django/docs/topics/http/urls.txt

.. _topics-http-urls:

==============
URL dispatcher
==============

A clean, elegant URL scheme is an important detail in a high-quality Web
application. Django lets you design URLs however you want, with no framework
limitations.

There's no ``.php`` or ``.cgi`` required, and certainly none of that
``0,2097,1-1-1928,00`` nonsense.

See `Cool URIs don't change`_, by World Wide Web creator Tim Berners-Lee, for
excellent arguments on why URLs should be clean and usable.

.. _Cool URIs don't change: http://www.w3.org/Provider/Style/URI

Overview
========

To design URLs for an app, you create a Python module informally called a
**URLconf** (URL configuration). This module is pure Python code and
is a simple mapping between URL patterns (as simple regular expressions) to
Python callback functions (your views).

This mapping can be as short or as long as needed. It can reference other
mappings. And, because it's pure Python code, it can be constructed
dynamically.

.. _how-django-processes-a-request:

How Django processes a request
==============================

When a user requests a page from your Django-powered site, this is the
algorithm the system follows to determine which Python code to execute:

    1. Django determines the root URLconf module to use. Ordinarily,
       this is the value of the ``ROOT_URLCONF`` setting, but if the incoming
       ``HttpRequest`` object has an attribute called ``urlconf``, its value
       will be used in place of the ``ROOT_URLCONF`` setting.
    
    2. Django loads that Python module and looks for the variable
       ``urlpatterns``. This should be a Python list, in the format returned by
       the function ``django.conf.urls.defaults.patterns()``.
    
    3. Django runs through each URL pattern, in order, and stops at the first
       one that matches the requested URL.
    
    4. Once one of the regexes matches, Django imports and calls the given
       view, which is a simple Python function. The view gets passed an
       :class:`~django.http.HttpRequest` as its first argument and any values
       captured in the regex as remaining arguments.

Example
=======

Here's a sample URLconf::

    from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^articles/2003/$', 'news.views.special_case_2003'),
        (r'^articles/(\d{4})/$', 'news.views.year_archive'),
        (r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/$', 'news.views.month_archive'),
        (r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/(\d+)/$', 'news.views.article_detail'),
    )

Notes:

    * ``from django.conf.urls.defaults import *`` makes the ``patterns()``
      function available.

    * To capture a value from the URL, just put parenthesis around it.

    * There's no need to add a leading slash, because every URL has that. For
      example, it's ``^articles``, not ``^/articles``.

    * The ``'r'`` in front of each regular expression string is optional but
      recommended. It tells Python that a string is "raw" -- that nothing in
      the string should be escaped. See `Dive Into Python's explanation`_.

Example requests:

    * A request to ``/articles/2005/03/`` would match the third entry in the
      list. Django would call the function
      ``news.views.month_archive(request, '2005', '03')``.

    * ``/articles/2005/3/`` would not match any URL patterns, because the
      third entry in the list requires two digits for the month.

    * ``/articles/2003/`` would match the first pattern in the list, not the
      second one, because the patterns are tested in order, and the first one
      is the first test to pass. Feel free to exploit the ordering to insert
      special cases like this.

    * ``/articles/2003`` would not match any of these patterns, because each
      pattern requires that the URL end with a slash.

    * ``/articles/2003/03/3/`` would match the final pattern. Django would call
      the function ``news.views.article_detail(request, '2003', '03', '3')``.

.. _Dive Into Python's explanation: http://diveintopython.org/regular_expressions/street_addresses.html#re.matching.2.3

Named groups
============

The above example used simple, *non-named* regular-expression groups (via
parenthesis) to capture bits of the URL and pass them as *positional* arguments
to a view. In more advanced usage, it's possible to use *named*
regular-expression groups to capture URL bits and pass them as *keyword*
arguments to a view.

In Python regular expressions, the syntax for named regular-expression groups
is ``(?P<name>pattern)``, where ``name`` is the name of the group and
``pattern`` is some pattern to match.

