ),
                 unique=True,
                 verbose_name="username",
             ),

django/contrib/auth/migrations/0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages.py

@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             name="username",
             field=models.CharField(
                 error_messages={"unique": "A user with that username already exists."},
-                help_text="Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.",
+                help_text=(
+                    "Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ "
+                    "only."
+                ),
                 max_length=30,
                 unique=True,
                 validators=[validators.UnicodeUsernameValidator()],

django/contrib/auth/migrations/0008_alter_user_username_max_length.py

@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             name="username",
             field=models.CharField(
                 error_messages={"unique": "A user with that username already exists."},
-                help_text="Required. 150 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.",
+                help_text=(
+                    "Required. 150 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ "
+                    "only."
+                ),
                 max_length=150,
                 unique=True,
                 validators=[validators.UnicodeUsernameValidator()],

django/contrib/auth/mixins.py

@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ class AccessMixin:
         login_url = self.login_url or settings.LOGIN_URL
         if not login_url:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                "{0} is missing the login_url attribute. Define {0}.login_url, settings.LOGIN_URL, or override "
-                "{0}.get_login_url().".format(self.__class__.__name__)
+                f"{self.__class__.__name__} is missing the login_url attribute. Define "
+                f"{self.__class__.__name__}.login_url, settings.LOGIN_URL, or override "
+                f"{self.__class__.__name__}.get_login_url()."
             )
         return str(login_url)
 
@@ -84,8 +85,10 @@ class PermissionRequiredMixin(AccessMixin):
         """
         if self.permission_required is None:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                "{0} is missing the permission_required attribute. Define {0}.permission_required, or override "
-                "{0}.get_permission_required().".format(self.__class__.__name__)
+                f"{self.__class__.__name__} is missing the "
+                f"permission_required attribute. Define "
+                f"{self.__class__.__name__}.permission_required, or override "
+                f"{self.__class__.__name__}.get_permission_required()."
             )
         if isinstance(self.permission_required, str):
             perms = (self.permission_required,)

django/contrib/auth/models.py

@@ -435,7 +435,8 @@ class AnonymousUser:
 
     def __int__(self):
         raise TypeError(
-            "Cannot cast AnonymousUser to int. Are you trying to use it in place of User?"
+            "Cannot cast AnonymousUser to int. Are you trying to use it in place of "
+            "User?"
         )
 
     def save(self):

django/contrib/auth/password_validation.py

@@ -28,7 +28,10 @@ def get_password_validators(validator_config):
         try:
             klass = import_string(validator["NAME"])
         except ImportError:
-            msg = "The module in NAME could not be imported: %s. Check your AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS setting."
+            msg = (
+                "The module in NAME could not be imported: %s. Check your "
+                "AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS setting."
+            )
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg % validator["NAME"])
         validators.append(klass(**validator.get("OPTIONS", {})))
 
@@ -105,8 +108,10 @@ class MinimumLengthValidator:
         if len(password) < self.min_length:
             raise ValidationError(
                 ngettext(
-                    "This password is too short. It must contain at least %(min_length)d character.",
-                    "This password is too short. It must contain at least %(min_length)d characters.",
+                    "This password is too short. It must contain at least "
+                    "%(min_length)d character.",
+                    "This password is too short. It must contain at least "
+                    "%(min_length)d characters.",
                     self.min_length,
                 ),
                 code="password_too_short",

django/contrib/contenttypes/admin.py

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminChecks(InlineModelAdminChecks):
         return []
 
     def _check_relation(self, obj, parent_model):
-        # There's no FK, but we do need to confirm that the ct_field and ct_fk_field are valid,
-        # and that they are part of a GenericForeignKey.
+        # There's no FK, but we do need to confirm that the ct_field and
+        # ct_fk_field are valid, and that they are part of a GenericForeignKey.
 
         gfks = [
             f
@@ -75,7 +75,8 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminChecks(InlineModelAdminChecks):
 
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    "'%s' has no GenericForeignKey using content type field '%s' and object ID field '%s'."
+                    "'%s' has no GenericForeignKey using content type field '%s' and "
+                    "object ID field '%s'."
                     % (
                         obj.model._meta.label,
                         obj.ct_field,

django/contrib/contenttypes/models.py

@@ -120,8 +120,9 @@ class ContentTypeManager(models.Manager):
 
     def _add_to_cache(self, using, ct):
         """Insert a ContentType into the cache."""
-        # Note it's possible for ContentType objects to be stale; model_class() will return None.
-        # Hence, there is no reliance on model._meta.app_label here, just using the model fields instead.
+        # Note it's possible for ContentType objects to be stale; model_class()
+        # will return None. Hence, there is no reliance on
+        # model._meta.app_label here, just using the model fields instead.
         key = (ct.app_label, ct.model)
         self._cache.setdefault(using, {})[key] = ct
         self._cache.setdefault(using, {})[ct.id] = ct

django/contrib/flatpages/forms.py

@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ class FlatpageForm(forms.ModelForm):
         max_length=100,
         regex=r"^[-\w/\.~]+$",
         help_text=_(
-            "Example: “/about/contact/”. Make sure to have leading and trailing slashes."
+            "Example: “/about/contact/”. Make sure to have leading and trailing "
+            "slashes."
         ),
         error_messages={
             "invalid": _(

django/contrib/flatpages/migrations/0001_initial.py

@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                     "template_name",
                     models.CharField(
                         help_text=(
-                            "Example: “flatpages/contact_page.html”. If this isn’t provided, the system will use "
-                            "“flatpages/default.html”."
+                            "Example: “flatpages/contact_page.html”. If this isn’t "
+                            "provided, the system will use “flatpages/default.html”."
                         ),
                         max_length=70,
                         verbose_name="template name",
@@ -46,7 +46,10 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                     "registration_required",
                     models.BooleanField(
                         default=False,
-                        help_text="If this is checked, only logged-in users will be able to view the page.",
+                        help_text=(
+                            "If this is checked, only logged-in users will be able to "
+                            "view the page."
+                        ),
                         verbose_name="registration required",
                     ),
                 ),

django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/operations.py

@@ -158,12 +158,14 @@ class BaseSpatialOperations:
     # Routines for getting the OGC-compliant models.
     def geometry_columns(self):
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Subclasses of BaseSpatialOperations must provide a geometry_columns() method."
+            "Subclasses of BaseSpatialOperations must provide a geometry_columns() "
+            "method."
         )
 
     def spatial_ref_sys(self):
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseSpatialOperations must a provide spatial_ref_sys() method"
+            "subclasses of BaseSpatialOperations must a provide spatial_ref_sys() "
+            "method"
         )
 
     distance_expr_for_lookup = staticmethod(Distance)

django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/features.py

@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseSpatialFeatures, OracleDatabaseFeatures):
         skips.update(
             {
                 "Oracle doesn't support spatial operators in constraints.": {
-                    "gis_tests.gis_migrations.test_operations.OperationTests.test_add_check_constraint",
+                    "gis_tests.gis_migrations.test_operations.OperationTests."
+                    "test_add_check_constraint",
                 },
             }
         )

django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py

@@ -40,7 +40,10 @@ class SDORelate(SpatialOperator):
     sql_template = "SDO_RELATE(%(lhs)s, %(rhs)s, 'mask=%(mask)s') = 'TRUE'"
 
     def check_relate_argument(self, arg):
-        masks = "TOUCH|OVERLAPBDYDISJOINT|OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT|EQUAL|INSIDE|COVEREDBY|CONTAINS|COVERS|ANYINTERACT|ON"
+        masks = (
+            "TOUCH|OVERLAPBDYDISJOINT|OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT|EQUAL|INSIDE|COVEREDBY|"
+            "CONTAINS|COVERS|ANYINTERACT|ON"
+        )
         mask_regex = re.compile(r"^(%s)(\+(%s))*$" % (masks, masks), re.I)
         if not isinstance(arg, str) or not mask_regex.match(arg):
             raise ValueError('Invalid SDO_RELATE mask: "%s"' % arg)
@@ -105,7 +108,8 @@ class OracleOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         "exact": SDOOperator(func="SDO_EQUAL"),
         "overlaps": SDOOperator(func="SDO_OVERLAPS"),
         "same_as": SDOOperator(func="SDO_EQUAL"),
-        "relate": SDORelate(),  # Oracle uses a different syntax, e.g., 'mask=inside+touch'
+        # Oracle uses a different syntax, e.g., 'mask=inside+touch'
+        "relate": SDORelate(),
         "touches": SDOOperator(func="SDO_TOUCH"),
         "within": SDOOperator(func="SDO_INSIDE"),
         "dwithin": SDODWithin(),

django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/schema.py

@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ class OracleGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
             ),
             %(srid)s
         )"""
-    sql_add_spatial_index = "CREATE INDEX %(index)s ON %(table)s(%(column)s) INDEXTYPE IS MDSYS.SPATIAL_INDEX"
+    sql_add_spatial_index = (
+        "CREATE INDEX %(index)s ON %(table)s(%(column)s) "
+        "INDEXTYPE IS MDSYS.SPATIAL_INDEX"
+    )
     sql_drop_spatial_index = "DROP INDEX %(index)s"
     sql_clear_geometry_table_metadata = (
         "DELETE FROM USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA WHERE TABLE_NAME = %(table)s"

django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/const.py

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ STRUCT_SIZE = {
 # whether the band data is stored as part of the datum or is to be found on the
 # server's filesystem. There are currently 11 supported pixel value types, so 4
 # bits are enough to account for all. Reserve the upper 4 bits for generic
-# flags.
-# See https://trac.osgeo.org/postgis/wiki/WKTRaster/RFC/RFC1_V0SerialFormat#Pixeltypeandstorageflag
+# flags. See
+# https://trac.osgeo.org/postgis/wiki/WKTRaster/RFC/RFC1_V0SerialFormat#Pixeltypeandstorageflag
 BANDTYPE_PIXTYPE_MASK = 0x0F
 BANDTYPE_FLAG_HASNODATA = 1 << 6

