diff --git a/django/db/migrations/autodetector.py b/django/db/migrations/autodetector.py
index 83e0b13f33..141e0ae1f3 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/autodetector.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/autodetector.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 import re
 import datetime
 
@@ -380,7 +382,7 @@ class MigrationAutodetector(object):
     def add_to_migration(self, app_label, operation, new=False):
         migrations = self.migrations.setdefault(app_label, [])
         if not migrations or new:
-            subclass = type("Migration", (Migration,), {"operations": [], "dependencies": []})
+            subclass = type(str("Migration"), (Migration,), {"operations": [], "dependencies": []})
             instance = subclass("auto_%i" % (len(migrations) + 1), app_label)
             migrations.append(instance)
         migrations[-1].operations.append(operation)
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/executor.py b/django/db/migrations/executor.py
index 147aa550ae..04d2b778f5 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/executor.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/executor.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from django.db import migrations
 from .loader import MigrationLoader
 from .recorder import MigrationRecorder
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/graph.py b/django/db/migrations/graph.py
index af6a31bda8..8e034f2bd0 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/graph.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/graph.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from django.utils.datastructures import OrderedSet
 from django.db.migrations.state import ProjectState
 
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/loader.py b/django/db/migrations/loader.py
index 48166a1bdb..719f398771 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/loader.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/loader.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from importlib import import_module
 import os
 import sys
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/migration.py b/django/db/migrations/migration.py
index 4ebaa431ba..3d7f47f0fa 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/migration.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/migration.py
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+
 class Migration(object):
     """
     The base class for all migrations.
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/operations/base.py b/django/db/migrations/operations/base.py
index 59c8b0960b..7e93fb7836 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/operations/base.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/operations/base.py
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+
 class Operation(object):
     """
     Base class for migration operations.
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/operations/fields.py b/django/db/migrations/operations/fields.py
index ebb0ab2c64..fbffa19961 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/operations/fields.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/operations/fields.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from django.db import router
 from django.db.models.fields import NOT_PROVIDED
 from django.utils import six
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py b/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py
index 7253b29fad..76ec83c40e 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from django.db import models, router
 from django.db.models.options import normalize_together
 from django.db.migrations.state import ModelState
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/operations/special.py b/django/db/migrations/operations/special.py
index f87585f0db..a80096cb32 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/operations/special.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/operations/special.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from .base import Operation
 
 
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/optimizer.py b/django/db/migrations/optimizer.py
index ad221d2285..e81d0f92fa 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/optimizer.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/optimizer.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from django.db import migrations
 
 
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/questioner.py b/django/db/migrations/questioner.py
index 3f8cefeecd..4619bd616a 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/questioner.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/questioner.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 import importlib
 import os
 import sys
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/recorder.py b/django/db/migrations/recorder.py
index 4c85ebd6d1..57ceb8da03 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/recorder.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/recorder.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from django.apps.registry import Apps
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/state.py b/django/db/migrations/state.py
index a2e44d26d3..92c7a52ef4 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/state.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/state.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from django.apps import AppConfig
 from django.apps.registry import Apps, apps as global_apps
 from django.db import models
@@ -244,7 +246,7 @@ class ModelState(object):
         meta_contents.update(self.options)
         if "unique_together" in meta_contents:
             meta_contents["unique_together"] = list(meta_contents["unique_together"])
-        meta = type("Meta", tuple(), meta_contents)
+        meta = type(str("Meta"), tuple(), meta_contents)
         # Then, work out our bases
         try:
             bases = tuple(
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/related.py b/django/db/models/fields/related.py
index 092898aedb..bad457f571 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/related.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/related.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from operator import attrgetter
 
 from django.apps import apps
@@ -1831,7 +1833,7 @@ def create_many_to_many_intermediary_model(field, klass):
     else:
         from_ = klass._meta.model_name
         to = to.lower()
-    meta = type('Meta', (object,), {
+    meta = type(str('Meta'), (object,), {
         'db_table': field._get_m2m_db_table(klass._meta),
         'managed': managed,
         'auto_created': klass,