Here's the above example URLconf, rewritten to use named groups::

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^articles/2003/$', 'news.views.special_case_2003'),
        (r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/$', 'news.views.year_archive'),
        (r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>\d{2})/$', 'news.views.month_archive'),
        (r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>\d{2})/(?P<day>\d+)/$', 'news.views.article_detail'),
    )

This accomplishes exactly the same thing as the previous example, with one
subtle difference: The captured values are passed to view functions as keyword
arguments rather than positional arguments. For example:

    * A request to ``/articles/2005/03/`` would call the function
      ``news.views.month_archive(request, year='2005', month='03')``, instead
      of ``news.views.month_archive(request, '2005', '03')``.

    * A request to ``/articles/2003/03/3/`` would call the function
      ``news.views.article_detail(request, year='2003', month='03', day='3')``.

In practice, this means your URLconfs are slightly more explicit and less prone
to argument-order bugs -- and you can reorder the arguments in your views'
function definitions. Of course, these benefits come at the cost of brevity;
some developers find the named-group syntax ugly and too verbose.

The matching/grouping algorithm
-------------------------------

Here's the algorithm the URLconf parser follows, with respect to named groups
vs. non-named groups in a regular expression:

If there are any named arguments, it will use those, ignoring non-named arguments.
Otherwise, it will pass all non-named arguments as positional arguments.

In both cases, it will pass any extra keyword arguments as keyword arguments.
See "Passing extra options to view functions" below.

What the URLconf searches against
=================================

The URLconf searches against the requested URL, as a normal Python string. This
does not include GET or POST parameters, or the domain name.

For example, in a request to ``http://www.example.com/myapp/``, the URLconf
will look for ``myapp/``.

In a request to ``http://www.example.com/myapp/?page=3``, the URLconf will look
for ``myapp/``.

The URLconf doesn't look at the request method. In other words, all request
methods -- ``POST``, ``GET``, ``HEAD``, etc. -- will be routed to the same
function for the same URL.

Syntax of the urlpatterns variable
==================================

``urlpatterns`` should be a Python list, in the format returned by the function
``django.conf.urls.defaults.patterns()``. Always use ``patterns()`` to create
the ``urlpatterns`` variable.

Convention is to use ``from django.conf.urls.defaults import *`` at the top of
your URLconf. This gives your module access to these objects:

patterns
--------

A function that takes a prefix, and an arbitrary number of URL patterns, and
returns a list of URL patterns in the format Django needs.

The first argument to ``patterns()`` is a string ``prefix``. See
"The view prefix" below.

The remaining arguments should be tuples in this format::

    (regular expression, Python callback function [, optional dictionary [, optional name]])

...where ``optional dictionary`` and ``optional name`` are optional. (See
`Passing extra options to view functions`_ below.)

.. note::
    Because `patterns()` is a function call, it accepts a maximum of 255
    arguments (URL patterns, in this case). This is a limit for all Python
    function calls. This is rarely a problem in practice, because you'll
    typically structure your URL patterns modularly by using `include()`
    sections. However, on the off-chance you do hit the 255-argument limit,
    realize that `patterns()` returns a Python list, so you can split up the
    construction of the list.

    ::

        urlpatterns = patterns('',
            ...
            )
        urlpatterns += patterns('',
            ...
            )

    Python lists have unlimited size, so there's no limit to how many URL
    patterns you can construct. The only limit is that you can only create 254
    at a time (the 255th argument is the initial prefix argument).

url
---

.. versionadded:: 1.0

You can use the ``url()`` function, instead of a tuple, as an argument to
``patterns()``. This is convenient if you want to specify a name without the
optional extra arguments dictionary. For example::

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        url(r'^index/$', index_view, name="main-view"),
        ...
    )

This function takes five arguments, most of which are optional::

    url(regex, view, kwargs=None, name=None, prefix='')

See `Naming URL patterns`_ for why the ``name`` parameter is useful.

The ``prefix`` parameter has the same meaning as the first argument to
``patterns()`` and is only relevant when you're passing a string as the
``view`` parameter.

handler404
----------

A string representing the full Python import path to the view that should be
called if none of the URL patterns match.