django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/introspection.py

@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ class PostGISIntrospection(DatabaseIntrospection):
             # dictionary isn't updated until introspection is performed here.
             with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
                 cursor.execute(
-                    "SELECT oid, typname FROM pg_type WHERE typname IN ('geometry', 'geography')"
+                    "SELECT oid, typname "
+                    "FROM pg_type "
+                    "WHERE typname IN ('geometry', 'geography')"
                 )
                 self.postgis_oid_lookup = dict(cursor.fetchall())
             self.data_types_reverse.update(

django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py

@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ class PostGISOperator(SpatialOperator):
         if lookup.band_lhs is not None and lhs_is_raster:
             if not self.func:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "Band indices are not allowed for this operator, it works on bbox only."
+                    "Band indices are not allowed for this operator, it works on bbox "
+                    "only."
                 )
             template_params["lhs"] = "%s, %s" % (
                 template_params["lhs"],
@@ -66,7 +67,8 @@ class PostGISOperator(SpatialOperator):
         if lookup.band_rhs is not None and rhs_is_raster:
             if not self.func:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "Band indices are not allowed for this operator, it works on bbox only."
+                    "Band indices are not allowed for this operator, it works on bbox "
+                    "only."
                 )
             template_params["rhs"] = "%s, %s" % (
                 template_params["rhs"],

django/contrib/gis/db/models/functions.py

@@ -317,9 +317,11 @@ class Distance(DistanceResultMixin, OracleToleranceMixin, GeoFunc):
                 )
 
         if not geography and self.geo_field.geodetic(connection):
-            # Geometry fields with geodetic (lon/lat) coordinates need special distance functions
+            # Geometry fields with geodetic (lon/lat) coordinates need special
+            # distance functions.
             if self.spheroid:
-                # DistanceSpheroid is more accurate and resource intensive than DistanceSphere
+                # DistanceSpheroid is more accurate and resource intensive than
+                # DistanceSphere.
                 function = connection.ops.spatial_function_name("DistanceSpheroid")
                 # Replace boolean param by the real spheroid of the base field
                 clone.source_expressions.append(

django/contrib/gis/db/models/lookups.py

@@ -202,7 +202,8 @@ class BBContainsLookup(GISLookup):
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class BBOverlapsLookup(GISLookup):
     """
-    The 'bboverlaps' operator returns true if A's bounding box overlaps B's bounding box.
+    The 'bboverlaps' operator returns true if A's bounding box overlaps B's
+    bounding box.
     """
 
     lookup_name = "bboverlaps"
@@ -307,7 +308,8 @@ class DistanceLookupBase(GISLookup):
             )
         elif len(self.rhs_params) == 3 and self.rhs_params[2] != "spheroid":
             raise ValueError(
-                "For 4-element tuples the last argument must be the 'spheroid' directive."
+                "For 4-element tuples the last argument must be the 'spheroid' "
+                "directive."
             )
 
         # Check if the second parameter is a band index.

django/contrib/gis/gdal/geometries.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
   >>> print(mpnt.proj)
   +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66 +datum=NAD27 +no_defs
   >>> print(mpnt)
-  MULTIPOINT (-89.999930378602485 29.999797886557641,-89.999930378602485 29.999797886557641)
+  MULTIPOINT (-89.99993037860248 29.99979788655764,-89.99993037860248 29.99979788655764)
 
   The OGRGeomType class is to make it easy to specify an OGR geometry type:
   >>> from django.contrib.gis.gdal import OGRGeomType

django/contrib/gis/gdal/layer.py

@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_str
 #
 # The OGR_L_* routines are relevant here.
 class Layer(GDALBase):
-    "A class that wraps an OGR Layer, needs to be instantiated from a DataSource object."
+    """
+    A class that wraps an OGR Layer, needs to be instantiated from a DataSource
+    object.
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, layer_ptr, ds):
         """
@@ -192,7 +195,8 @@ class Layer(GDALBase):
             capi.set_spatial_filter(self.ptr, None)
         else:
             raise TypeError(
-                "Spatial filter must be either an OGRGeometry instance, a 4-tuple, or None."
+                "Spatial filter must be either an OGRGeometry instance, a 4-tuple, or "
+                "None."
             )
 
     spatial_filter = property(_get_spatial_filter, _set_spatial_filter)

django/contrib/gis/gdal/srs.py

@@ -131,7 +131,8 @@ class SpatialReference(GDALBase):
         4326
         >>> print(srs['TOWGS84', 4]) # the fourth value in this wkt
         0
-        >>> print(srs['UNIT|AUTHORITY']) # For the units authority, have to use the pipe symbole.
+        >>> # For the units authority, have to use the pipe symbole.
+        >>> print(srs['UNIT|AUTHORITY'])
         EPSG
         >>> print(srs['UNIT|AUTHORITY', 1]) # The authority value for the units
         9122

django/contrib/gis/geos/polygon.py

@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ class Polygon(GEOSGeometry):
         ext_ring, *init_holes = args
         n_holes = len(init_holes)
 
-        # If initialized as Polygon(shell, (LinearRing, LinearRing)) [for backward-compatibility]
+        # If initialized as Polygon(shell, (LinearRing, LinearRing))
+        # [for backward-compatibility]
         if n_holes == 1 and isinstance(init_holes[0], (tuple, list)):
             if not init_holes[0]:
                 init_holes = ()
@@ -101,7 +102,8 @@ class Polygon(GEOSGeometry):
         self,
         param,
         msg=(
-            "Parameter must be a sequence of LinearRings or objects that can initialize to LinearRings"
+            "Parameter must be a sequence of LinearRings or objects that can "
+            "initialize to LinearRings"
         ),
     ):
         "Try to construct a ring from the given parameter."

django/contrib/gis/management/commands/ogrinspect.py

@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ class ListOptionAction(argparse.Action):
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = (
-        "Inspects the given OGR-compatible data source (e.g., a shapefile) and outputs\n"
-        "a GeoDjango model with the given model name. For example:\n"
+        "Inspects the given OGR-compatible data source (e.g., a shapefile) and "
+        "outputs\na GeoDjango model with the given model name. For example:\n"
         " ./manage.py ogrinspect zipcode.shp Zipcode"
     )
 

django/contrib/gis/serializers/geojson.py

@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ class Serializer(JSONSerializer):
         self._init_options()
         self._cts = {}  # cache of CoordTransform's
         self.stream.write(
-            '{"type": "FeatureCollection", "crs": {"type": "name", "properties": {"name": "EPSG:%d"}},'
+            '{"type": "FeatureCollection", '
+            '"crs": {"type": "name", "properties": {"name": "EPSG:%d"}},'
             ' "features": [' % self.srid
         )
 
@@ -53,7 +54,8 @@ class Serializer(JSONSerializer):
             data["properties"]["pk"] = obj._meta.pk.value_to_string(obj)
         if self._geometry:
             if self._geometry.srid != self.srid:
-                # If needed, transform the geometry in the srid of the global geojson srid
+                # If needed, transform the geometry in the srid of the global
+                # geojson srid.
                 if self._geometry.srid not in self._cts:
                     srs = SpatialReference(self.srid)
                     self._cts[self._geometry.srid] = CoordTransform(

django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/kml.py

@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ class KMLSitemap(Sitemap):
             elif isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
                 if len(source) != 3:
                     raise ValueError(
-                        "Must specify a 3-tuple of (app_label, module_name, field_name)."
+                        "Must specify a 3-tuple of (app_label, module_name, "
+                        "field_name)."
                     )
                 kml_sources.append(source)
             else:

django/contrib/gis/utils/layermapping.py

@@ -233,7 +233,8 @@ class LayerMapping:
             if isinstance(model_field, GeometryField):
                 if self.geom_field:
                     raise LayerMapError(
-                        "LayerMapping does not support more than one GeometryField per model."
+                        "LayerMapping does not support more than one GeometryField per "
+                        "model."
                     )
 
                 # Getting the coordinate dimension of the geometry field.
@@ -695,7 +696,8 @@ class LayerMapping:
             # Incremental saving is requested at the given interval (step)
             if default_range:
                 raise LayerMapError(
-                    "The `step` keyword may not be used in conjunction with the `fid_range` keyword."
+                    "The `step` keyword may not be used in conjunction with the "
+                    "`fid_range` keyword."
                 )
             beg, num_feat, num_saved = (0, 0, 0)
             indices = range(step, nfeat, step)

django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinspect.py

@@ -209,7 +209,9 @@ def _ogrinspect(
             # may also be mapped to `DecimalField` if specified in the
             # `decimal` keyword.
             if field_name.lower() in decimal_fields:
-                yield "    %s = models.DecimalField(max_digits=%d, decimal_places=%d%s)" % (
+                yield (
+                    "    %s = models.DecimalField(max_digits=%d, decimal_places=%d%s)"
+                ) % (
                     mfield,
                     width,
                     precision,

django/contrib/humanize/templatetags/humanize.py

@@ -256,7 +256,8 @@ class NaturalTimeFormatter:
         ),
     }
     future_substrings = {
-        # Translators: 'naturaltime-future' strings will be included in '%(delta)s from now'
+        # Translators: 'naturaltime-future' strings will be included in
+        # '%(delta)s from now'.
         "year": npgettext_lazy(
             "naturaltime-future", "%(num)d year", "%(num)d years", "num"
         ),

django/contrib/postgres/constraints.py

@@ -18,7 +18,10 @@ class ExclusionConstraintExpression(IndexExpression):
 
 
 class ExclusionConstraint(BaseConstraint):
-    template = "CONSTRAINT %(name)s EXCLUDE USING %(index_type)s (%(expressions)s)%(include)s%(where)s%(deferrable)s"
+    template = (
+        "CONSTRAINT %(name)s EXCLUDE USING %(index_type)s "
+        "(%(expressions)s)%(include)s%(where)s%(deferrable)s"
+    )
 
     def __init__(
         self,

django/contrib/postgres/fields/ranges.py

@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@ class RangeField(models.Field):
             raise TypeError(
                 f"Cannot use 'default_bounds' with {self.__class__.__name__}."
             )
-        # Initializing base_field here ensures that its model matches the model for self.
+        # Initializing base_field here ensures that its model matches the model
+        # for self.
         if hasattr(self, "base_field"):
             self.base_field = self.base_field()
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

django/contrib/postgres/operations.py

@@ -185,9 +185,8 @@ class CollationOperation(Operation):
         )
 
     def create_collation(self, schema_editor):
-        if (
-            self.deterministic is False
-            and not schema_editor.connection.features.supports_non_deterministic_collations
+        if self.deterministic is False and not (
+            schema_editor.connection.features.supports_non_deterministic_collations
         ):
             raise NotSupportedError(
                 "Non-deterministic collations require PostgreSQL 12+."

django/contrib/postgres/validators.py

@@ -12,16 +12,20 @@ from django.utils.translation import ngettext_lazy
 
 class ArrayMaxLengthValidator(MaxLengthValidator):
     message = ngettext_lazy(
-        "List contains %(show_value)d item, it should contain no more than %(limit_value)d.",
-        "List contains %(show_value)d items, it should contain no more than %(limit_value)d.",
+        "List contains %(show_value)d item, it should contain no more than "
+        "%(limit_value)d.",
+        "List contains %(show_value)d items, it should contain no more than "
+        "%(limit_value)d.",
         "limit_value",
     )
 
 
 class ArrayMinLengthValidator(MinLengthValidator):
     message = ngettext_lazy(
-        "List contains %(show_value)d item, it should contain no fewer than %(limit_value)d.",
-        "List contains %(show_value)d items, it should contain no fewer than %(limit_value)d.",
+        "List contains %(show_value)d item, it should contain no fewer than "
+        "%(limit_value)d.",
+        "List contains %(show_value)d items, it should contain no fewer than "
+        "%(limit_value)d.",
         "limit_value",
     )
 

django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0001_initial.py

@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                     "old_path",
                     models.CharField(
                         help_text=(
-                            "This should be an absolute path, excluding the domain name. Example: “/events/search/”."
+                            "This should be an absolute path, excluding the domain "
+                            "name. Example: “/events/search/”."
                         ),
                         max_length=200,
                         verbose_name="redirect from",
@@ -42,7 +43,10 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 (
                     "new_path",
                     models.CharField(
-                        help_text="This can be either an absolute path (as above) or a full URL starting with “http://”.",
+                        help_text=(
+                            "This can be either an absolute path (as above) or a full "
+                            "URL starting with “http://”."
+                        ),
                         max_length=200,
                         verbose_name="redirect to",
                         blank=True,

django/contrib/redirects/models.py

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ class Redirect(models.Model):
         max_length=200,
         db_index=True,
         help_text=_(
-            "This should be an absolute path, excluding the domain name. Example: “/events/search/”."
+            "This should be an absolute path, excluding the domain name. Example: "
+            "“/events/search/”."
         ),
     )
     new_path = models.CharField(

django/contrib/sitemaps/__init__.py

@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ def _get_sitemap_full_url(sitemap_url, sitemap_uses_https=True):
 
     if sitemap_url is None:
         raise SitemapNotFound(
-            "You didn't provide a sitemap_url, and the sitemap URL couldn't be auto-detected."
+            "You didn't provide a sitemap_url, and the sitemap URL couldn't be "
+            "auto-detected."
         )
 
     Site = django_apps.get_model("sites.Site")

django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py

@@ -20,7 +20,10 @@ class SitemapIndexItem:
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning
     def __str__(self):
-        msg = "Calling `__str__` on SitemapIndexItem is deprecated, use the `location` attribute instead."
+        msg = (
+            "Calling `__str__` on SitemapIndexItem is deprecated, use the `location` "
+            "attribute instead."
+        )
         warnings.warn(msg, RemovedInDjango50Warning, stacklevel=2)
         return self.location
 

django/contrib/sites/managers.py

@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ class CurrentSiteManager(models.Manager):
         if not field.many_to_many and not isinstance(field, (models.ForeignKey)):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    "CurrentSiteManager cannot use '%s.%s' as it is not a foreign key or a many-to-many field."
+                    "CurrentSiteManager cannot use '%s.%s' as it is not a foreign key "
+                    "or a many-to-many field."
                     % (self.model._meta.object_name, field_name),
                     obj=self,
                     id="sites.E002",

django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/collectstatic.py

@@ -83,7 +83,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             "--no-default-ignore",
             action="store_false",
             dest="use_default_ignore_patterns",
-            help="Don't ignore the common private glob-style patterns (defaults to 'CVS', '.*' and '*~').",
+            help=(
+                "Don't ignore the common private glob-style patterns (defaults to "
+                "'CVS', '.*' and '*~')."
+            ),
         )
 
     def set_options(self, **options):
@@ -169,7 +172,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         message = ["\n"]
         if self.dry_run:
             message.append(
-                "You have activated the --dry-run option so no files will be modified.\n\n"
+                "You have activated the --dry-run option so no files will be "
+                "modified.\n\n"
             )
 
         message.append(

django/core/cache/backends/memcached.py

@@ -77,7 +77,8 @@ class BaseMemcachedCache(BaseCache):
     def set(self, key, value, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, version=None):
         key = self.make_and_validate_key(key, version=version)
         if not self._cache.set(key, value, self.get_backend_timeout(timeout)):
-            # make sure the key doesn't keep its old value in case of failure to set (memcached's 1MB limit)
+            # Make sure the key doesn't keep its old value in case of failure
+            # to set (memcached's 1MB limit).
             self._cache.delete(key)
 
     def touch(self, key, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, version=None):

django/core/checks/security/csrf.py

@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ def check_csrf_failure_view(app_configs, **kwargs):
             inspect.signature(view).bind(None, reason=None)
         except TypeError:
             msg = (
-                "The CSRF failure view '%s' does not take the correct number of arguments."
-                % settings.CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW
+                "The CSRF failure view '%s' does not take the correct number of "
+                "arguments." % settings.CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW
             )
             errors.append(Error(msg, id="security.E101"))
     return errors

django/core/files/locks.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Cookbook [1] (licensed under the Python Software License) and a ctypes port by
 Anatoly Techtonik for Roundup [2] (license [3]).
 
 [1] https://code.activestate.com/recipes/65203/
-[2] https://sourceforge.net/p/roundup/code/ci/default/tree/roundup/backends/portalocker.py
+[2] https://sourceforge.net/p/roundup/code/ci/default/tree/roundup/backends/portalocker.py  # NOQA
 [3] https://sourceforge.net/p/roundup/code/ci/default/tree/COPYING.txt
 
 Example Usage::

django/core/files/storage.py

@@ -104,7 +104,8 @@ class Storage:
             truncation = len(name) - max_length
             if truncation > 0:
                 file_root = file_root[:-truncation]
-                # Entire file_root was truncated in attempt to find an available filename.
+                # Entire file_root was truncated in attempt to find an
+                # available filename.
                 if not file_root:
                     raise SuspiciousFileOperation(
                         'Storage can not find an available filename for "%s". '

django/core/files/uploadhandler.py

@@ -242,7 +242,10 @@ def load_handler(path, *args, **kwargs):
     E.g.::
         >>> from django.http import HttpRequest
         >>> request = HttpRequest()
-        >>> load_handler('django.core.files.uploadhandler.TemporaryFileUploadHandler', request)
+        >>> load_handler(
+        ...     'django.core.files.uploadhandler.TemporaryFileUploadHandler',
+        ...     request,
+        ... )
         <TemporaryFileUploadHandler object at 0x...>
     """
     return import_string(path)(*args, **kwargs)

django/core/handlers/base.py

@@ -208,7 +208,8 @@ class BaseHandler:
         if hasattr(response, "render") and callable(response.render):
             for middleware_method in self._template_response_middleware:
                 response = middleware_method(request, response)
-                # Complain if the template response middleware returned None (a common error).
+                # Complain if the template response middleware returned None
+                # (a common error).
                 self.check_response(
                     response,
                     middleware_method,

django/core/management/base.py

@@ -308,7 +308,10 @@ class BaseCommand:
             default=1,
             type=int,
             choices=[0, 1, 2, 3],
-            help="Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output, 2=verbose output, 3=very verbose output",
+            help=(
+                "Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output, 2=verbose output, "
+                "3=very verbose output"
+            ),
         )
         self.add_base_argument(
             parser,
@@ -322,7 +325,10 @@ class BaseCommand:
         self.add_base_argument(
             parser,
             "--pythonpath",
-            help='A directory to add to the Python path, e.g. "/home/djangoprojects/myproject".',
+            help=(
+                "A directory to add to the Python path, e.g. "
+                '"/home/djangoprojects/myproject".'
+            ),
         )
         self.add_base_argument(
             parser,

django/core/management/commands/compilemessages.py

@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 # Check writability on first location
                 if i == 0 and not is_writable(mo_path):
                     self.stderr.write(
-                        "The po files under %s are in a seemingly not writable location. "
-                        "mo files will not be updated/created." % dirpath
+                        "The po files under %s are in a seemingly not writable "
+                        "location. mo files will not be updated/created." % dirpath
                     )
                     self.has_errors = True
                     return

django/core/management/commands/createcachetable.py

@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             "args",
             metavar="table_name",
             nargs="*",
-            help="Optional table names. Otherwise, settings.CACHES is used to find cache tables.",
+            help=(
+                "Optional table names. Otherwise, settings.CACHES is used to find "
+                "cache tables."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--database",