By default, this is ``'django.views.defaults.page_not_found'``. That default
value should suffice.

handler500
----------

A string representing the full Python import path to the view that should be
called in case of server errors. Server errors happen when you have runtime
errors in view code.

By default, this is ``'django.views.defaults.server_error'``. That default
value should suffice.

include
-------

A function that takes a full Python import path to another URLconf that should
be "included" in this place. See `Including other URLconfs`_ below.

Notes on capturing text in URLs
===============================

Each captured argument is sent to the view as a plain Python string, regardless
of what sort of match the regular expression makes. For example, in this
URLconf line::

    (r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/$', 'news.views.year_archive'),

...the ``year`` argument to ``news.views.year_archive()`` will be a string, not
an integer, even though the ``\d{4}`` will only match integer strings.

A convenient trick is to specify default parameters for your views' arguments.
Here's an example URLconf and view::

    # URLconf
    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^blog/$', 'blog.views.page'),
        (r'^blog/page(?P<num>\d+)/$', 'blog.views.page'),
    )

    # View (in blog/views.py)
    def page(request, num="1"):
        # Output the appropriate page of blog entries, according to num.

In the above example, both URL patterns point to the same view --
``blog.views.page`` -- but the first pattern doesn't capture anything from the
URL. If the first pattern matches, the ``page()`` function will use its
default argument for ``num``, ``"1"``. If the second pattern matches,
``page()`` will use whatever ``num`` value was captured by the regex.

Performance
===========

Each regular expression in a ``urlpatterns`` is compiled the first time it's
accessed. This makes the system blazingly fast.

The view prefix
===============

You can specify a common prefix in your ``patterns()`` call, to cut down on
code duplication.

Here's the example URLconf from the :ref:`Django overview <intro-overview>`::

    from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^articles/(\d{4})/$', 'mysite.news.views.year_archive'),
        (r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/$', 'mysite.news.views.month_archive'),
        (r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/(\d+)/$', 'mysite.news.views.article_detail'),
    )

In this example, each view has a common prefix -- ``'mysite.news.views'``.
Instead of typing that out for each entry in ``urlpatterns``, you can use the
first argument to the ``patterns()`` function to specify a prefix to apply to
each view function.

With this in mind, the above example can be written more concisely as::

    from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

    urlpatterns = patterns('mysite.news.views',
        (r'^articles/(\d{4})/$', 'year_archive'),
        (r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/$', 'month_archive'),
        (r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/(\d+)/$', 'article_detail'),
    )

Note that you don't put a trailing dot (``"."``) in the prefix. Django puts
that in automatically.

Multiple view prefixes
----------------------

In practice, you'll probably end up mixing and matching views to the point
where the views in your ``urlpatterns`` won't have a common prefix. However,
you can still take advantage of the view prefix shortcut to remove duplication.
Just add multiple ``patterns()`` objects together, like this:

Old::

    from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^$', 'django.views.generic.date_based.archive_index'),
        (r'^(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>[a-z]{3})/$', 'django.views.generic.date_based.archive_month'),
        (r'^tag/(?P<tag>\w+)/$', 'weblog.views.tag'),
    )

New::

    from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

    urlpatterns = patterns('django.views.generic.date_based',
        (r'^$', 'archive_index'),
        (r'^(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>[a-z]{3})/$','archive_month'),
    )

    urlpatterns += patterns('weblog.views',
        (r'^tag/(?P<tag>\w+)/$', 'tag'),
    )

Including other URLconfs
========================

At any point, your ``urlpatterns`` can "include" other URLconf modules. This
essentially "roots" a set of URLs below other ones.

For example, here's the URLconf for the `Django Web site`_ itself. It includes a
number of other URLconfs::

    from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^weblog/',        include('django_website.apps.blog.urls.blog')),
        (r'^documentation/', include('django_website.apps.docs.urls.docs')),
        (r'^comments/',      include('django.contrib.comments.urls')),
    )

Note that the regular expressions in this example don't have a ``$``
(end-of-string match character) but do include a trailing slash. Whenever
Django encounters ``include()``, it chops off whatever part of the URL matched
up to that point and sends the remaining string to the included URLconf for
further processing.