django/core/management/commands/dbshell.py

@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         parser.add_argument(
             "--database",
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a database onto which to open a shell. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+            help=(
+                "Nominates a database onto which to open a shell. Defaults to the "
+                '"default" database.'
+            ),
         )
         parameters = parser.add_argument_group("parameters", prefix_chars="--")
         parameters.add_argument("parameters", nargs="*")

django/core/management/commands/diffsettings.py

@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             "--default",
             metavar="MODULE",
             help=(
-                "The settings module to compare the current settings against. Leave empty to "
-                "compare against Django's default settings."
+                "The settings module to compare the current settings against. Leave "
+                "empty to compare against Django's default settings."
             ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(

django/core/management/commands/dumpdata.py

@@ -38,7 +38,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             "args",
             metavar="app_label[.ModelName]",
             nargs="*",
-            help="Restricts dumped data to the specified app_label or app_label.ModelName.",
+            help=(
+                "Restricts dumped data to the specified app_label or "
+                "app_label.ModelName."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--format",
@@ -81,8 +84,11 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             "--all",
             action="store_true",
             dest="use_base_manager",
-            help="Use Django's base manager to dump all models stored in the database, "
-            "including those that would otherwise be filtered or modified by a custom manager.",
+            help=(
+                "Use Django's base manager to dump all models stored in the database, "
+                "including those that would otherwise be filtered or modified by a "
+                "custom manager."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--pks",

django/core/management/commands/flush.py

@@ -82,7 +82,8 @@ Are you sure you want to do this?
                     % (connection.settings_dict["NAME"],)
                 ) from exc
 
-            # Empty sql_list may signify an empty database and post_migrate would then crash
+            # Empty sql_list may signify an empty database and post_migrate
+            # would then crash.
             if sql_list and not inhibit_post_migrate:
                 # Emit the post migrate signal. This allows individual applications to
                 # respond as if the database had been migrated from scratch.

django/core/management/commands/inspectdb.py

@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = "Introspects the database tables in the given database and outputs a Django model module."
+    help = (
+        "Introspects the database tables in the given database and outputs a Django "
+        "model module."
+    )
     requires_system_checks = []
     stealth_options = ("table_name_filter",)
     db_module = "django.db"
@@ -22,7 +25,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         parser.add_argument(
             "--database",
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a database to introspect. Defaults to using the "default" database.',
+            help=(
+                'Nominates a database to introspect. Defaults to using the "default" '
+                "database."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--include-partitions",
@@ -41,7 +47,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 self.stdout.write(line)
         except NotImplementedError:
             raise CommandError(
-                "Database inspection isn't supported for the currently selected database backend."
+                "Database inspection isn't supported for the currently selected "
+                "database backend."
             )
 
     def handle_inspection(self, options):
@@ -57,12 +64,18 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             yield "# You'll have to do the following manually to clean this up:"
             yield "#   * Rearrange models' order"
             yield "#   * Make sure each model has one field with primary_key=True"
-            yield "#   * Make sure each ForeignKey and OneToOneField has `on_delete` set to the desired behavior"
+            yield (
+                "#   * Make sure each ForeignKey and OneToOneField has `on_delete` set "
+                "to the desired behavior"
+            )
             yield (
                 "#   * Remove `managed = False` lines if you wish to allow "
                 "Django to create, modify, and delete the table"
             )
-            yield "# Feel free to rename the models, but don't rename db_table values or field names."
+            yield (
+                "# Feel free to rename the models, but don't rename db_table values or "
+                "field names."
+            )
             yield "from %s import models" % self.db_module
             known_models = []
             table_info = connection.introspection.get_table_list(cursor)

django/core/management/commands/loaddata.py

@@ -55,7 +55,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         parser.add_argument(
             "--database",
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a specific database to load fixtures into. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+            help=(
+                "Nominates a specific database to load fixtures into. Defaults to the "
+                '"default" database.'
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--app",
@@ -75,7 +78,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             "--exclude",
             action="append",
             default=[],
-            help="An app_label or app_label.ModelName to exclude. Can be used multiple times.",
+            help=(
+                "An app_label or app_label.ModelName to exclude. Can be used multiple "
+                "times."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--format",
@@ -105,7 +111,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     @cached_property
     def compression_formats(self):
         """A dict mapping format names to (open function, mode arg) tuples."""
-        # Forcing binary mode may be revisited after dropping Python 2 support (see #22399)
+        # Forcing binary mode may be revisited after dropping Python 2 support
+        # (see #22399).
         compression_formats = {
             None: (open, "rb"),
             "gz": (gzip.GzipFile, "rb"),

django/core/management/commands/makemessages.py

@@ -203,11 +203,11 @@ def write_pot_file(potfile, msgs):
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = (
-        "Runs over the entire source tree of the current directory and "
-        "pulls out all strings marked for translation. It creates (or updates) a message "
-        "file in the conf/locale (in the django tree) or locale (for projects and "
-        "applications) directory.\n\nYou must run this command with one of either the "
-        "--locale, --exclude, or --all options."
+        "Runs over the entire source tree of the current directory and pulls out all "
+        "strings marked for translation. It creates (or updates) a message file in the "
+        "conf/locale (in the django tree) or locale (for projects and applications) "
+        "directory.\n\nYou must run this command with one of either the --locale, "
+        "--exclude, or --all options."
     )
 
     translatable_file_class = TranslatableFile
@@ -226,8 +226,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             "-l",
             default=[],
             action="append",
-            help="Creates or updates the message files for the given locale(s) (e.g. pt_BR). "
-            "Can be used multiple times.",
+            help=(
+                "Creates or updates the message files for the given locale(s) (e.g. "
+                "pt_BR). Can be used multiple times."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--exclude",
@@ -278,7 +280,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             "--no-default-ignore",
             action="store_false",
             dest="use_default_ignore_patterns",
-            help="Don't ignore the common glob-style patterns 'CVS', '.*', '*~' and '*.pyc'.",
+            help=(
+                "Don't ignore the common glob-style patterns 'CVS', '.*', '*~' and "
+                "'*.pyc'."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--no-wrap",

django/core/management/commands/makemigrations.py

@@ -147,7 +147,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         # hard if there are any and they don't want to merge
         conflicts = loader.detect_conflicts()
 
-        # If app_labels is specified, filter out conflicting migrations for unspecified apps
+        # If app_labels is specified, filter out conflicting migrations for
+        # unspecified apps.
         if app_labels:
             conflicts = {
                 app_label: conflict

django/core/management/commands/migrate.py

@@ -47,7 +47,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         parser.add_argument(
             "--database",
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a database to synchronize. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+            help=(
+                'Nominates a database to synchronize. Defaults to the "default" '
+                "database."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--fake",
@@ -57,9 +60,12 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         parser.add_argument(
             "--fake-initial",
             action="store_true",
-            help="Detect if tables already exist and fake-apply initial migrations if so. Make sure "
-            "that the current database schema matches your initial migration before using this "
-            "flag. Django will only check for an existing table name.",
+            help=(
+                "Detect if tables already exist and fake-apply initial migrations if "
+                "so. Make sure that the current database schema matches your initial "
+                "migration before using this flag. Django will only check for an "
+                "existing table name."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--plan",
@@ -313,7 +319,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         if not plan:
             if self.verbosity >= 1:
                 self.stdout.write("  No migrations to apply.")
-                # If there's changes that aren't in migrations yet, tell them how to fix it.
+                # If there's changes that aren't in migrations yet, tell them
+                # how to fix it.
                 autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(
                     executor.loader.project_state(),
                     ProjectState.from_apps(apps),

django/core/management/commands/sendtestemail.py

@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ from django.utils import timezone
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = "Sends a test email to the email addresses specified as arguments."
-    missing_args_message = "You must specify some email recipients, or pass the --managers or --admin options."
+    missing_args_message = (
+        "You must specify some email recipients, or pass the --managers or --admin "
+        "options."
+    )
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(

django/core/management/commands/shell.py

@@ -21,18 +21,27 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         parser.add_argument(
             "--no-startup",
             action="store_true",
-            help="When using plain Python, ignore the PYTHONSTARTUP environment variable and ~/.pythonrc.py script.",
+            help=(
+                "When using plain Python, ignore the PYTHONSTARTUP environment "
+                "variable and ~/.pythonrc.py script."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "-i",
             "--interface",
             choices=self.shells,
-            help='Specify an interactive interpreter interface. Available options: "ipython", "bpython", and "python"',
+            help=(
+                "Specify an interactive interpreter interface. Available options: "
+                '"ipython", "bpython", and "python"'
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "-c",
             "--command",
-            help="Instead of opening an interactive shell, run a command as Django and exit.",
+            help=(
+                "Instead of opening an interactive shell, run a command as Django and "
+                "exit."
+            ),
         )
 
     def ipython(self, options):

django/core/management/commands/showmigrations.py

@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             dest="format",
             const="plan",
             help=(
-                "Shows all migrations in the order they will be applied. "
-                "With a verbosity level of 2 or above all direct migration dependencies "
-                "and reverse dependencies (run_before) will be included."
+                "Shows all migrations in the order they will be applied. With a "
+                "verbosity level of 2 or above all direct migration dependencies and "
+                "reverse dependencies (run_before) will be included."
             ),
         )
 

django/core/management/commands/sqlflush.py

@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         parser.add_argument(
             "--database",
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a database to print the SQL for. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+            help=(
+                'Nominates a database to print the SQL for. Defaults to the "default" '
+                "database."
+            ),
         )
 
     def handle(self, **options):

django/core/management/commands/sqlmigrate.py

@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         parser.add_argument(
             "--database",
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a database to create SQL for. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+            help=(
+                'Nominates a database to create SQL for. Defaults to the "default" '
+                "database."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--backwards",
@@ -55,13 +58,13 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             migration = loader.get_migration_by_prefix(app_label, migration_name)
         except AmbiguityError:
             raise CommandError(
-                "More than one migration matches '%s' in app '%s'. Please be more specific."
-                % (migration_name, app_label)
+                "More than one migration matches '%s' in app '%s'. Please be more "
+                "specific." % (migration_name, app_label)
             )
         except KeyError:
             raise CommandError(
-                "Cannot find a migration matching '%s' from app '%s'. Is it in INSTALLED_APPS?"
-                % (migration_name, app_label)
+                "Cannot find a migration matching '%s' from app '%s'. Is it in "
+                "INSTALLED_APPS?" % (migration_name, app_label)
             )
         target = (app_label, migration.name)
 

django/core/management/commands/sqlsequencereset.py

@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@ class Command(AppCommand):
         parser.add_argument(
             "--database",
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a database to print the SQL for. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+            help=(
+                'Nominates a database to print the SQL for. Defaults to the "default" '
+                "database."
+            ),
         )
 
     def handle_app_config(self, app_config, **options):

django/core/management/commands/squashmigrations.py

@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ from django.utils.version import get_docs_version
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = "Squashes an existing set of migrations (from first until specified) into a single new one."
+    help = (
+        "Squashes an existing set of migrations (from first until specified) into a "
+        "single new one."
+    )
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
@@ -22,7 +25,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         parser.add_argument(
             "start_migration_name",
             nargs="?",
-            help="Migrations will be squashed starting from and including this migration.",
+            help=(
+                "Migrations will be squashed starting from and including this "
+                "migration."
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "migration_name",
@@ -66,7 +72,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             apps.get_app_config(app_label)
         except LookupError as err:
             raise CommandError(str(err))
-        # Load the current graph state, check the app and migration they asked for exists
+        # Load the current graph state, check the app and migration they asked
+        # for exists.
         loader = MigrationLoader(connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS])
         if app_label not in loader.migrated_apps:
             raise CommandError(
@@ -135,10 +142,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         for smigration in migrations_to_squash:
             if smigration.replaces:
                 raise CommandError(
-                    "You cannot squash squashed migrations! Please transition "
-                    "it to a normal migration first: "
-                    "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/topics/migrations/#squashing-migrations"
-                    % get_docs_version()
+                    "You cannot squash squashed migrations! Please transition it to a "
+                    "normal migration first: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/"
+                    "topics/migrations/#squashing-migrations" % get_docs_version()
                 )
             operations.extend(smigration.operations)
             for dependency in smigration.dependencies:
@@ -223,15 +229,18 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 + "\n"
                 "  You should commit this migration but leave the old ones in place;\n"
                 "  the new migration will be used for new installs. Once you are sure\n"
-                "  all instances of the codebase have applied the migrations you squashed,\n"
+                "  all instances of the codebase have applied the migrations you "
+                "squashed,\n"
                 "  you can delete them."
             )
             if writer.needs_manual_porting:
                 self.stdout.write(
                     self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING("Manual porting required") + "\n"
-                    "  Your migrations contained functions that must be manually copied over,\n"
+                    "  Your migrations contained functions that must be manually "
+                    "copied over,\n"
                     "  as we could not safely copy their implementation.\n"
-                    "  See the comment at the top of the squashed migration for details."
+                    "  See the comment at the top of the squashed migration for "
+                    "details."
                 )
 
     def find_migration(self, loader, app_label, name):

django/core/management/commands/test.py

@@ -28,7 +28,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             "args",
             metavar="test_label",
             nargs="*",
-            help="Module paths to test; can be modulename, modulename.TestCase or modulename.TestCase.test_method",
+            help=(
+                "Module paths to test; can be modulename, modulename.TestCase or "
+                "modulename.TestCase.test_method"
+            ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--noinput",

django/core/validators.py

@@ -174,8 +174,11 @@ class EmailValidator:
     message = _("Enter a valid email address.")
     code = "invalid"
     user_regex = _lazy_re_compile(
-        r"(^[-!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{}|~0-9A-Z]+(\.[-!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{}|~0-9A-Z]+)*\Z"  # dot-atom
-        r'|^"([\001-\010\013\014\016-\037!#-\[\]-\177]|\\[\001-\011\013\014\016-\177])*"\Z)',  # quoted-string
+        # dot-atom
+        r"(^[-!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{}|~0-9A-Z]+(\.[-!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{}|~0-9A-Z]+)*\Z"
+        # quoted-string
+        r'|^"([\001-\010\013\014\016-\037!#-\[\]-\177]|\\[\001-\011\013\014\016-\177])'
+        r'*"\Z)',
         re.IGNORECASE,
     )
     domain_regex = _lazy_re_compile(
@@ -257,7 +260,8 @@ slug_unicode_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"^[-\w]+\Z")
 validate_unicode_slug = RegexValidator(
     slug_unicode_re,
     _(
-        "Enter a valid “slug” consisting of Unicode letters, numbers, underscores, or hyphens."
+        "Enter a valid “slug” consisting of Unicode letters, numbers, underscores, or "
+        "hyphens."
     ),
     "invalid",
 )
@@ -400,8 +404,10 @@ class MinValueValidator(BaseValidator):
 @deconstructible
 class MinLengthValidator(BaseValidator):
     message = ngettext_lazy(
-        "Ensure this value has at least %(limit_value)d character (it has %(show_value)d).",
-        "Ensure this value has at least %(limit_value)d characters (it has %(show_value)d).",
+        "Ensure this value has at least %(limit_value)d character (it has "
+        "%(show_value)d).",
+        "Ensure this value has at least %(limit_value)d characters (it has "
+        "%(show_value)d).",
         "limit_value",
     )
     code = "min_length"
@@ -416,8 +422,10 @@ class MinLengthValidator(BaseValidator):
 @deconstructible
 class MaxLengthValidator(BaseValidator):
     message = ngettext_lazy(
-        "Ensure this value has at most %(limit_value)d character (it has %(show_value)d).",
-        "Ensure this value has at most %(limit_value)d characters (it has %(show_value)d).",
+        "Ensure this value has at most %(limit_value)d character (it has "
+        "%(show_value)d).",
+        "Ensure this value has at most %(limit_value)d characters (it has "
+        "%(show_value)d).",
         "limit_value",
     )
     code = "max_length"
@@ -449,8 +457,10 @@ class DecimalValidator:
             "max",
         ),
         "max_whole_digits": ngettext_lazy(
-            "Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s digit before the decimal point.",
-            "Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s digits before the decimal point.",
+            "Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s digit before the decimal "
+            "point.",
+            "Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s digits before the decimal "
+            "point.",
             "max",
         ),
     }

django/db/backends/base/base.py

@@ -190,19 +190,22 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
     def get_connection_params(self):
         """Return a dict of parameters suitable for get_new_connection."""
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require a get_connection_params() method"
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require a get_connection_params() "
+            "method"
         )
 
     def get_new_connection(self, conn_params):
         """Open a connection to the database."""
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require a get_new_connection() method"
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require a get_new_connection() "
+            "method"
         )
 
     def init_connection_state(self):
         """Initialize the database connection settings."""
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require an init_connection_state() method"
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require an init_connection_state() "
+            "method"
         )
 
     def create_cursor(self, name=None):

django/db/backends/base/introspection.py

@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
         views that exist in the database.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a get_table_list() method"
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a get_table_list() "
+            "method"
         )
 
     def get_table_description(self, cursor, table_name):
@@ -158,7 +159,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
         'name' key can be added if the backend supports named sequences.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a get_sequences() method"
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a get_sequences() "
+            "method"
         )
 
     def get_relations(self, cursor, table_name):
@@ -200,5 +202,6 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
         if they don't name constraints of a certain type (e.g. SQLite)
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a get_constraints() method"
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a get_constraints() "
+            "method"
         )

django/db/backends/base/operations.py

@@ -106,7 +106,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         extracts a value from the given date field field_name.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a date_extract_sql() method"
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a date_extract_sql() "
+            "method"
         )
 
     def date_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname=None):
@@ -119,7 +120,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         timezone.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a date_trunc_sql() method."
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a date_trunc_sql() "
+            "method."
         )
 
     def datetime_cast_date_sql(self, field_name, tzname):
@@ -136,7 +138,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         Return the SQL to cast a datetime value to time value.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a datetime_cast_time_sql() method"
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a "
+            "datetime_cast_time_sql() method"
         )
 
     def datetime_extract_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname):
@@ -146,7 +149,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         datetime field field_name.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a datetime_extract_sql() method"
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a datetime_extract_sql() "
+            "method"
         )
 
     def datetime_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname):
@@ -156,7 +160,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         field_name to a datetime object with only the given specificity.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a datetime_trunc_sql() method"
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a datetime_trunc_sql() "
+            "method"
         )
 
     def time_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname=None):
@@ -727,9 +732,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
 
     def window_frame_range_start_end(self, start=None, end=None):
         start_, end_ = self.window_frame_rows_start_end(start, end)
-        if (
-            self.connection.features.only_supports_unbounded_with_preceding_and_following
-            and ((start and start < 0) or (end and end > 0))
+        features = self.connection.features
+        if features.only_supports_unbounded_with_preceding_and_following and (
+            (start and start < 0) or (end and end > 0)
         ):
             raise NotSupportedError(
                 "%s only supports UNBOUNDED together with PRECEDING and "

django/db/backends/base/schema.py

@@ -104,7 +104,10 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
     sql_create_check = "ALTER TABLE %(table)s ADD CONSTRAINT %(name)s CHECK (%(check)s)"
     sql_delete_check = sql_delete_constraint
 