.. _`Django Web site`: http://www.djangoproject.com/

Captured parameters
-------------------

An included URLconf receives any captured parameters from parent URLconfs, so
the following example is valid::

    # In settings/urls/main.py
    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^(?P<username>\w+)/blog/', include('foo.urls.blog')),
    )

    # In foo/urls/blog.py
    urlpatterns = patterns('foo.views',
        (r'^$', 'blog.index'),
        (r'^archive/$', 'blog.archive'),
    )

In the above example, the captured ``"username"`` variable is passed to the
included URLconf, as expected.

Passing extra options to view functions
=======================================

URLconfs have a hook that lets you pass extra arguments to your view functions,
as a Python dictionary.

Any URLconf tuple can have an optional third element, which should be a
dictionary of extra keyword arguments to pass to the view function.

For example::

    urlpatterns = patterns('blog.views',
        (r'^blog/(?P<year>\d{4})/$', 'year_archive', {'foo': 'bar'}),
    )

In this example, for a request to ``/blog/2005/``, Django will call the
``blog.views.year_archive()`` view, passing it these keyword arguments::

    year='2005', foo='bar'

This technique is used in :ref:`generic views <ref-generic-views>` and in the
:ref:`syndication framework <ref-contrib-syndication>` to pass metadata and
options to views.

.. admonition:: Dealing with conflicts

    It's possible to have a URL pattern which captures named keyword arguments,
    and also passes arguments with the same names in its dictionary of extra
    arguments. When this happens, the arguments in the dictionary will be used
    instead of the arguments captured in the URL.

Passing extra options to ``include()``
--------------------------------------

Similarly, you can pass extra options to ``include()``. When you pass extra
options to ``include()``, *each* line in the included URLconf will be passed
the extra options.

For example, these two URLconf sets are functionally identical:

Set one::

    # main.py
    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^blog/', include('inner'), {'blogid': 3}),
    )

    # inner.py
    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^archive/$', 'mysite.views.archive'),
        (r'^about/$', 'mysite.views.about'),
    )

Set two::

    # main.py
    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^blog/', include('inner')),
    )

    # inner.py
    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^archive/$', 'mysite.views.archive', {'blogid': 3}),
        (r'^about/$', 'mysite.views.about', {'blogid': 3}),
    )

Note that extra options will *always* be passed to *every* line in the included
URLconf, regardless of whether the line's view actually accepts those options
as valid. For this reason, this technique is only useful if you're certain that
every view in the included URLconf accepts the extra options you're passing.

Passing callable objects instead of strings
===========================================

Some developers find it more natural to pass the actual Python function object
rather than a string containing the path to its module. This alternative is
supported -- you can pass any callable object as the view.

For example, given this URLconf in "string" notation::

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^archive/$', 'mysite.views.archive'),
        (r'^about/$', 'mysite.views.about'),
        (r'^contact/$', 'mysite.views.contact'),
    )

You can accomplish the same thing by passing objects rather than strings. Just
be sure to import the objects::

    from mysite.views import archive, about, contact

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^archive/$', archive),
        (r'^about/$', about),
        (r'^contact/$', contact),
    )

The following example is functionally identical. It's just a bit more compact
because it imports the module that contains the views, rather than importing
each view individually::

    from mysite import views

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^archive/$', views.archive),
        (r'^about/$', views.about),
        (r'^contact/$', views.contact),
    )

The style you use is up to you.

Note that if you use this technique -- passing objects rather than strings --
the view prefix (as explained in "The view prefix" above) will have no effect.

.. _naming-url-patterns:

Naming URL patterns
===================

.. versionadded:: 1.0

It's fairly common to use the same view function in multiple URL patterns in
your URLconf. For example, these two URL patterns both point to the ``archive``
view::

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^archive/(\d{4})/$', archive),
        (r'^archive-summary/(\d{4})/$', archive, {'summary': True}),
    )

This is completely valid, but it leads to problems when you try to do reverse
URL matching (through the ``permalink()`` decorator or the :ttag:`url` template
tag. Continuing this example, if you wanted to retrieve the URL for the
``archive`` view, Django's reverse URL matcher would get confused, because *two*
URLpatterns point at that view.