-    sql_create_unique = "ALTER TABLE %(table)s ADD CONSTRAINT %(name)s UNIQUE (%(columns)s)%(deferrable)s"
+    sql_create_unique = (
+        "ALTER TABLE %(table)s ADD CONSTRAINT %(name)s "
+        "UNIQUE (%(columns)s)%(deferrable)s"
+    )
     sql_delete_unique = sql_delete_constraint
 
     sql_create_fk = (
@@ -115,8 +118,14 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
     sql_create_column_inline_fk = None
     sql_delete_fk = sql_delete_constraint
 
-    sql_create_index = "CREATE INDEX %(name)s ON %(table)s (%(columns)s)%(include)s%(extra)s%(condition)s"
-    sql_create_unique_index = "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX %(name)s ON %(table)s (%(columns)s)%(include)s%(condition)s"
+    sql_create_index = (
+        "CREATE INDEX %(name)s ON %(table)s "
+        "(%(columns)s)%(include)s%(extra)s%(condition)s"
+    )
+    sql_create_unique_index = (
+        "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX %(name)s ON %(table)s "
+        "(%(columns)s)%(include)s%(condition)s"
+    )
     sql_delete_index = "DROP INDEX %(name)s"
 
     sql_create_pk = (
@@ -418,10 +427,12 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         the given `model`.
         """
         sql, params = self.table_sql(model)
-        # Prevent using [] as params, in the case a literal '%' is used in the definition
+        # Prevent using [] as params, in the case a literal '%' is used in the
+        # definition.
         self.execute(sql, params or None)
 
-        # Add any field index and index_together's (deferred as SQLite _remake_table needs it)
+        # Add any field index and index_together's (deferred as SQLite
+        # _remake_table needs it).
         self.deferred_sql.extend(self._model_indexes_sql(model))
 
         # Make M2M tables
@@ -1190,8 +1201,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         # Repoint the FK to the other side
         self.alter_field(
             new_field.remote_field.through,
-            # We need the field that points to the target model, so we can tell alter_field to change it -
-            # this is m2m_reverse_field_name() (as opposed to m2m_field_name, which points to our model)
+            # The field that points to the target model is needed, so we can
+            # tell alter_field to change it - this is m2m_reverse_field_name()
+            # (as opposed to m2m_field_name(), which points to our model).
             old_field.remote_field.through._meta.get_field(
                 old_field.m2m_reverse_field_name()
             ),

django/db/backends/mysql/base.py

@@ -349,9 +349,9 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
                     )
                     for bad_row in cursor.fetchall():
                         raise IntegrityError(
-                            "The row in table '%s' with primary key '%s' has an invalid "
-                            "foreign key: %s.%s contains a value '%s' that does not "
-                            "have a corresponding value in %s.%s."
+                            "The row in table '%s' with primary key '%s' has an "
+                            "invalid foreign key: %s.%s contains a value '%s' that "
+                            "does not have a corresponding value in %s.%s."
                             % (
                                 table_name,
                                 bad_row[0],

django/db/backends/mysql/features.py

@@ -69,8 +69,10 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
     def django_test_skips(self):
         skips = {
             "This doesn't work on MySQL.": {
-                "db_functions.comparison.test_greatest.GreatestTests.test_coalesce_workaround",
-                "db_functions.comparison.test_least.LeastTests.test_coalesce_workaround",
+                "db_functions.comparison.test_greatest.GreatestTests."
+                "test_coalesce_workaround",
+                "db_functions.comparison.test_least.LeastTests."
+                "test_coalesce_workaround",
             },
             "Running on MySQL requires utf8mb4 encoding (#18392).": {
                 "model_fields.test_textfield.TextFieldTests.test_emoji",
@@ -90,8 +92,10 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
                 {
                     "GROUP BY optimization does not work properly when "
                     "ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY mode is enabled on MySQL, see #31331.": {
-                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_subquery_annotation_multivalued",
-                        "annotations.tests.NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase.test_annotation_aggregate_with_m2o",
+                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase."
+                        "test_aggregation_subquery_annotation_multivalued",
+                        "annotations.tests.NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase."
+                        "test_annotation_aggregate_with_m2o",
                     },
                 }
             )
@@ -100,13 +104,19 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
         ):
             skips.update(
                 {
-                    "Casting to datetime/time is not supported by MySQL < 8.0. (#30224)": {
-                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_default_using_time_from_python",
-                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_default_using_datetime_from_python",
+                    "Casting to datetime/time is not supported by MySQL < 8.0. "
+                    "(#30224)": {
+                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase."
+                        "test_aggregation_default_using_time_from_python",
+                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase."
+                        "test_aggregation_default_using_datetime_from_python",
                     },
-                    "MySQL < 8.0 returns string type instead of datetime/time. (#30224)": {
-                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_default_using_time_from_database",
-                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_default_using_datetime_from_database",
+                    "MySQL < 8.0 returns string type instead of datetime/time. "
+                    "(#30224)": {
+                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase."
+                        "test_aggregation_default_using_time_from_database",
+                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase."
+                        "test_aggregation_default_using_datetime_from_database",
                     },
                 }
             )
@@ -118,7 +128,8 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
             skips.update(
                 {
                     "https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-19598": {
-                        "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_alter_not_unique_field_to_primary_key",
+                        "schema.tests.SchemaTests."
+                        "test_alter_not_unique_field_to_primary_key",
                     },
                 }
             )
@@ -130,7 +141,8 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
             skips.update(
                 {
                     "https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-22775": {
-                        "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_alter_pk_with_self_referential_field",
+                        "schema.tests.SchemaTests."
+                        "test_alter_pk_with_self_referential_field",
                     },
                 }
             )

django/db/backends/mysql/introspection.py

@@ -92,7 +92,8 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                 FROM information_schema.check_constraints AS c
                 WHERE
                     c.table_name = %s AND
-                    LOWER(c.check_clause) = 'json_valid(`' + LOWER(c.constraint_name) + '`)' AND
+                    LOWER(c.check_clause) =
+                        'json_valid(`' + LOWER(c.constraint_name) + '`)' AND
                     c.constraint_schema = DATABASE()
                 """,
                 [table_name],

django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py

@@ -69,7 +69,8 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
             return "CAST(DATE_FORMAT(%s, '%s') AS DATE)" % (field_name, format_str)
         elif lookup_type == "quarter":
             return (
-                "MAKEDATE(YEAR(%s), 1) + INTERVAL QUARTER(%s) QUARTER - INTERVAL 1 QUARTER"
+                "MAKEDATE(YEAR(%s), 1) + "
+                "INTERVAL QUARTER(%s) QUARTER - INTERVAL 1 QUARTER"
                 % (field_name, field_name)
             )
         elif lookup_type == "week":
@@ -266,7 +267,8 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
                 value = timezone.make_naive(value, self.connection.timezone)
             else:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "MySQL backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False."
+                    "MySQL backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when "
+                    "USE_TZ is False."
                 )
         return str(value)
 
@@ -347,7 +349,10 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
             if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
                 # MariaDB includes the microsecond component in TIME_TO_SEC as
                 # a decimal. MySQL returns an integer without microseconds.
-                return "CAST((TIME_TO_SEC(%(lhs)s) - TIME_TO_SEC(%(rhs)s)) * 1000000 AS SIGNED)" % {
+                return (
+                    "CAST((TIME_TO_SEC(%(lhs)s) - TIME_TO_SEC(%(rhs)s)) "
+                    "* 1000000 AS SIGNED)"
+                ) % {
                     "lhs": lhs_sql,
                     "rhs": rhs_sql,
                 }, (

django/db/backends/mysql/validation.py

@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ class DatabaseValidation(BaseDatabaseValidation):
                         "%s, such as data truncation upon insertion, by "
                         "escalating warnings into errors. It is strongly "
                         "recommended you activate it. See: "
-                        "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/ref/databases/#mysql-sql-mode"
+                        "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/ref/databases/"
+                        "#mysql-sql-mode"
                         % (
                             self.connection.display_name,
                             self.connection.display_name,

django/db/backends/oracle/base.py

@@ -158,16 +158,31 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
     _standard_operators = {
         "exact": "= %s",
         "iexact": "= UPPER(%s)",
-        "contains": "LIKE TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
-        "icontains": "LIKE UPPER(TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS)) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
+        "contains": (
+            "LIKE TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)"
+        ),
+        "icontains": (
+            "LIKE UPPER(TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS)) "
+            "ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)"
+        ),
         "gt": "> %s",
         "gte": ">= %s",
         "lt": "< %s",
         "lte": "<= %s",
-        "startswith": "LIKE TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
-        "endswith": "LIKE TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
-        "istartswith": "LIKE UPPER(TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS)) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
-        "iendswith": "LIKE UPPER(TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS)) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
+        "startswith": (
+            "LIKE TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)"
+        ),
+        "endswith": (
+            "LIKE TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)"
+        ),
+        "istartswith": (
+            "LIKE UPPER(TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS)) "
+            "ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)"
+        ),
+        "iendswith": (
+            "LIKE UPPER(TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS)) "
+            "ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)"
+        ),
     }
 
     _likec_operators = {

django/db/backends/oracle/creation.py

@@ -61,7 +61,8 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
                                     cursor, parameters, verbosity, autoclobber
                                 )
                             else:
-                                # Ran into a database error that isn't about leftover objects in the tablespace
+                                # Ran into a database error that isn't about
+                                # leftover objects in the tablespace.
                                 self.log(
                                     "Got an error destroying the old test database: %s"
                                     % e
@@ -117,7 +118,8 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
                     else:
                         self.log("Tests cancelled.")
                         sys.exit(1)
-        self._maindb_connection.close()  # done with main user -- test user and tablespaces created
+        # Done with main user -- test user and tablespaces created.
+        self._maindb_connection.close()
         self._switch_to_test_user(parameters)
         return self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
 
@@ -160,8 +162,8 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         # There are objects in the test tablespace which prevent dropping it
         # The easy fix is to drop the test user -- but are we allowed to do so?
         self.log(
-            "There are objects in the old test database which prevent its destruction.\n"
-            "If they belong to the test user, deleting the user will allow the test "
+            "There are objects in the old test database which prevent its destruction."
+            "\nIf they belong to the test user, deleting the user will allow the test "
             "database to be recreated.\n"
             "Otherwise, you will need to find and remove each of these objects, "
             "or use a different tablespace.\n"
@@ -301,8 +303,10 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         if verbosity >= 2:
             self.log("_execute_test_db_destruction(): dbname=%s" % parameters["user"])
         statements = [
-            "DROP TABLESPACE %(tblspace)s INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES CASCADE CONSTRAINTS",
-            "DROP TABLESPACE %(tblspace_temp)s INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES CASCADE CONSTRAINTS",
+            "DROP TABLESPACE %(tblspace)s "
+            "INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES CASCADE CONSTRAINTS",
+            "DROP TABLESPACE %(tblspace_temp)s "
+            "INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES CASCADE CONSTRAINTS",
         ]
         self._execute_statements(cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity)
 

django/db/backends/oracle/features.py

@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
     requires_literal_defaults = True
     closed_cursor_error_class = InterfaceError
     bare_select_suffix = " FROM DUAL"
-    # select for update with limit can be achieved on Oracle, but not with the current backend.
+    # Select for update with limit can be achieved on Oracle, but not with the
+    # current backend.
     supports_select_for_update_with_limit = False
     supports_temporal_subtraction = True
     # Oracle doesn't ignore quoted identifiers case but the current backend
@@ -79,13 +80,16 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
         },
         "Oracle doesn't correctly calculate ISO 8601 week numbering before "
         "1583 (the Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582).": {
-            "db_functions.datetime.test_extract_trunc.DateFunctionTests.test_trunc_week_before_1000",
-            "db_functions.datetime.test_extract_trunc.DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests.test_trunc_week_before_1000",
+            "db_functions.datetime.test_extract_trunc.DateFunctionTests."
+            "test_trunc_week_before_1000",
+            "db_functions.datetime.test_extract_trunc.DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests."
+            "test_trunc_week_before_1000",
         },
         "Oracle doesn't support bitwise XOR.": {
             "expressions.tests.ExpressionOperatorTests.test_lefthand_bitwise_xor",
             "expressions.tests.ExpressionOperatorTests.test_lefthand_bitwise_xor_null",
-            "expressions.tests.ExpressionOperatorTests.test_lefthand_bitwise_xor_right_null",
+            "expressions.tests.ExpressionOperatorTests."
+            "test_lefthand_bitwise_xor_right_null",
         },
         "Oracle requires ORDER BY in row_number, ANSI:SQL doesn't.": {
             "expressions_window.tests.WindowFunctionTests.test_row_number_no_ordering",
@@ -97,7 +101,8 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
     django_test_expected_failures = {
         # A bug in Django/cx_Oracle with respect to string handling (#23843).
         "annotations.tests.NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase.test_custom_functions",
-        "annotations.tests.NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase.test_custom_functions_can_ref_other_functions",
+        "annotations.tests.NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase."
+        "test_custom_functions_can_ref_other_functions",
     }
 
     @cached_property

django/db/backends/oracle/introspection.py

@@ -147,7 +147,14 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                 is_autofield,
                 is_json,
             )
-            for column, default, collation, internal_size, is_autofield, is_json in cursor.fetchall()
+            for (
+                column,
+                default,
+                collation,
+                internal_size,
+                is_autofield,
+                is_json,
+            ) in cursor.fetchall()
         }
         self.cache_bust_counter += 1
         cursor.execute(
@@ -271,7 +278,8 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
             """
             SELECT
                 user_constraints.constraint_name,
-                LISTAGG(LOWER(cols.column_name), ',') WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY cols.position),
+                LISTAGG(LOWER(cols.column_name), ',')
+                    WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY cols.position),
                 CASE user_constraints.constraint_type
                     WHEN 'P' THEN 1
                     ELSE 0
@@ -287,7 +295,8 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
             FROM
                 user_constraints
             LEFT OUTER JOIN
-                user_cons_columns cols ON user_constraints.constraint_name = cols.constraint_name
+                user_cons_columns cols
+                ON user_constraints.constraint_name = cols.constraint_name
             WHERE
                 user_constraints.constraint_type = ANY('P', 'U', 'C')
                 AND user_constraints.table_name = UPPER(%s)
@@ -310,15 +319,18 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
             """
             SELECT
                 cons.constraint_name,
-                LISTAGG(LOWER(cols.column_name), ',') WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY cols.position),
+                LISTAGG(LOWER(cols.column_name), ',')
+                    WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY cols.position),
                 LOWER(rcols.table_name),
                 LOWER(rcols.column_name)
             FROM
                 user_constraints cons
             INNER JOIN
-                user_cons_columns rcols ON rcols.constraint_name = cons.r_constraint_name AND rcols.position = 1
+                user_cons_columns rcols
+                ON rcols.constraint_name = cons.r_constraint_name AND rcols.position = 1
             LEFT OUTER JOIN
-                user_cons_columns cols ON cons.constraint_name = cols.constraint_name
+                user_cons_columns cols
+                ON cons.constraint_name = cols.constraint_name
             WHERE
                 cons.constraint_type = 'R' AND
                 cons.table_name = UPPER(%s)
@@ -343,7 +355,8 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                 ind.index_name,
                 LOWER(ind.index_type),
                 LOWER(ind.uniqueness),
-                LISTAGG(LOWER(cols.column_name), ',') WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY cols.column_position),
+                LISTAGG(LOWER(cols.column_name), ',')
+                    WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY cols.column_position),
                 LISTAGG(cols.descend, ',') WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY cols.column_position)
             FROM
                 user_ind_columns cols, user_indexes ind

django/db/backends/oracle/operations.py

@@ -399,12 +399,15 @@ END;
                         user_tables
                     JOIN
                         user_constraints cons
-                        ON (user_tables.table_name = cons.table_name AND cons.constraint_type = ANY('P', 'U'))
+                        ON (user_tables.table_name = cons.table_name
+                        AND cons.constraint_type = ANY('P', 'U'))
                     LEFT JOIN
                         user_constraints rcons
-                        ON (user_tables.table_name = rcons.table_name AND rcons.constraint_type = 'R')
+                        ON (user_tables.table_name = rcons.table_name
+                        AND rcons.constraint_type = 'R')
                     START WITH user_tables.table_name = UPPER(%s)
-                    CONNECT BY NOCYCLE PRIOR cons.constraint_name = rcons.r_constraint_name
+                    CONNECT BY
+                        NOCYCLE PRIOR cons.constraint_name = rcons.r_constraint_name
                     GROUP BY
                         user_tables.table_name, rcons.constraint_name
                     HAVING user_tables.table_name != UPPER(%s)
@@ -583,7 +586,8 @@ END;
                 value = timezone.make_naive(value, self.connection.timezone)
             else:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "Oracle backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False."
+                    "Oracle backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when "
+                    "USE_TZ is False."
                 )
 
         return Oracle_datetime.from_datetime(value)

django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py

@@ -132,10 +132,8 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
                 new_value = "TO_TIMESTAMP(%s, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF')" % new_value
             elif new_internal_type == "TimeField":
                 # TimeField are stored as TIMESTAMP with a 1900-01-01 date part.
-                new_value = (
-                    "TO_TIMESTAMP(CONCAT('1900-01-01 ', %s), 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF')"
-                    % new_value
-                )
+                new_value = "CONCAT('1900-01-01 ', %s)" % new_value
+                new_value = "TO_TIMESTAMP(%s, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF')" % new_value
         # Transfer values across
         self.execute(
             "UPDATE %s set %s=%s"

django/db/backends/postgresql/features.py

@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
 
     django_test_skips = {
         "opclasses are PostgreSQL only.": {
-            "indexes.tests.SchemaIndexesNotPostgreSQLTests.test_create_index_ignores_opclasses",
+            "indexes.tests.SchemaIndexesNotPostgreSQLTests."
+            "test_create_index_ignores_opclasses",
         },
     }
 