To solve this problem, Django supports **named URL patterns**. That is, you can
give a name to a URL pattern in order to distinguish it from other patterns
using the same view and parameters. Then, you can use this name in reverse URL
matching.

Here's the above example, rewritten to use named URL patterns::

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        url(r'^archive/(\d{4})/$', archive, name="full-archive"),
        url(r'^archive-summary/(\d{4})/$', archive, {'summary': True}, "arch-summary"),
    )

With these names in place (``full-archive`` and ``arch-summary``), you can
target each pattern individually by using its name:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% url arch-summary 1945 %}
    {% url full-archive 2007 %}

Even though both URL patterns refer to the ``archive`` view here, using the
``name`` parameter to ``url()`` allows you to tell them apart in templates.

The string used for the URL name can contain any characters you like. You are
not restricted to valid Python names.

.. note::

    When you name your URL patterns, make sure you use names that are unlikely
    to clash with any other application's choice of names. If you call your URL
    pattern ``comment``, and another application does the same thing, there's
    no guarantee which URL will be inserted into your template when you use
    this name.

    Putting a prefix on your URL names, perhaps derived from the application
    name, will decrease the chances of collision. We recommend something like
    ``myapp-comment`` instead of ``comment``.

Utility methods
===============

reverse()
---------

If you need to use something similar to the :ttag:`url` template tag in
your code, Django provides the following method (in the
``django.core.urlresolvers`` module):

.. currentmodule:: django.core.urlresolvers
.. function:: reverse(viewname, urlconf=None, args=None, kwargs=None)

``viewname`` is either the function name (either a function reference, or the
string version of the name, if you used that form in ``urlpatterns``) or the
`URL pattern name`_.  Normally, you won't need to worry about the
``urlconf`` parameter and will only pass in the positional and keyword
arguments to use in the URL matching. For example::

    from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse

    def myview(request):
        return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('arch-summary', args=[1945]))

.. _URL pattern name: `Naming URL patterns`_

The ``reverse()`` function can reverse a large variety of regular expression
patterns for URLs, but not every possible one. The main restriction at the
moment is that the pattern cannot contain alternative choices using the
vertical bar (``"|"``) character. You can quite happily use such patterns for
matching against incoming URLs and sending them off to views, but you cannot
reverse such patterns.

.. admonition:: Make sure your views are all correct

    As part of working out which URL names map to which patterns, the
    ``reverse()`` function has to import all of your URLconf files and examine
    the name of each view. This involves importing each view function. If
    there are *any* errors whilst importing any of your view functions, it
    will cause ``reverse()`` to raise an error, even if that view function is
    not the one you are trying to reverse.

    Make sure that any views you reference in your URLconf files exist and can
    be imported correctly. Do not include lines that reference views you
    haven't written yet, because those views will not be importable.

resolve()
---------

The :func:`django.core.urlresolvers.resolve` function can be used for resolving
URL paths to the corresponding view functions. It has the following signature:

.. currentmodule:: django.core.urlresolvers
.. function:: resolve(path, urlconf=None)

``path`` is the URL path you want to resolve. As with ``reverse()`` above, you
don't need to worry about the ``urlconf`` parameter. The function returns the
triple (view function, arguments, keyword arguments).

For example, it can be used for testing if a view would raise a ``Http404``
error before redirecting to it::

    from urlparse import urlparse
    from django.core.urlresolvers import resolve
    from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, Http404

    def myview(request):
        next = request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER', None) or '/'
        response = HttpResponseRedirect(next)

        # modify the request and response as required, e.g. change locale
        # and set corresponding locale cookie

        view, args, kwargs = resolve(urlparse(next)[2])
        kwargs['request'] = request
        try:
            view(*args, **kwargs)
        except Http404:
            return HttpResponseRedirect('/')
        return response

permalink()
-----------

The :func:`django.db.models.permalink` decorator is useful for writing short
methods that return a full URL path. For example, a model's
``get_absolute_url()`` method. See :func:`django.db.models.permalink` for more.