django/db/backends/postgresql/introspection.py

@@ -50,8 +50,13 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         """Return a list of table and view names in the current database."""
         cursor.execute(
             """
-            SELECT c.relname,
-            CASE WHEN c.relispartition THEN 'p' WHEN c.relkind IN ('m', 'v') THEN 'v' ELSE 't' END
+            SELECT
+                c.relname,
+                CASE
+                    WHEN c.relispartition THEN 'p'
+                    WHEN c.relkind IN ('m', 'v') THEN 'v'
+                    ELSE 't'
+                END
             FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c
             LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
             WHERE c.relkind IN ('f', 'm', 'p', 'r', 'v')
@@ -116,9 +121,15 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
             SELECT s.relname as sequence_name, col.attname
             FROM pg_class s
                 JOIN pg_namespace sn ON sn.oid = s.relnamespace
-                JOIN pg_depend d ON d.refobjid = s.oid AND d.refclassid = 'pg_class'::regclass
-                JOIN pg_attrdef ad ON ad.oid = d.objid AND d.classid = 'pg_attrdef'::regclass
-                JOIN pg_attribute col ON col.attrelid = ad.adrelid AND col.attnum = ad.adnum
+                JOIN
+                    pg_depend d ON d.refobjid = s.oid
+                    AND d.refclassid = 'pg_class'::regclass
+                JOIN
+                    pg_attrdef ad ON ad.oid = d.objid
+                    AND d.classid = 'pg_attrdef'::regclass
+                JOIN
+                    pg_attribute col ON col.attrelid = ad.adrelid
+                    AND col.attnum = ad.adnum
                 JOIN pg_class tbl ON tbl.oid = ad.adrelid
             WHERE s.relkind = 'S'
               AND d.deptype in ('a', 'n')
@@ -143,8 +154,10 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
             FROM pg_constraint con
             LEFT JOIN pg_class c1 ON con.conrelid = c1.oid
             LEFT JOIN pg_class c2 ON con.confrelid = c2.oid
-            LEFT JOIN pg_attribute a1 ON c1.oid = a1.attrelid AND a1.attnum = con.conkey[1]
-            LEFT JOIN pg_attribute a2 ON c2.oid = a2.attrelid AND a2.attnum = con.confkey[1]
+            LEFT JOIN
+                pg_attribute a1 ON c1.oid = a1.attrelid AND a1.attnum = con.conkey[1]
+            LEFT JOIN
+                pg_attribute a2 ON c2.oid = a2.attrelid AND a2.attnum = con.confkey[1]
             WHERE
                 c1.relname = %s AND
                 con.contype = 'f' AND
@@ -203,8 +216,14 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         cursor.execute(
             """
             SELECT
-                indexname, array_agg(attname ORDER BY arridx), indisunique, indisprimary,
-                array_agg(ordering ORDER BY arridx), amname, exprdef, s2.attoptions
+                indexname,
+                array_agg(attname ORDER BY arridx),
+                indisunique,
+                indisprimary,
+                array_agg(ordering ORDER BY arridx),
+                amname,
+                exprdef,
+                s2.attoptions
             FROM (
                 SELECT
                     c2.relname as indexname, idx.*, attr.attname, am.amname,
@@ -221,12 +240,16 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                     c2.reloptions as attoptions
                 FROM (
                     SELECT *
-                    FROM pg_index i, unnest(i.indkey, i.indoption) WITH ORDINALITY koi(key, option, arridx)
+                    FROM
+                        pg_index i,
+                        unnest(i.indkey, i.indoption)
+                            WITH ORDINALITY koi(key, option, arridx)
                 ) idx
                 LEFT JOIN pg_class c ON idx.indrelid = c.oid
                 LEFT JOIN pg_class c2 ON idx.indexrelid = c2.oid
                 LEFT JOIN pg_am am ON c2.relam = am.oid
-                LEFT JOIN pg_attribute attr ON attr.attrelid = c.oid AND attr.attnum = idx.key
+                LEFT JOIN
+                    pg_attribute attr ON attr.attrelid = c.oid AND attr.attnum = idx.key
                 WHERE c.relname = %s AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
             ) s2
             GROUP BY indexname, indisunique, indisprimary, amname, exprdef, attoptions;

django/db/backends/postgresql/operations.py

@@ -187,11 +187,12 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         output = []
         qn = self.quote_name
         for model in model_list:
-            # Use `coalesce` to set the sequence for each model to the max pk value if there are records,
-            # or 1 if there are none. Set the `is_called` property (the third argument to `setval`) to true
-            # if there are records (as the max pk value is already in use), otherwise set it to false.
-            # Use pg_get_serial_sequence to get the underlying sequence name from the table name
-            # and column name (available since PostgreSQL 8)
+            # Use `coalesce` to set the sequence for each model to the max pk
+            # value if there are records, or 1 if there are none. Set the
+            # `is_called` property (the third argument to `setval`) to true if
+            # there are records (as the max pk value is already in use),
+            # otherwise set it to false. Use pg_get_serial_sequence to get the
+            # underlying sequence name from the table name and column name.
 
             for f in model._meta.local_fields:
                 if isinstance(f, models.AutoField):
@@ -209,7 +210,9 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
                             style.SQL_TABLE(qn(model._meta.db_table)),
                         )
                     )
-                    break  # Only one AutoField is allowed per model, so don't bother continuing.
+                    # Only one AutoField is allowed per model, so don't bother
+                    # continuing.
+                    break
         return output
 
     def prep_for_iexact_query(self, x):

django/db/backends/postgresql/schema.py

@@ -33,8 +33,10 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
     )
     # Setting the constraint to IMMEDIATE runs any deferred checks to allow
     # dropping it in the same transaction.
-    sql_delete_fk = "SET CONSTRAINTS %(name)s IMMEDIATE; ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP CONSTRAINT %(name)s"
-
+    sql_delete_fk = (
+        "SET CONSTRAINTS %(name)s IMMEDIATE; "
+        "ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP CONSTRAINT %(name)s"
+    )
     sql_delete_procedure = "DROP FUNCTION %(procedure)s(%(param_types)s)"
 
     def quote_value(self, value):

django/db/backends/sqlite3/_functions.py

@@ -209,9 +209,15 @@ def _sqlite_datetime_trunc(lookup_type, dt, tzname, conn_tzname):
     elif lookup_type == "hour":
         return f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} {dt.hour:02d}:00:00"
     elif lookup_type == "minute":
-        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} {dt.hour:02d}:{dt.minute:02d}:00"
+        return (
+            f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} "
+            f"{dt.hour:02d}:{dt.minute:02d}:00"
+        )
     elif lookup_type == "second":
-        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} {dt.hour:02d}:{dt.minute:02d}:{dt.second:02d}"
+        return (
+            f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} "
+            f"{dt.hour:02d}:{dt.minute:02d}:{dt.second:02d}"
+        )
     raise ValueError(f"Unsupported lookup type: {lookup_type!r}")
 
 

django/db/backends/sqlite3/features.py

@@ -57,26 +57,34 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
     def django_test_skips(self):
         skips = {
             "SQLite stores values rounded to 15 significant digits.": {
-                "model_fields.test_decimalfield.DecimalFieldTests.test_fetch_from_db_without_float_rounding",
+                "model_fields.test_decimalfield.DecimalFieldTests."
+                "test_fetch_from_db_without_float_rounding",
             },
             "SQLite naively remakes the table on field alteration.": {
                 "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_unique_no_unnecessary_fk_drops",
                 "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_unique_and_reverse_m2m",
-                "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_alter_field_default_doesnt_perform_queries",
-                "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_rename_column_renames_deferred_sql_references",
+                "schema.tests.SchemaTests."
+                "test_alter_field_default_doesnt_perform_queries",
+                "schema.tests.SchemaTests."
+                "test_rename_column_renames_deferred_sql_references",
             },
             "SQLite doesn't support negative precision for ROUND().": {
-                "db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests.test_null_with_negative_precision",
-                "db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests.test_decimal_with_negative_precision",
-                "db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests.test_float_with_negative_precision",
-                "db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests.test_integer_with_negative_precision",
+                "db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests."
+                "test_null_with_negative_precision",
+                "db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests."
+                "test_decimal_with_negative_precision",
+                "db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests."
+                "test_float_with_negative_precision",
+                "db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests."
+                "test_integer_with_negative_precision",
             },
         }
         if Database.sqlite_version_info < (3, 27):
             skips.update(
                 {
                     "Nondeterministic failure on SQLite < 3.27.": {
-                        "expressions_window.tests.WindowFunctionTests.test_subquery_row_range_rank",
+                        "expressions_window.tests.WindowFunctionTests."
+                        "test_subquery_row_range_rank",
                     },
                 }
             )
@@ -85,8 +93,10 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
                 {
                     "the sqlite backend's close() method is a no-op when using an "
                     "in-memory database": {
-                        "servers.test_liveserverthread.LiveServerThreadTest.test_closes_connections",
-                        "servers.tests.LiveServerTestCloseConnectionTest.test_closes_connections",
+                        "servers.test_liveserverthread.LiveServerThreadTest."
+                        "test_closes_connections",
+                        "servers.tests.LiveServerTestCloseConnectionTest."
+                        "test_closes_connections",
                     },
                 }
             )

django/db/backends/sqlite3/introspection.py

@@ -146,7 +146,14 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         )
         return {
             column_name: (ref_column_name, ref_table_name)
-            for _, _, ref_table_name, column_name, ref_column_name, *_ in cursor.fetchall()
+            for (
+                _,
+                _,
+                ref_table_name,
+                column_name,
+                ref_column_name,
+                *_,
+            ) in cursor.fetchall()
         }
 
     def get_primary_key_column(self, cursor, table_name):

django/db/backends/sqlite3/operations.py

@@ -168,7 +168,9 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
 
     def last_executed_query(self, cursor, sql, params):
         # Python substitutes parameters in Modules/_sqlite/cursor.c with:
-        # pysqlite_statement_bind_parameters(self->statement, parameters, allow_8bit_chars);
+        # pysqlite_statement_bind_parameters(
+        #   self->statement, parameters, allow_8bit_chars
+        # );
         # Unfortunately there is no way to reach self->statement from Python,
         # so we quote and substitute parameters manually.
         if params:
@@ -271,7 +273,8 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
                 value = timezone.make_naive(value, self.connection.timezone)
             else:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "SQLite backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False."
+                    "SQLite backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when "
+                    "USE_TZ is False."
                 )
 
         return str(value)

django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py

@@ -468,12 +468,15 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
             old_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table
             == new_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table
         ):
-            # The field name didn't change, but some options did; we have to propagate this altering.
+            # The field name didn't change, but some options did, so we have to
+            # propagate this altering.
             self._remake_table(
                 old_field.remote_field.through,
                 alter_field=(
-                    # We need the field that points to the target model, so we can tell alter_field to change it -
-                    # this is m2m_reverse_field_name() (as opposed to m2m_field_name, which points to our model)
+                    # The field that points to the target model is needed, so
+                    # we can tell alter_field to change it - this is
+                    # m2m_reverse_field_name() (as opposed to m2m_field_name(),
+                    # which points to our model).
                     old_field.remote_field.through._meta.get_field(
                         old_field.m2m_reverse_field_name()
                     ),